Jodrell Bank Observatory

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Jodrell Bank Observatory

Cheshire


The Lovell Telescope, Jodrell Bank
Type: Astronomical observatory
Location
Grid reference: SJ795711
Location: 53°14’12"N, 2°18’29"W
History
Astronomical observatory
Information
Owned by: University of Manchester

Jodrell Bank Observatory by Withington Green in Cheshire hosts a number of radio telescopes as part of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. The observatory estate, in the hear of the county, encompasses several radio telescopes and facilities. It was established in 1945 by Bernard Lovell, a radio astronomer at the university, to investigate cosmic rays after his work on radar in the Second World War. It has since played an important role in the research of meteoroids, quasars, pulsars, astrophysical masers, and gravitational lenses, and was heavily involved with the tracking of space probes at the start of the Space Age.

The main telescope at the observatory is the Lovell Telescope. Its diameter of 250 feet makes it the third largest steerable radio telescope in the world. There are three other active telescopes at the observatory; the Mark II and 42 feet and 23 feet diameter radio telescopes. Jodrell Bank Observatory is the base of the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), a National Facility run by the University of Manchester on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.

The Jodrell Bank Visitor Centre and an arboretum are in Lower Withington, and the Lovell Telescope and the observatory near Goostrey and Holmes Chapel.

In 2019, the observatory became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[1][2]

Early years

Initial observations at Jodrell Bank in 1945

Jodrell Bank was first used for academic purposes in 1939 when the University of Manchester's Department of Botany purchased three fields from the Leighs. It is named from a nearby rise in the ground, Jodrell Bank, which was named after William Jauderell, an archer whose descendants lived at the mansion that is now Terra Nova School. The site was extended in 1952 by the purchase of a farm from George Massey on which the Lovell Telescope was built.[3]

The site was first used for astrophysics in 1945, when Bernard Lovell used some equipment left over from Second World War, including a gun laying radar, to investigate cosmic rays.[4][5] The equipment was a GL II radar system working at a wavelength of 4.2 m, provided by J. S. Hey.[6][7] He intended to use the equipment in Manchester, but electrical interference from the trams on Oxford Road prevented him from doing so. He moved the equipment to Jodrell Bank, twenty-five miles south of the city, on 10 December 1945.[7][8] Lovell's main research was transient radio echoes, which he confirmed were from ionized meteor trails by October 1946.[9] The first staff were Alf Dean and Frank Foden, who observed meteors with the naked eye while Lovell observed the electromagnetic signal using equipment.[10] The first time Lovell turned the radar on – 14 December 1945 – the Geminids meteor shower was at a maximum.[8]

Over the next few years, Lovell accumulated more ex-military radio hardware, including a portable cabin. The first permanent building was near to the cabin and was named after it.[9]

Searchlight telescope

A searchlight was loaned to Jodrell Bank in 1946 by the army;[11] a broadside array, was constructed on its mount by J. Clegg.[11] It consisted of 7 elements of Yagi–Uda antennas.[12] It was used for astronomical observations in October 1946.[13]

On 9 and 10 October 1946, the telescope observed ionisation in the atmosphere caused by meteors in the Giacobinids meteor shower. When the antenna was turned by 90 degrees at the maximum of the shower, the number of detections dropped to the background level, proving that the transient signals detected by radar were from meteors.[12] The telescope was then used to determine the radiant points for meteors. This was possible as the echo rate is at a minimum at the radiant point, and a maximum at 90 degrees to it.[11] The telescope and other receivers on the site studied the Aurora (astronomy)|auroral streamers that were visible in early August 1947.[14][15]

Transit Telescope

The Transit Telescope was a 218-foot parabolic reflector zenith telescope built in 1947. At the time, it was the world's largest radio telescope. It consisted of a wire mesh suspended from a ring of 24-foot scaffold poles, which focussed radio signals on a focal point 126 feet above the ground. The telescope mainly looked directly upwards, but the direction of the beam could be changed by small amounts by tilting the mast to change the position of the focal point. The focal mast was changed from timber to steel before construction was complete.[3]

The telescope was replaced by the steerable 250-foot Lovell Telescope, and the Mark II telescope was subsequently built at the same location.

