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Created page with "{{Infobox town |county=York |riding=West |latitude=53.869 |longitude=-1.688 |population=22,233 |census year=2011 (Otley & Yeadon)<ref name="NOMIS">{{NOMIS2011|id=123732109..."
 
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The name comes from Old English ''gæh'' and ''|dūn'' meaning ''steep hill'',<ref name=KEPN>{{cite web |url=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20WR/Yeadon |title=Key to English Place-names: Yeadon |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=kepn.nottingham.ac.uk |publisher=University of Nottingham |access-date=7 January 2018 }}</ref> and the hilly part of the High Street has been known as "the Steep" for centuries.<ref name=History>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Roy |date=June 1980 |title=A History of Yeadon |location=Yeadon |publisher=Maple-Bowes }}</ref>  It was one of three hill settlements: Rawdon, Yeadon and Baildon, and it has been suggested that Rawdon was the main one, with Yeadon being used for burial (there are burial urns nearby) and other religious purposes.<ref name=History/>
The name comes from Old English ''gæh'' and ''|dūn'' meaning ''steep hill'',<ref name=KEPN>{{cite web |url=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20WR/Yeadon |title=Key to English Place-names: Yeadon |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=kepn.nottingham.ac.uk |publisher=University of Nottingham |access-date=7 January 2018 }}</ref> and the hilly part of the High Street has been known as "the Steep" for centuries.<ref name=History>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Roy |date=June 1980 |title=A History of Yeadon |location=Yeadon |publisher=Maple-Bowes }}</ref>  It was one of three hill settlements: Rawdon, Yeadon and Baildon, and it has been suggested that Rawdon was the main one, with Yeadon being used for burial (there are burial urns nearby) and other religious purposes.<ref name=History/>


===Medieval Period===
===Mediæval Period===
It was part of the [[Elmet|Kingdom of Elmet]] until overrun by the Anglo-Saxons who transferred religion to [[Guiseley]] by building a church and divided Yeadon into two areas with Saxon lords (thegns): it remained divided until 1630, as is shown by the names Yeadon and Nether Yeadon. Following the Danish conquest of Yorkshire it became part of the wapentake of [[Skyrack]] but still with Saxon lords.<ref name=History/>
It was part of the [[Elmet|Kingdom of Elmet]] until overrun by the Anglo-Saxons who transferred religion to [[Guiseley]] by building a church and divided Yeadon into two areas with Saxon lords (thegns): it remained divided until 1630, as is shown by the names Yeadon and Nether Yeadon. Following the Danish conquest of Yorkshire it became part of the wapentake of [[Skyrack]] but still with Saxon lords.<ref name=History/>


Line 36: Line 36:
John Yeadon (1764–1833), a lay preacher in the town for more than thirty years, kept a journal about his life, family and events in the locality for most of his adult life. He and his wife, Mary had fourteen children, one of whom had a severe intellectual disability. John conducted services locally, but also in many villages and towns in the Aire and Wharfe Valleys. He attended services conducted by John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism many times. The handwritten journal provides detailed insights into town life and the early Methodist Church in the district.<ref>Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society Archives.MS1638.</ref>
John Yeadon (1764–1833), a lay preacher in the town for more than thirty years, kept a journal about his life, family and events in the locality for most of his adult life. He and his wife, Mary had fourteen children, one of whom had a severe intellectual disability. John conducted services locally, but also in many villages and towns in the Aire and Wharfe Valleys. He attended services conducted by John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism many times. The handwritten journal provides detailed insights into town life and the early Methodist Church in the district.<ref>Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society Archives.MS1638.</ref>
   
