Poulton-le-Fylde

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Poulton-le-Fylde
Lancashire

Poulton's marketplace
Location
Grid reference: SD3439
Location: 53°50’49"N, 2°59’42"W
Data
Population: 18,495  (2011 Census[1])
Post town: Poulton-le-Fylde
Postcode: FY6
Dialling code: 01253
Local Government
Council: Wyre
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Wyre and Preston North

Poulton-le-Fylde is a market town in the Amounderness hundred of Lancashire, situated on the coastal plain called the Fylde. In the 2001 United Kingdom census, it had a population of 18,264. There is evidence of human habitation in the area from 12,000 years ago and several archaeological finds from Roman settlement in England have been found in the area. At the time of the Norman conquest Poulton was a small agricultural settlement. The church of St Chad was recorded in 1094 when it was endowed to Lancaster Priory. By the post-Mediæval period the town had become an important commercial centre for the region with weekly and triannual markets. Goods were imported and exported through two harbours on the River Wyre. In 1837, the town was described as the "metropolis of the Fylde",[2] but its commercial importance waned from the mid-19th century with the development of the nearby coastal towns of Fleetwood and Blackpool.

Poulton is part of the Blackpool Urban Area and approximately five miles from Blackpool town centre; there are rail links to Blackpool and Preston, and bus routes to the larger towns and villages of the Fylde. Poulton has a library and two secondary schools; Baines School and Hodgson Academy. There is a farmers' market once a month and since October 2011 there has been a weekly market on Mondays in the centre of the town.

History

Early history

There is evidence of human habitation in the area around Poulton from Circa 10,000 BC. In 1970 building work in nearby Carleton uncovered the 12,000-year-old skeleton of an elk, along with two bone or antler barbed points close to its hind bones.[3][4] At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century AD, the area was inhabited by a Celtic tribe called the Setantii.[5] A 4th century hoard of 400 Roman coins was found in the area, near Fleetwood.[6] Other finds have been made in Poulton and Skippool; in addition to coins, these have included a medal of Germanicus and a hipposandal (similar to a horseshoe).[7]

Although there is little archaeological evidence of Anglo-Saxon activity in the area following the departure of the Romans, local place names incorporate Old English elements like tūn (farmstead), suggesting that they were founded in that period.[5] Nearby examples are Thornton, Marton and Carleton. Poulton was recorded in 1086 as Poltun; the name is derived from the Old English words pull or pōl + tūn meaning "farmstead by a pool or creek".[8][9] In later years it was recorded variously as Pultun, Polton, Potton, Poolton and Poulton.[2] The affix le-Fylde ("in the district called the Fylde") was added in 1842 with the arrival of the Penny Post, to distinguish the town from Poulton-le-Sands, a village that is now part of Morecambe.[10]

Poulton is one of seven ancient parishes of the hundred of Amounderness. Prior to the Norman conquest in 1066, Amounderness was in the possession of Earl Tostig, the brother of King Harold II.[11] Tostig died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge and his lands were subsequently taken over by the Normans. Between 1069 and 1086 William the Conqueror gave Amounderness to Anglo-Norman Baron Roger the Poitevin.[12] In the Domesday Book of 1086 Poulton's area was estimated to contain two carucates of arable land.[13] The survey recorded three churches in Amounderness though not by name. Later documentary evidence suggests that they were probably the churches at Poulton, Kirkham and St Michael's on Wyre.[14][15] The dedication of Poulton's church to 7th-century Anglo-Saxon saint Chad of Mercia lends weight to its pre-conquest foundation, although it is possible that it was built between 1086 and 1094.[16][17]

In 1094, Roger the Poitevin founded the Benedictine priory of St Mary at Lancaster,[15] as a cell of the Norman Abbey of St. Martin in Sées.[17] He endowed the priory with the church and land at Poulton.[15] Roger was eventually banished from the country and his lands returned to the possession of the Crown.[18] In 1194 King Richard I granted the hundred of Amounderness to Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler, who held it until his death in 1206.[19] In 1268, King Henry III granted the wapentake of Amounderness to his son Edmund Crouchback, who became the 1st Earl of Lancaster around this time.[20]