The telescope could map a ± 15-degree strip around the zenith at 72 and 160 MHz, with a resolution at 160 MHz of 1 degree. It discovered radio noise from the Great Nebula in Andromeda – the first definite detection of an extragalactic radio source – and the remnants of Tycho's Supernova of 1572 in the radio frequency; at the time it had not been discovered by optical astronomy.

Lovell Telescope

The Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank

The "Mark I" telescope, now known as the Lovell Telescope, was the world's largest steerable dish radio telescope, 250 feet in diameter, when it was constructed in 1957;[16] it is now the third largest, after the Green Bank telescope in West Virginia and the Effelsberg telescope in Germany. Part of the gun turret mechanisms from the First World War battleships HMS Revenge and HMS Royal Sovereign were reused in the telescope's motor system.[17] The telescope became operational in mid-1957, in time for the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite. The telescope was the only one able to track Sputnik's booster rocket by radar;[18][19] first locating it just before midnight on 12 October 1957, eight days after its launch.[20][21]

In the following years, the telescope tracked various space probes. Between 11 March and 12 June 1960, it tracked the United States' NASA-launched Pioneer 5 probe. The telescope sent commands to the probe, including those to separate it from its carrier rocket and turn on its more powerful transmitter when the probe was eight million miles away. It received data from the probe, the only telescope in the world capable of doing so.[22] In February 1966, Jodrell Bank was asked by the Soviet Union to track its unmanned Moon lander Luna 9 and recorded on its facsimile transmission of photographs from the Moon's surface. The photographs were sent to the British press and published before the Soviets made them public.

In 1969, the Soviet Union's Luna 15 was also tracked. A recording of the moment when Jodrell Bank's scientists observed the mission was released on 3 July 2009.[23]

With the support of Sir Bernard Lovell, the telescope tracked Russian satellites. Satellite and space probe observations were shared with the US Department of Defense satellite tracking research and development activity at Project Space Track.

Tracking space probes only took a fraction of the Lovell telescope's observing time, and the remainder was used for scientific observations including using radar to measure the distance to the Moon and to Venus;[24] observations of astrophysical masers around star-forming regions and giant stars;[25] observations of pulsars (including the discovery of millisecond pulsars[26] and the first pulsar in a globular cluster); and observations of quasars and gravitational lenses (including the detection of the first gravitational lens[27] and the first Einstein ring).[28] The telescope has also been used for SETI observations.[29]

Mark II and III telescopes

The Mark II radio telescope

The Mark II telescope is an elliptical radio telescope, with a major axis of 125 feet and a minor axis of 83 feet. It was constructed in 1964. As well as operating as a standalone telescope, it has been used as an interferometer with the Lovell Telescope, and is now primarily used as part of the MERLIN project.[30] The Mark III telescope, the same size as the Mark II, was constructed to be transportable[31] but it was never moved from Wardle, near Nantwich, where it was used as part of MERLIN. It was built in 1966 and decommissioned in 1996.[32]

Mark IV, V and VA telescope proposals

A model of the proposed Mark V radio telescope

The Mark IV, V and VA telescope proposals were put forward in the 1960s through to the 1980s to build even larger radio telescopes.

The Mark IV proposal was for a 1000-foot diameter standalone telescope, built as a national project.

The Mark V proposal was for a 400-foot moveable telescope. The concept of this proposal was for a telescope on a railway line three-quarters of a mile long adjoining Jodrell Bank, but concerns about future levels of interference meant that a site in Wales would have been preferable. Design proposals by Husband and Co and Freeman Fox, who had designed the Parkes Observatory telescope in Australia, were put forward.

The Mark VA was similar to the Mark V but with a smaller dish of 375 feet and a design using prestressed concrete, similar to the Mark II (the previous two designs more closely resembled the Lovell telescope).[33]

None of the proposed telescopes was constructed, although design studies were carried out and scale models were made, partly because of the changing political climate, and partly due to the financial constraints of astronomical research in the UK. Also it became necessary to upgrade the Lovell Telescope to the Mark IA, which overran in terms of cost.[33]

Other single dishes

The 7 m telescope, with the Lovell telescope directly behind

A 50-foot alt-azimuth dish was constructed in 1964 for astronomical research and to track the Zond 1, Zond 2, Ranger 6 and Ranger 7 space probes and Apollo 11.[34] After an accident that irreparably damaged the 50 ft telescope's surface, it was demolished in 1982 and replaced with a more accurate telescope, the "42 ft". The 42-foot dish is mainly used to observe pulsars, and continually monitors the Crab Pulsar.[35]