   
In the 19th century, the population rose rapidly from 1,695 in 1801 to 4,109 in 1851 and 7,396 in 1891 as it became a manufacturing rather than farming town.<ref name=Conserve>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/yeadon%20conservation%20area%20appraisal%20and%20management%20plan%20final.pdf |title=Yeadon Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 January 2012 |website=www.leeds.gov.uk |publisher=Leeds City Council |access-date=10 January 2018 }}</ref>  It was particularly noted for women's apparel.{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} To assist trade, the New Road (now A65) was built in 1827 through Yeadon, linking Kirkstall with Guiseley and the railway followed in the 1840s. In 1845 it was administratively separated from Guiseley.{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} By 1853 it had gas piped by the "Yeadon and Guiseley Gas Light Co".<ref name=History/>  The watercourse became badly polluted by effluent from [[Bradford]], [[Shipley]] and [[Bingley]], leading to a successful court case against Bradrod Corporation in 1868. The Yeadon Waterworks sank a new well in 1861 and began the Cold Harbour Reservoir in 1877.<ref name=History/>  The town's Board of Health was established in 1863,{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} and set up the cemetery and buildings in 1876.  Finally, 1880 the town had its own "Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute".<ref name=History/>
In the 19th century, the population rose rapidly from 1,695 in 1801 to 4,109 in 1851 and 7,396 in 1891 as it became a manufacturing rather than farming town.<ref name=Conserve>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/yeadon%20conservation%20area%20appraisal%20and%20management%20plan%20final.pdf |title=Yeadon Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 January 2012 |website=www.leeds.gov.uk |publisher=Leeds City Council |access-date=10 January 2018 }}</ref>  It was particularly noted for women's apparel.{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} To assist trade, the New Road (now A65) was built in 1827 through Yeadon, linking Kirkstall with Guiseley and the railway followed in the 1840s. In 1845 it was administratively separated from Guiseley.{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} By 1853 it had gas piped by the "Yeadon and Guiseley Gas Light Co".<ref name=History/>  The watercourse became badly polluted by effluent from [[Bradford]], [[Shipley]] and [[Bingley]], leading to a successful court case against Bradford Corporation in 1868. The Yeadon Waterworks sank a new well in 1861 and began the Cold Harbour Reservoir in 1877.<ref name=History/>  The town's Board of Health was established in 1863,{{sfnp|''EB''|1888}} and set up the cemetery and buildings in 1876.  Finally, 1880 the town had its own "Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute".<ref name=History/>


===20th century onwards===
===20th century onwards===
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The main town is on a hill with south facing slope into the [[River Aire|Aire valley]].  The geology is sandstone and millstone grit, which has been extensively quarried and used for buildings, with impervious shale and clay to the north, which allowed the formation of a natural hilltop lake, Yeadon Tarn which was enlarged for industrial use.  Leeds Bradford Airport occupies the high plateau of Yeadon Moor to the east.<ref name=Conserve/> In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a geological site at the brick and tile works in Yeadon.<ref>Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A., 1996 ''British Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy'' Vol 11 of the Geological Conservation Review series</ref>
The main town is on a hill with south facing slope into the [[River Aire|Aire valley]].  The geology is sandstone and millstone grit, which has been extensively quarried and used for buildings, with impervious shale and clay to the north, which allowed the formation of a natural hilltop lake, Yeadon Tarn which was enlarged for industrial use.  Leeds Bradford Airport occupies the high plateau of Yeadon Moor to the east.<ref name=Conserve/> In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a geological site at the brick and tile works in Yeadon.<ref>Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A., 1996 ''British Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy'' Vol 11 of the Geological Conservation Review series</ref>


The main part of the town is bounded by the A65 road to the southwest and the A658 road to the south-east. South of the junction of these two roads are the areas of Nether Yeadon and Little London. To the west of the A65 is the area known as New Scarborough, containing many 19th century houses. A public park, Nunroyd Park, to the northwest provides a green break between the housing of Yeadon and Guiseley.  This was formerly the house and lands of a mill owner, and before that the parkland belonging to nunnery, ''royd'' meaning a woodland clearing.<ref name=Conserve/>
The main part of the town is bounded by the A65 road to the south-west and the A658 road to the south-east. South of the junction of these two roads are the areas of Nether Yeadon and Little London. To the west of the A65 is the area known as New Scarborough, containing many 19th century houses. A public park, Nunroyd Park, to the north-west provides a green break between the housing of Yeadon and Guiseley.  This was formerly the house and lands of a mill owner, and before that the parkland belonging to nunnery, ''royd'' meaning a woodland clearing.<ref name=Conserve/>