The amount of land in Poulton owned by St Mary's Priory increased during the 12th and 13th centuries and caused conflict with local landowners over whose land the tenants and monks of the priory had to cross.[21] In 1276, Sir Adam Banastre and his supporters assaulted the prior, Ralph de Truno, as he travelled to Poulton. He and his attendants were taken by Banastre, beaten and imprisoned in Thornton.[22] An investigation into the incident was instigated by the king; no record survives.[22] In 1330, a compromise was made when two roads were built through Banastre's land which enabled the prior and his tenants to travel freely to Poulton.[22] During the 13th and 14th centuries, much of the land at Poulton was given to Cockersand Abbey in Lancaster and rented back to local farm workers.[23] Much of the land in the Fylde was donated either to Cockersand Abbey or Whalley Abbey. To efficiently manage and farm these lands, granges were built at Singleton and Staining.[23] When the alien priories (those under control of religious houses abroad) were dissolved in 1415, the church at Poulton was conveyed to the Abbey of Syon in Middlesex.[24][25]

In the 17th-century Civil Wars, townspeople of Poulton fought on both sides, although more men from the Fylde were on the side of the Royalists.[14] No battles occurred in or close to Poulton but the area was affected with the rest of the county by the widespread poverty that resulted from the wars.[26] In 1643 interest was stirred in the parish when a large Spanish vessel dropped anchor off the coast at Rossall.[27] The ship made no movement for several days but fired its guns occasionally.[28] Locals initially feared an invasion, but eventually realised that the crew was in distress and had been signalling for help.[29] The vessel was carrying ammunition for the Parliamentarian forces and the crew had become sick and feeble. The ship was brought by Royalists into the mouth of the River Wyre and the Earl of Derby marched from across the River Ribble. He ordered the ship to be burnt and the Spanish crew to be set free.[27]

In the 18th century it was the custom for the wealthy in Poulton to bury their dead at night, following a lamp-lit procession through town. This tradition lasted until 1810.[30] In 1732, during the procession preceding the funeral of Geoffrey Hornby, strong winds caused sparks to fly from the lighted tapers carried by mourners.[31] The buildings on the west side of the market place, low cottages with thatched roofs, caught fire and were destroyed.[32] After local fund-raising the houses were eventually replaced with brick buildings with tile roofs.[33]

19th and 20th centuries

Poulton became an important centre for trade in the area. With harbours on either side of the River Wyre, at Skippool and Wardleys, it was able to import goods from as far away as Russia and North America.[34] Flax was imported from Ireland and the Baltic, timber came from across the Atlantic and tallow from Russia.[35][36] Records from 1806–08 show that Poulton imported limestone from Ulverston, oats from Ulverston, Kirkcudbright, Dumfries, Wigtown, Whitehaven and Liverpool, and coal from Preston. Cheese was exported to the same places.[37] By the 18th century, markets for cattle and cloth were being held in the town in February, April and November, with corn fairs every Monday.[38] It is unclear at what point Poulton began life as a market town; it was never granted a market charter and so markets were held by prescription.[39][40] The market cross probably dates from the 17th century.[41]

The linen industry was widespread in the Fylde during the 18th century and Poulton's importation of flax was essential.[42] There were large warehouses at Skippool and Wardleys, owned by linen merchants from Kirkham. By the 19th century, craftsmen in Poulton were an important part of the industry.[43] In the early part of the 19th century, there was a significant decline in the craft industries because of increased mechanisation, as well as increased demand for labour.[43] In contrast to neighbouring Kirkham, Poulton appeared to suffer from a lack of enthusiasm for new industrial techniques and opportunities among its industry leaders.[43]