When the 42 ft was installed, a smaller dish, the "7 m" (actually 6.4 m, or 21 ft, in diameter) was installed and is used for undergraduate teaching. The 42 ft and 7 m telescopes were originally used at the Woomera Rocket Testing Range in South Australia. The 7 m was originally constructed in 1970 by the Marconi Company.[36]

A Polar Axis telescope was built in 1962. It had a circular 50-foot dish on a polar mount,[37] and was mostly used for moon radar experiments. It has been decommissioned. An 18-inch reflecting optical telescope was donated to the observatory in 1951[38] but was not used much, and was donated to the Salford Astronomical Society around 1971.

MERLIN

The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) is an array of radio telescopes spread across Great Britain. The array is run from Jodrell Bank on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council as a National Facility.[39] The array consists of up to seven radio telescopes and includes the Lovell Telescope, the Mark II, Cambridge, Defford, Knockin, Darnhall, and Pickmere (previously known as Tabley). The longest baseline is 135 miles and MERLIN can operate at frequencies between 151 MHz and 24 GHz.[32] At a wavelength of 6 cm (5 GHz frequency), MERLIN has a resolution of 50 milliarcseconds which is comparable to that of the Hubble Space Telescope at optical wavelengths.[39]

Very Long Baseline Interferometry

Jodrell Bank has been involved with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) since the late 1960s; the Lovell telescope took part in the first transatlantic interferometer experiment in 1968, with other telescopes at Algonquin and Penticton in Canada.[40] The Lovell Telescope and the Mark II telescopes are regularly used for VLBI with telescopes across Europe (the European VLBI Network), giving a resolution of around 0.001 arcseconds.

Square Kilometre Array

The Square Kilometre Array headquarters

In April 2011, Jodrell Bank was named as the location of the control centre for the planned Square Kilometre Array, or SKA Project Office (SPO).[41] The SKA is planned by a collaboration of 20 countries and when completed, is intended to be the most powerful radio telescope ever built. In April 2015 it was announced that Jodrell Bank would be the permanent home of the SKA headquarters[42] for the period of operation expected for the telescope (over 50 years[43]).

Research

The main building at Jodrell Bank Observatory

The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, of which the Observatory is a part, is one of the largest astrophysics research groups in the United Kingdom. About half of the research of the group is in the area of radio astronomy – including research into pulsars, the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, gravitational lenses, active galaxies and astrophysical masers. The group also carries out research at different wavelengths, looking into star formation and evolution, planetary nebula and astrochemistry.[44]

Outside links

 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about Jodrell Bank Observatory)