Evidence of the mediæval settlement is seen in fields to the north in Yeadon Banks which follow the strips of this time, and in the irregular and organic location of buildings around Town Street and Ivegate, described in 1878, as "a bewildering labyrinth of
Evidence of the mediæval settlement is seen in fields to the north in Yeadon Banks which follow the strips of this time, and in the irregular and organic location of buildings around Town Street and Ivegate, described in 1878, as "a bewildering labyrinth of

Latest revision as of 10:07, 8 December 2022

Yeadon
Yorkshire
West Riding

High Street, Yeadon
Location
Grid reference: SE219398
Location: 53°52’8"N, 1°41’17"W
Data
Population: 22,233  (2011 (Otley & Yeadon)[1])
Post town: Leeds
Postcode: LS19
Dialling code: 0113
Local Government
Council: Leeds
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Pudsey

Yeadon is a town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the north-east of Bradford and north-west of Leeds. Leeds Bradford Airport is located immediately east of the town.

History

Early times

The name comes from Old English gæh and |dūn meaning steep hill,[2] and the hilly part of the High Street has been known as "the Steep" for centuries.[3] It was one of three hill settlements: Rawdon, Yeadon and Baildon, and it has been suggested that Rawdon was the main one, with Yeadon being used for burial (there are burial urns nearby) and other religious purposes.[3]

Mediæval Period

It was part of the Kingdom of Elmet until overrun by the Anglo-Saxons who transferred religion to Guiseley by building a church and divided Yeadon into two areas with Saxon lords (thegns): it remained divided until 1630, as is shown by the names Yeadon and Nether Yeadon. Following the Danish conquest of Yorkshire it became part of the wapentake of Skyrack but still with Saxon lords.[3]

After the Norman conquest the two manors were taken from their Saxon lords and given to the House of Percy (present Yeadon village) and the Meschines family (Nether Yeadon). According to the Domesday book it comprised four carucates or about 328 acres. Much of the area was later acquired by Bolton Priory and Kirkstall Abbey who exerted considerable power until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1354 the villagers won a court case against Kirkstall Abbey over 300 acres of moorland between Yeadon Tarn (lake) and Horsforth, which now accommodates Leeds Bradford Airport.[3]

In this period there were only thirty or so households scattered around three points: first where the town centre is now; secondly, the main cluster round where the Woolpack is now, and a smaller group of cottages further to the West along Yeadon Gill as Nether Yeadon, probably a marketplace. Sheep were farmed and the wool made into cloth locally, while Yeadon Gill provided water power for a corn mill.[3]

Later history

Former factory chimneys on Green Lane

Despite the Civil War the area prospered and the population more than doubled to over 400 during the 17th century, with 93 hearths (i.e. fireplace with chimney) recorded. Mediæval parcels of land were traded into more efficient farms and a new mill built. The town was no more divided and had a significant social organisation with Poor relief and a Constable.[3]

The 18th century saw the establishment of a school (now Layton Cottage) and more stone houses in place of the wattle-and-daub cottages, a windmill and the first steam engine operated mill. The people worshipped at the parish church in Guiseley, some distance away, and started demanding their own church in 1714: however they did not get one till 1844.[3]

John Yeadon (1764–1833), a lay preacher in the town for more than thirty years, kept a journal about his life, family and events in the locality for most of his adult life. He and his wife, Mary had fourteen children, one of whom had a severe intellectual disability. John conducted services locally, but also in many villages and towns in the Aire and Wharfe Valleys. He attended services conducted by John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism many times. The handwritten journal provides detailed insights into town life and the early Methodist Church in the district.[4]