Poulton's commercial importance was affected by the growth in the 19th century of two nearby coastal towns. In 1836 the first building was constructed in the new, planned town of Fleetwood, seven miles north of Poulton, at the mouth of the River Wyre. Fleetwood was conceived by local landowner and Preston Member of Parliament (MP) Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood as a major port and a link for passengers travelling from London to Scotland. To achieve these ideals, a rail link was needed and the new town soon heralded the arrival of the railway to the area. A line connecting Fleetwood with Preston was completed in 1840, with Poulton as one of the stops. Although Fleetwood immediately superseded Poulton as a port (the Customs House was quickly moved to Fleetwood), Poulton initially benefited commercially from the rail link. The importation of Irish and Scottish cattle through Fleetwood enabled a fortnightly cattle market to be held in Poulton.[44] At the same time, Blackpool was developing as a resort and for a few years, visitors travelled by rail to Poulton and then on to Blackpool by horse-drawn charabancs or omnibuses. A line between Poulton and Blackpool was completed in 1846.[45] As Fleetwood and Blackpool's own commercial capabilities developed, and Kirkham's prominence in the linen industry continued to grow, Poulton's importance declined.[46]

Geography

Poulton-le-Fylde stands 19 ft above sea level.[47] It is approximately five miles north-east of Blackpool and approximately 16½ miles north-west of Preston. It is situated on the Fylde, a coastal plain that is approximately a 13-mile square peninsula. The town is on flat, slightly raised ground, approximately a mile from the River Wyre and three miles from the Irish Sea.[13] Until the 20th century, the town consisted of only a few streets surrounding the central market place; it became surrounded by housing developments from the end of the Second World War.[48] The Poulton urban area is adjacent to Carleton and Hardhorn, and close to the Blackpool Urban Area.[48] The land to the east of the town is mostly agricultural.[49]

The bedrock of the area consists of Permo-Triassic sandstones and particularly Triassic mudstones. These old rocks lie beneath sea-level and are invisible beneath drift made up of glacial till deposits and post-glacial colluvium and alluvium deposits; there is a smaller amount of peat.[48][50]

Culture and community

In 2004 a group appointed by Wyre Council carried out a study of Poulton as part of the Countryside Agency's Market Town Initiative.[51] Their Health Check and Action Plan identified "economic, transport & accessibility, environmental and social strengths and weaknesses" of Poulton.[52] The study noted that the town has no cinemas, theatres, museums or galleries and that there was popular demand for a cinema, a weekly market and more independent retailers.[53][54] There was also concern among residents that there are not enough facilities for young people.[55] Poulton has a library, operated by Lancashire Council.[56]

Poulton's public spaces include the Jean Stansfield Memorial and Vicarage Park, Tithebarn Park and the Cottam Hall Playing Fields. The Jean Stansfield Memorial and Vicarage Park is close to the town centre. It was built in 1955 on the grounds of the town's former vicarage, sold to Poulton Council in 1951.[57][58] In 1926, the park was enlarged when the parents of Jean Stansfield, a child who had died at the age of 10, donated two acres of land to the town in her memory.[59] The park includes a crown green bowling green and a skate park.[59] Tithebarn Park, north-west of the town centre, was built on the site of a former railway halt, Poulton Curve. It features grass play areas.[60] The Cottam Hall Playing Fields to the west of the town centre include sports pitches and allotments.[61] There is a cricket ground to the north-east of the town.[57] Poulton includes part of the Wyre Way footpath.[62]

Poulton Gala is held annually in June and a farmers' market is held on the fourth Saturday of every month.[63] In October 2011, Wyre Borough Council introduced the return of a weekly market which takes place in the centre of Poulton every Monday.[64]

Poulton Drama, a local amateur dramatics group, has won numerous awards and performed alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC).

The town is also where, in the 1970s, the punk group Skrewdriver was formed. Although initially apolitical, the band went on to become internationally known as a neo-Nazi punk band.

Landmarks

Market Place

Poulton town centre has been a Conservation Area since 1979[65] and 15 buildings and structures in the town have been designated as listed buildings for their special architectural, historical or cultural significance.[66] These include two religious buildings, the structures in the market place and several houses.

