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There was once thought to have been a mediæval castle at Kinderton, but that is now thought to have been unlikely.<ref>{{pastscape|74705}}</ref>
There was once thought to have been a mediæval castle at Kinderton, but that is now thought to have been unlikely.<ref>{{pastscape|74705}}</ref>


Middlewich lies across the King Street fault, which roughly follows the Roman road, King Street, from [[Northwich]] to Middlewich.<ref name=TWIGG>{{cite web | title=19th-20th century Middlewich | work=Salt making sites in Cheshire | author=George Twigg | url=http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#2.1.8 | accessdate=2006-06-26 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060504020359/http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#2.1.8 |archivedate=May 4, 2006}}</ref> During their occupation the Romans built a [[castra|fort]] at  
Middlewich lies across the King Street fault, which roughly follows the Roman road, King Street, from [[Northwich]] to Middlewich.<ref name=TWIGG>{{cite web | title=19th-20th century Middlewich | work=Salt making sites in Cheshire | author=George Twigg | url=http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#2.1.8 | accessdate=2006-06-26 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060504020359/http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#2.1.8 |archivedate=May 4, 2006}}</ref> During their occupation the Romans built a fort at  
Harbutts Field ({{map|SJ70216696}}),<ref>{{cite web | title=Roman Fort Minor Salt-Working Settlement | work=WWW.Roman-Britain. ORG | url=http://www.roman-britain.org/places/salinae_cornoviorum.htm | accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 1999| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#1999 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#1999 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref> and excavations to the south of the fort have found further evidence of Roman activity<ref>
Harbutts Field ({{map|SJ70216696}}),<ref>{{cite web | title=Roman Fort Minor Salt-Working Settlement | work=WWW.Roman-Britain. ORG | url=http://www.roman-britain.org/places/salinae_cornoviorum.htm | accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 1999| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#1999 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#1999 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref> and excavations to the south of the fort have found further evidence of Roman activity<ref>
{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 2000| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2000 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2000 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 2001| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2001| accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2001 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref> including a well and part of a preserved Roman road. An excavation in 2004, in Buckley's Field,<ref>{{cite web | title=Roman dig - update| work=Cheshire Matters | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/52AED909-26CE-4CFF-8438-5CEDC73B7CE7/0/NovCheshireMatterssp.pdf#page=4 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927004303/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/52AED909-26CE-4CFF-8438-5CEDC73B7CE7/0/NovCheshireMatterssp.pdf#page=4 |archivedate=September 27, 2007}}</ref> also uncovered signs of Roman occupation.
{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 2000| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2000 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2000 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fieldwork 2001| work=Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2001| accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2001 |archivedate=February 19, 2006}}</ref> including a well and part of a preserved Roman road. An excavation in 2004, in Buckley's Field,<ref>{{cite web | title=Roman dig - update| work=Cheshire Matters | url=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/52AED909-26CE-4CFF-8438-5CEDC73B7CE7/0/NovCheshireMatterssp.pdf#page=4 | accessdate=2006-05-21 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927004303/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/52AED909-26CE-4CFF-8438-5CEDC73B7CE7/0/NovCheshireMatterssp.pdf#page=4 |archivedate=September 27, 2007}}</ref> also uncovered signs of Roman occupation.

Revision as of 18:29, 14 January 2013

Middlewich
Cheshire

St Michael and All Angels, across the Trent and Mersey Canal
Location
Grid reference: SJ704663
Location: 53°11’31"N, 2°26’35"W
Data
Population: 13,101  (2001)
Post town: Middlewich
Postcode: CW10
Dialling code: 01606
Local Government
Council: Cheshire East
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Congleton

Middlewich is a market town in Cheshire. It is one of the fames salt towns of the county, known as the "Cheshire wiches", along with Nantwich and Northwich.

The town is 19 miles east of the county town, Chester and 3 miles east of Winsford. Of its fellow salt towns, Northwich is five miles northwest and Nantwich to the south. Middlewick is therefore in the middle, and this seems likely to be the origin of its name.

There has been a settlement at Middlewich since at least the time of the Roman occupation. Middlewich is an important centre for the extraction of salt; in earlier years it was also known for its production of Cheshire cheese, silk, and its agriculture. In the present day it is known for its canals, its heritage events and its festivals.

The parish church of St Michael and All Angels dates back to the 12th century.

Middlewich also has good motorway links to the nearby cities of Manchester and Liverpool. The town's population has doubled since 1970 despite a reduction in the number of manufacturing jobs in salt and textile manufacturing, suggesting that many of the new residents live in Middlewich for reasons other than local employment.