In the 19th century, the population rose rapidly from 1,695 in 1801 to 4,109 in 1851 and 7,396 in 1891 as it became a manufacturing rather than farming town.[5] It was particularly noted for women's apparel. To assist trade, the New Road (now A65) was built in 1827 through Yeadon, linking Kirkstall with Guiseley and the railway followed in the 1840s. In 1845 it was administratively separated from Guiseley. By 1853 it had gas piped by the "Yeadon and Guiseley Gas Light Co".[3] The watercourse became badly polluted by effluent from Bradford, Shipley and Bingley, leading to a successful court case against Bradford Corporation in 1868. The Yeadon Waterworks sank a new well in 1861 and began the Cold Harbour Reservoir in 1877.[3] The town's Board of Health was established in 1863, and set up the cemetery and buildings in 1876. Finally, 1880 the town had its own "Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute".[3]

20th century onwards

Increasing social unrest and labour disputes in the early 20th century led to a major lockout and subsequent hunger marches in 1913. As a result of the dispute, the working week in the textile mills was shortened, and workers received a pay rise, although this fell short of the demands of the trade unions who in consequence streamlined their organisation.[6] In 1937 it became part of the Aireborough district, being the most populous township of over ten thousand.[3]

Geography

The main town is on a hill with south facing slope into the Aire valley. The geology is sandstone and millstone grit, which has been extensively quarried and used for buildings, with impervious shale and clay to the north, which allowed the formation of a natural hilltop lake, Yeadon Tarn which was enlarged for industrial use. Leeds Bradford Airport occupies the high plateau of Yeadon Moor to the east.[5] In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a geological site at the brick and tile works in Yeadon.[7]

The main part of the town is bounded by the A65 road to the south-west and the A658 road to the south-east. South of the junction of these two roads are the areas of Nether Yeadon and Little London. To the west of the A65 is the area known as New Scarborough, containing many 19th century houses. A public park, Nunroyd Park, to the north-west provides a green break between the housing of Yeadon and Guiseley. This was formerly the house and lands of a mill owner, and before that the parkland belonging to nunnery, royd meaning a woodland clearing.[5]

Evidence of the mediæval settlement is seen in fields to the north in Yeadon Banks which follow the strips of this time, and in the irregular and organic location of buildings around Town Street and Ivegate, described in 1878, as "a bewildering labyrinth of yards and courts and intricate lanes". By contrast the 19th century development produced a regular grid of terraced houses, many of which remain, while the pattern of streets remains for those that have gone. There are also a number of former mill and dyeworks sites.[5]

Public transport

Yeadon had a rail connection from Guiseley which opened in 1894. The line was closed in 1964.[8] It is now a nature path and most of its length can still be walked, from the Old Engine Fields, off Henshaw Lane down Guiseley retail park where it joined the Guiseley Branch Line. The line continued over Henshaw Lane where an old bridge can still be seen. Immediately after the bridge was the railway station, near the Station Inn in the (now) council storage yard. The line terminated opposite Trinity Church (previously Benton Congregational Church) in Rawdon. Yeadon Station was mostly used for goods, and the line served several large mills directly along its route (Leafield Mill, Kirk Lane Mill, Westfield Mill, Green Lane Mill, a soap works and a dye works). The only passenger trains were special services. The first train to leave Yeadon Station in 1905 held 500 people. The following year, trains took passengers from Yeadon to Blackpool.[9]

Yeadon (Green Lane) was connected by tram to Leeds from 1909 until the 1950s. Northbound, Yeadon is served by bus route A2 to Harrogate, 33, 34 and 27 to Otley and Guiseley respectively, and the 966 to Guiseley. Southbound, the town is served by the A2 to Bradford via Greengates, the A3 to Bradford via Shipley, 33, 34 and 27 to Leeds.