The market place at the centre of Poulton is the width of two streets and is now closed to motor traffic.[67] Lying south of St Chad's Church and surrounded by shops, the square contains the town's war memorial as well as a market cross, stocks, whipping post and fish slabs, from which fish were sold on market days.[68] Although many of the buildings surrounding the marketplace were rebuilt following a fire in the 18th century, a few of the earlier buildings remain.[31] To the south of the marketplace are townhouses that were built for local merchants and professionals.[69]

Golden Ball public house

Public houses and inns flourished early on in Poulton due to its status as a market town.[70] One of the most important inns was the Golden Ball, which probably dates from the 18th century.[70] It was also the meeting place of the local court, and at the end of the 19th century the town's cattle market was moved behind the pub from the marketplace.[70] The Thatched House pub existed in 1793 and may have been built in the Middle Ages.[70] It was rebuilt in 1910 in the Mock Tudor style and has been identified as one of the town's "key landmarks" by the Poulton Market Town Initiative. In the 19th century the Ship Inn was a rowdy pub popular with Fleetwood seamen, travelling labourers and locals.[71] In the 1920s it became a working men's club and from 1928–2001, a Conservative club.[71] It is an Edwardian building constructed in red brick with red sandstone dressings. It has a corner tower and the walls have carvings of ships.[72] Since 2000 it has operated as a café, wine bar and nightclub called the Cube.[73][74]

Religion

St Chad's Church, the Anglican parish church, is in the centre of town, bordering the marketplace. It has been designated a Grade-II* listed building. The current structure dates largely from the mid-18th century when the previous church was demolished, although the tower is from the 17th century. The church is constructed of stone and has a slate roof. A round Norman-style apse was added in 1868. The churchyard, mainly to the south and east of the building, is noted for its display of crocuses in the spring.[75]

Former Roman Catholic Chapel of St John
Former Roman Catholic Chapel of St John

After the Reformation there remained a strong Roman Catholic influence in the parish, with worship particularly focused in Singleton.[76] In the late 16th century there were 13 houses in the parish that were known to shelter seminarians.[77] In 1583, the family of Cardinal William Allen, a prominent opponent of the Reformation, were holding three or four masses daily at their home at nearby Rossall.[77] In the early 19th century, a Roman Catholic chapel was built in the town of Poulton. St John the Evangelist's was built in the north of the town on Breck Road. The building, with its attached presbytery is constructed of rendered brick with a slate roof and has been designated a Grade II listed building.[78] Tradition has it that at some time during the 19th century, the vicar of St. Chad's donated to that church a particularly "papist" vestment.[28] The chapel was replaced by a larger church built a few metres to the south in 1912. The new building, constructed of rock-faced red sandstone in a stripped Romanesque style, was designed by Cuthbert Pugin of Pugin & Pugin.[79]

The first establishment of Nonconformists in Poulton were the Methodists, in 1784.[80] The group met in a room behind the King's Arms and initially suffered persecution from other locals.[81] They built a chapel in what is now Church Street in 1819, the second Methodist chapel to be built on the Fylde.[82] The chapel was enlarged in 1861 and 1909 and finally demolished in 1970, replaced by a new chapel in Queen Street.[80] The Congregational church established a chapel in the town in 1809. Its use was intermittent and at one point the building was used as a warehouse. A new chapel was built in 1899.[80]

Transport

Poulton-le-Fylde Junction separates the disused Fleetwood Branch Line from the Blackpool Branch Line.

The development in the first half of the 19th century of Fleetwood led to the arrival of the railway in the Fylde. The Preston & Wyre Railway and Dock Company was formed to connect Fleetwood to Preston and the Preston and Wyre Railway line was completed in 1840.[83] Poulton-le-Fylde railway station, on the line between Kirkham and Fleetwood was originally situated at the bottom of the Breck, the road leading north out of Poulton.[44] A branch connecting Poulton to Blackpool opened in 1846, meeting the existing line in a triangular junction with very tight curves towards Blackpool. By 1892, plans were underway to realign the tracks and rebuild the station at the top of the Breck. The fears of local people were realised in 1893 when a train travelling too fast derailed at the bend, killing three people.[84] The new station was built in 1896.[85] A railway halt called Poulton Curve was built in 1923 and was in use for trains between Fleetwood and Blackpool until 1952.[86] Today, Poulton is a stop on the Caldervale Line and the Blackpool Branch Line. It lies between Kirkham and Wesham (towards Preston) and Layton (towards Blackpool North). The Fleetwood Branch Line closed to passengers in 1970;[87] in 2009, a report by the Association of Train Operating Companies suggested that there would be a "strong business case" to reopen the line.[87]