References

  1. ↑ "Six cultural sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List". 7 July 2019. https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2005/. 
  2. ↑ "Jodrell Bank gains Unesco World Heritage status". BBC News. 7 July 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-48893080. 
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank
  4. ↑ Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 2
  5. ↑ "The Story of Jodrell Bank". Jodrell Bank. https://www.jodrellbank.net/explore/heritage/the-story-of-jodrell-bank/. 
  6. ↑ Astronomer by Chance, p. 110
  7. ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Gunn, 2005
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 3
  9. ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 9
  10. ↑ "Bernard Lovell". The Economist. 18 August 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21560524. 
  11. ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 10
  12. ↑ Jump up to: 12.0 12.1 Astronomer by Chance, p. 129
  13. ↑ Astronomer by Chance, p. 128
  14. ↑ Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 15
  15. ↑ Astronomer by Chance, p. 186
  16. ↑ "On This Day—14 March 1960: Radio telescope makes space history". BBC News. 14 March 1960. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/14/newsid_2566000/2566961.stm. 
  17. ↑ Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 29
  18. ↑ "Jodrell Bank's Cold War history". BBC News Channel. 20 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8059107.stm. 
  19. ↑ "The team that tracked Sputnik – and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile". BBC. 4 October 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-shropshire-41416087/the-team-that-tracked-sputnik-and-the-world-s-first-intercontinental-ballistic-missile. 
  20. ↑ Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 196
  21. ↑ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 262
  22. ↑ Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank, p. xii, pp. 239–244: Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 272
  23. ↑ Brown, Jonathan (3 July 2009). "Recording tracks Russia's Moon gatecrash attempt". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/recording-tracks-russias-moon-gatecrash-attempt-1730851.html. , includes link to recording with Lovell
  24. ↑ Lovell, Out of the Zenith, pp. 197–198
  25. ↑ "Introduction to cosmic masers". Jodrell Bank Observatory. 28 January 2005. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/masers/introduction.html. 
  26. ↑ "JBO—Stars". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/tech/lovell/aunstar.html. 
  27. ↑ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, pp. 297–301
  28. ↑ "Astronomers see cosmic mirage". BBC News. 1 April 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/71518.stm. 
  29. ↑ "Scientists listen intently for ET". BBC News. 1 February 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/52489.stm. 
  30. ↑ "The quest for the resolving power". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.merlin.ac.uk/about/layman/quest.html. 
  31. ↑ Palmer and Rowson (1968)
  32. ↑ Jump up to: 32.0 32.1 "MERLIN user guide—4.1 Location of Telescopes". http://www.merlin.ac.uk/user_guide/OnlineMUG-ajh/newch0-node62.html. 
  33. ↑ Jump up to: 33.0 33.1 Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes
  34. ↑ "The other space race: Transcript". BBC/Open University. http://www.open2.net/historyandthearts/history/three_transcript_p.html. 
  35. ↑ "Jodrell Bank—Pulsars". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/booklet/Pulsars.html. 
  36. ↑ "NRAL—7 m Telescope". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/tech/7m/7m_telescope.html. 
  37. ↑ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 232
  38. ↑ Pullan, A history of the University of Manchester 1951–73, p. 37
  39. ↑ Jump up to: 39.0 39.1 "MERLIN/VLBI National Facility". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.merlin.ac.uk/. 
  40. ↑ Lovell, Out of the Zenith, pp. 67–68
  41. ↑ "Jodrell Bank to play key part in creating world's largest radio telescope". The Guardian. 3 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/apr/03/jodrell-bank-largest-radio-telescope. 
  42. ↑ "World's largest radio telescope has a permanent home for its headquarters – SKA Telescope" (in en-US). 30 April 2015. https://www.skatelescope.org/news/worlds-largest-radio-telescope-has-a-permanent-home-for-its-headquarters/. 
  43. ↑ "Information regarding the SKA Headquarters selection process – SKA Telescope" (in en-US). 11 March 2015. https://www.skatelescope.org/news/ska-hq-selection-process/. 
  44. ↑ "Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics Research". Jodrell Bank Observatory. http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/. 

Books

  • Gunn, A. G. (2005). "Jodrell Bank and the Meteor Velocity Controversy". In The New Astronomy: Opening the Electromagnetic Window and Expanding Our View of Planet Earth, Volume 334 of the Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Part 3, pages 107–118. Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3724-4_7
  • Lovell, Bernard (1968). Story of Jodrell Bank. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-217619-6. https://archive.org/details/storyofjodrellba00love. 
  • Lovell, Bernard (1973). Out of the Zenith: Jodrell Bank, 1957–70. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-217624-2. 
  • Lovell, Bernard (1985). The Jodrell Bank Telescopes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858178-5. 
  • Lovell, Bernard (1990). Astronomer by Chance. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-55195-8. 
  • Piper, Roger (1972). The Story of Jodrell Bank (Carousel ed.). London: Carousel. ISBN 0-552-54028-5. 
  • Pullan, Brian; Abendstern, Michele (2000). A history of the University of Manchester 1951–1973. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5670-5. 


World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

Bath • Blaenavon Industrial Landscape • Blenheim Palace • Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey & St. Martin's Church • Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I • Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape • Derwent Valley Mills • Durham Castle & Cathedral • Edinburgh Old Town & New Town • Flow Country • Forth Bridge • Frontiers of the Roman Empire: Antonine Wall & Hadrian's Wall • Giant's Causeway • Ironbridge Gorge • Jodrell Bank • Jurassic Coast • Kew Gardens • Lake District • Maritime Greenwich • New Lanark • Heart of Neolithic Orkney • Pontcysyllte Aqueduct • St Kilda • Saltaire • Slate Landscape • Stonehenge, Avebury & Associated Sites • Studley Royal Park & Fountains Abbey • Tower of London • Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey & St Margaret's Church

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