Religion

Yeadon was part of the ancient parish of Guiseley, but a church, St John the Evangelist Church, was built in 1844 as a Commissioners' church with a grant of £300. It was designed by Walker Rawsthorne. It originally had a tower, but this was demolished as unsafe in 1970.[10] The New Life Community Church was formerly St Andrew's Parish Church (C of E), built by Thomas Healey of Bradford in 1891 and is Grade II listed.[11] There is also a Roman Catholic church (St Peter and St Paul,)[12] a Methodist church developed from a Primitive Methodist Chapel,[13] and a meeting hall for Plymouth Brethren.

Notable features

Town Hall

Yeadon Town Hall

Facing North on Town Hall Square by the High Street, and originally built as the Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute in 1880[3] by William Hill of Leeds, it is a Grade-II listed building of coursed dressed sandstone, with slate roofs in French Gothic style, featuring a central tower with a clock.[14] The architect was selected after a competition with more than 200 entries, with a budget of £5,000.[3] The stone mason was Richard Hogg of Rawdon.[15]

The building was used as a registrar's office in the Yorkshire Television programme The Beiderbecke Tapes in 1985.[16]

Low Hall

Low Hall

Arthur Mee wrote "Though Yorkshire has many greater houses, it has few more charming than Low Hall on the fringe of Yeadon."[17] It is a Grade II listed building on Gill Lane, a former 17th century farmhouse (with a datestone "W S 1658"), remodelled in the 19th century, of coursed sandstone and slate roof.[18] It was built in 1624, and has a porch added by William Sale in 1658, believed to be taken from Esholt Priory following the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[19][17] It contains a Tudor Priest hole.[17]

Yeadon Tarn

Yeadon Tarn

Yeadon Tarn (also known as Yeadon Dam) is located between High Street and the airport runway. During the Second World War it was drained to prevent enemy aircraft using its reflection as a landmark to identify the nearby Avro factory.[20] The tarn is used for sailing and fishing. Mallard ducks, swans and a sizable population of Canada geese can be found at the tarn. Adjacent to the tarn [21] is a park of 17 acres with a BMX bike track, known as Tarnfield Park.[22]

Amenities

Yeadon has a developed town centre and most of the businesses are situated around the High Street. There is a Morrisons supermarket as well as several other chains of shops, such as KC's Express (est. 1994). There are also building societies, estate agents and public houses. There are also both Travelodge and Premier Travel Inn hotels situated near the airport. In Town Hall Square there is a public library which is part of Leeds City Council’s library network].[23] It also operates as a council One Stop Centre.

There is a stone statue of a cardboard box by local sculptor Zoë Waterman that over time has been eroded by rainwater into a perfect circle.

Sport

Cricket has been played in Yeadon at least since around 1850 when scores of people were reported to play on Yeadon Moor after work ended on a Saturday teatime. Play continued as long as the light would allow. The origins of cricket in Yeadon are not definitely known, but at that time Yeadon boasted two teams, Topenders and Lowenders. The two teams decided to amalgamate at a meeting held in the Old Victoria Hotel, at the junction of Sandy Way and the Green, in 1859. The newly amalgamated club adopted the name Yeadon United Cricket Club, ‘united’ being dropped some time later.

The legendary W. G. Grace played at the Swan ground in 1877 with a United South XI. Grace was bowled for nought by an elated bowler who was then admonished by his captain for removing the man the crowd had paid to see.

Yeadon FC won promotion to the FA's Wharfedale Triangle Premier League in the 2018–19 season.

Economy

Avro had a factory next to Yeadon Aerodrome from 1938 to 1946 which produced many of the company's wartime planes, including the Lancaster, Lincoln, York and Anson. Approximately 700 Lancasters were produced at Yeadon.