Poulton is approximately 13 miles west of the M6 motorway and is linked to it by the M55 at Greenhalgh. There are A roads to Fleetwood, Blackpool, Preston, Garstang and Lancaster. The town is served by four bus companies; Blackpool Transport, Stagecoach, Coastal Coaches and Cumfybus provide links to the Fylde's coastal towns as well as villages across the River Wyre and Preston.[88]

Poulton was previously served by Blackpool Airport, approximately 6½ miles away. However, the airport no longer has any commercial service and is instead served by the larger Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport.[89]

Education

Baines School

Poulton has two secondary schools, the oldest of which dates from the 18th century. In 1717, local woollen merchant James Baines left money in his will to found three free schools in the parish; in Poulton, Marton and Thornton.[90] All three still exist. Baines School in Poulton was rebuilt in 1828 and closed temporarily in the late 19th century, reopening as Baines Endowed School.[91] Today it is a voluntary aided non-denominational comprehensive secondary school and sixth form.[92] It has 1,008 pupils aged 11–18. Hodgson Academy (formerly Hodgson School) is a comprehensive secondary school that opened in 1932.[93] It has 1,108 pupils aged 11–16. The school converted to academy status in 2011.

There are four primary schools in the town; Breck Primary School, St John's Catholic Primary School, Carr Head Primary School and St Chad's Church of England Primary School.

References

Footnotes
  1. ↑ Services, Good Stuff IT. "Data from the 2011 census in England and Wales - UK Census Data 2011". http://ukcensusdata.com. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thornber (1840), p. 281
  3. ↑ Barnes et al. (1971)
  4. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 1
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Storey (2001), p. 9
  6. ↑ Fishwick (1885), p. 3
  7. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 13
  8. ↑ "Poulton, Poulton-le-fylde and Little Poulton, Lancashire, Yorkshire", Domesday Book (The National Archives), 1086, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7583267&queryType=1&resultcount=8, retrieved 21 September 2010 
  9. ↑ Mills (1998), p. 277
  10. ↑ "History of Wyre – Poulton-le-Fylde", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203152/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=57721&PgeID=1176&BrdCb=1-24-1157-1164-1175, retrieved 15 October 2010 
  11. ↑ "Amounderness hundred" in Farrer & Brownbill (1912), pp. 68–71
  12. ↑ Gooderson (1980), p. 36
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Porter (1876), p. 186
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bagley (1972), p. 178
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Porter (1876), p. 32
  16. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 10
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Porter (1876), p. 188
  18. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 33
  19. ↑ Porter (1876), pp. 33–34
  20. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 36
  21. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 11
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Fishwick (1885), p. 6
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Storey (2001), p. 12
  24. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 189
  25. ↑ Thornber (1840), p. 285
  26. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 65
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Fishwick (1885), p. 30
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Storey (2001), p. 18
  29. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 59
  30. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 205
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Storey (2001), p. 49
  32. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 196
  33. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 18
  34. ↑ Fishwick (1885), p. 33
  35. ↑ Bagley (1972), p. 179
  36. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 209
  37. ↑ Collins (1953), pp. 8–9
  38. ↑ Foster (1978), p. 91
  39. ↑ Fishwick (1885), p. 34
  40. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 16
  41. ↑ National Heritage List 1072405: Market Cross
  42. ↑ Foster (1978), p. 92
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Foster (1978), p. 93
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Storey (2001), p. 71
  45. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 72
  46. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 20
  47. ↑ "Poulton le Fylde, United Kingdom Page", Global Gazetteer Version 2.2 (Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.), http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UK/00/Poulton_le_Fylde.html, retrieved 14 October 2010 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 7
  49. ↑ Wyre Council (2008), p. 4
  50. ↑ De Rance (1875), p. 5
  51. ↑ "Poulton Market Town Initiative", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203315/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=57770&PgeID=51777&BrdCb=1-1447-1499, retrieved 15 October 2010 
  52. ↑ BE Group (2004), p. 7
  53. ↑ BE Group (2004), p. 12
  54. ↑ BE Group (2004), p. 15
  55. ↑ BE Group (2004), p. 16
  56. ↑ "Libraries", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203338/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=63845&PgeID=1416&BrdCb=1-1447-1499, retrieved 15 October 2010 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), pp. 30–31
  58. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 114
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Jean Stansfield Memorial Park", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203834/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=80264&PgeID=48022&BrdCb=1-24-1076-1120-48020, retrieved 16 November 2010 
  60. ↑ "Tithebarn Park", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203916/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=48176&PgeID=48023&BrdCb=1-24-1076-1120-48020, retrieved 16 November 2010 
  61. ↑ "Cottam Hall Playing Fields", Wyre Borough Council Online (Wyre Borough Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203938/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=80248&PgeID=48021&BrdCb=1-24-1076-1120-48020, retrieved 16 November 2010 
  62. ↑ "Wyre Way – LDWA Long Distance Paths", LDWA official website (Long Distance Walkers Association), http://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Wyre+Way, retrieved 17 November 2010 
  63. ↑ "Farmers Markets", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 13 June 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203435/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=67538&PgeID=1066&BrdCb=1-24-1055-1061, retrieved 15 October 2010 
  64. ↑ "Poulton Market Getting Ready for Business", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), 20 October 2011, archived from the original on 2 April 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20120402083909/http://www.wyre.gov.uk/news/article/286/poulton_market_getting_ready_for_business, retrieved 13 November 2011 
  65. ↑ Wyre Council (2008), p. 2
  66. ↑ "Listed Buildings in Poulton Le Fylde, Lancashire, England", British Listed Buildings Online, http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/lancashire/poulton+le+fylde, retrieved 11 September 2010 
  67. ↑ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 17
  68. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 124
  69. ↑ Storey (2001), images pp. 9–10
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 22
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Storey (2001), p. 96
  72. ↑ Hartwell & Pevsner (2009), p. 506
  73. ↑ Wyre Council (2008), p. 45
  74. ↑ "The Cube Wine Bar". https://thecubebar.com. Retrieved 9 March 2016. 
  75. ↑ Champness (1989), p. 69
  76. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 17
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Storey (2001), p. 16
  78. ↑ National Heritage List 1362189: Former Chapel of St John and Attached Priest's House
  79. ↑ Hartwell & Pevsner (2009), pp. 505–06
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 23
  81. ↑ Fishwick (1885), p. 64
  82. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 22
  83. ↑ Porter (1876), p. 82
  84. ↑ Storey (2001), pp. 72–73
  85. ↑ Wyre Council (2008), p. 15
  86. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 74
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Bennett, Julia (16 June 2009), "Full Steam Ahead for Fylde Railway", Blackpool Gazette (Johnston Press), http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/blackpoolnews/Full-steam-ahead-for-Fylde.5368423.jp, retrieved 20 November 2010 
  88. ↑ "Map 2" (PDF), Bus Map & Guides (Lancashire County Council), November 2010, http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/corporate/web/viewdoc.asp?id=49724, retrieved 13 November 2010 
  89. ↑ "Public Transport – Airports", Wyre Council Online (Wyre Council), archived from the original on 22 July 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110722203743/http://www.wyrebc.gov.uk/Page.aspx?PvnID=1425&PgeID=1425&BrdCb=1-1447-1499, retrieved 13 November 2010 
  90. ↑ Storey (2001), p. 33
  91. ↑ Storey (2001), pp. 88–89
  92. ↑ "Welcome", Baines School official website, http://www.baines.lancs.sch.uk/, retrieved 20 October 2010 
  93. ↑ "Hodgson School History", Hodgson School official website, archived from the original on 23 August 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20100823000633/http://www.hodgson.lancsngfl.ac.uk/history.shtml, retrieved 20 October 2010 
Bibliography

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