Aviation heritage in Yeadon is kept alive by the activities of 2168 (Yeadon) Squadron Air Training Corps.[24]

The national charity Epilepsy Action has its headquarters in the town.[25]

Notable residents

  • Betsy Sawyer, who was born enslaved in Antigua, died in Yeadon on 24 November 1839. A memorial stone was placed in Yeadon Methodist Churchyard after her death to remember her journey to freedom and her life.[26]
  • The former Yorkshire and England cricket captain Brian Close lived in the town during his childhood.
  • Moses Ayrton (1878–1950), a New Zealand Methodist minister and socialist, was born in Yeadon.[27]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Otley and Yeadon Ward (as of 2011) (1237321093)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=1237321093. Retrieved 6 November 2018 
  2. ↑ "Key to English Place-names: Yeadon". University of Nottingham. http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20WR/Yeadon. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Price, Roy (June 1980). A History of Yeadon. Yeadon: Maple-Bowes. 
  4. ↑ Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society Archives.MS1638.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Yeadon Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan". Leeds City Council. 16 January 2012. http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/yeadon%20conservation%20area%20appraisal%20and%20management%20plan%20final.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Macartney, Patrick (1991). The Yeadon Lockout and Hunger Marches of 1913. http://www.angelfire.com/ma/Socialworld/Yeadon.html. 
  7. ↑ Cleal, C.J., Thomas, B.A., 1996 British Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy Vol 11 of the Geological Conservation Review series
  8. ↑ "Yeadon Branch (Guiseley to Yeadon)". Lost Railways West Yorkshire. http://lostrailwayswestyorkshire.co.uk/Yeadon%20Branch.htm. 
  9. ↑ Thorpe, John (26 June 2006). "The 'ghost train' trippers". Yorkshire Evening Post. https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/your-leeds/the-ghost-train-trippers-1-2064680. 
  10. ↑ "St John's Church, Yeadon". http://www.stjohnsyeadon.org/#/history-part-1/4532813885. 
  11. ↑ "Church of St Andrew". British Listed Buildings. https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101313171-church-of-st-andrew-otley-and-yeadon-ward. 
  12. ↑ "SS Peter and Paul, Yeadon". http://www.sspeterandpaulyeadon.org.uk/. 
  13. ↑ "Yeadon Methodist Church". http://yeadonmethodist.org.uk/. 
  14. ↑ "Yeadon Town Hall, Yeadon". https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101204098-yeadon-town-hall-otley-and-yeadon-ward#.WlTuG7xl-70. 
  15. ↑ Kitchen and Hogg Family Histories
  16. ↑ "The Beiderbecke Affair (1985)". IMDB. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086668/locations. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Mee, Arthur (1941). The King's England: Yorkshire West Riding. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 426. 
  18. ↑ "Low Hall, Yeadon". https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101135627-low-hall-guiseley-and-rawdon-ward#.WlT2vbxl-70. 
  19. ↑ "Low Hall". Aireborough Historical Society. https://www.aireboroughhistoricalsociety.co.uk/yeadon/low-hall-1971.aspx. 
  20. ↑ "BBC – WW2 People's War – Life in Old Bramhope in Wartime – Part 1". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/27/a4017827.shtml. 
  21. ↑ "Yeadon Tarn". Leeds City Council. https://www.visitleeds.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2195215. 
  22. ↑ Leeds City Council, Yeadon Tarnfield Park, accessed 17 October 2020
  23. ↑ Leeds City Council’s library network
  24. ↑ "2168 (Yeadon) Squadron – Air Training Corps – Home of the Merlins". www.2168atc.org. http://www.2168atc.org/. 
  25. ↑ "Epilepsy Action: contact us". https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/about/contact-us. 
  26. ↑ "Memorial Stone for Betsy Sawyer, a former slave". https://mylearning.org/resources/memorial-stone-for-betsy-sawyer-a-former-slave. 
  27. ↑ Template:DNZB

Bibliography

  • Baynes, Thomas Spencer; William Robertson Smith, eds. (1888), "Yeadon", Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XXIV, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 733 .

Outside links

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