Since 1990 there have been initiatives to increase the volume of tourism into the town, through events such as the annual folk and boat festival, the Roman and Norman festivals, and regular farmers' markets.

Geography

St Michael and All Angels

Middlewich is at the confluence of three rivers, the Dane, the Croco and the Wheelock. There are three canals in Middlewich, the Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal, the Trent and Mersey Canal, and the Wardle Canal, the United Kingdom's shortest canal at 100 feet long.[1]

The town is on three major roads, the A533, A54 and A530, and it is approximately 2½ miles from junction 18 of the M6 motorway. The main westward traffic route between the motorway and Winsford, and also southbound traffic to Crewe, go through the town.

The town sits on Upper Triassic Mercia mudstone laid down with large salt deposits as part of the Cheshire plain, a boulder clay plain separating the hills of North Wales and the Peak District of Derbyshire, formed following the retreat of ice age glaciers.[2]

History

In the Domesday Book Middlewich is spelt "Mildestvich". Middlewich is the middle town between Northwich and Nantwich, the two other main ssalt towns, and its position may be the origin of its name.[3] The termination "wich" is the Old English wic, meaning "village" or "camp" and become associated with the salt towns which bear that name.

Middlewich was founded by the Romans, who gave it the name Salinae because of its surrounding salt deposits. It became one of the major Roman sites for salt production, an activity that was centred on the township of Kinderton, about a quarter of a mile north of the present-day parish church of St. Michael and All Angels. It has been suggested that pre-Roman salt production also occurred in the same area, but there is no supporting archaeological evidence.[4][5] Whittaker's History of Manchester claims that the Iron Age Cornovii made Kinderton their capital,[3] but it is more likely that the Cornovii inhabited Kinderton for its salt-making potential.[6][7]

There was once thought to have been a mediæval castle at Kinderton, but that is now thought to have been unlikely.[8]

Middlewich lies across the King Street fault, which roughly follows the Roman road, King Street, from Northwich to Middlewich.[5] During their occupation the Romans built a fort at Harbutts Field (SJ70216696),[9][10] and excavations to the south of the fort have found further evidence of Roman activity[11][12] including a well and part of a preserved Roman road. An excavation in 2004, in Buckley's Field,[13] also uncovered signs of Roman occupation.

Salt manufacture has remained the principal industry for the past 2,000 years, and it has shaped the town's history and geography. Before the Norman invasion of 1066, there is thought to have been one brine pit in Middlewich, between the River Croco and the current Lewin Street.[14]

Middle Ages

In the Domesday Book the area is described as being "wasted",[14] having been cleared by Williamthe Bastard around 1070 as an "act of rage against his rebellious barons".[15] Gilbert de Venables became the first Baron of Kinderton shortly after the Norman Conquest, the title being conferred by Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester ("Hugh Lupus").[16]

A manor house was built to the east of the town and became the baronial seat of the Venables family. A Jacobean screen in the church of St Michael and All Angels has the carved Venables coat of arms. The title "Baron of Kinderton" is now vested in the Lord Vernon.

Modern era

On 13 March 1643 the town was the scene of the first Battle of Middlewich, between the Parliamentarians, under Sir William Brereton, and the Royalists under Sir Thomas Aston.[17] The second Battle of Middlewich took place on 26 December 1643, and claimed the lives of about 200 Parliamentarians, along with a number of Royalists under the command of Lord Byron.

The population of Middlewich rose during the 19th and 20th centuries. Some of this rise is attributable to a number of parishes being combined, for example parts of Newton were added to Middlewich in 1894, with Sutton having previously been added to Newton in 1892. Some will also be due to a general increase in population of the United Kingdom, and some of the increase would have been required to provide a labour force for the increased number, and scale, of salt and chemical works in the town. In the middle of the 19th century Middlewich was described as a town with principal works being the surrounding farming district, a silk factory, and the salt works in Kinderton and Newton.[18]

In 1887 the town was described as having an antique appearance, with its principal trade being salt, along with fruit and vegetables, and small silk and heavy cotton works. The town had one bank and one newspaper.[19] By 1911 the Encyclopædia Britannica mentions the existence of chemical works and the manufacture of condensed milk.

The First World War decimated the men of the parish, quite literally; the cenotaph built near the parish church after the war lists the names of the 136 men who died in the War, representing around 10% of the male population of the town aged between 15 and 45. Forty-two of Middlewich's inhabitants lost their lives in the Second World War, and a further man in the Korean War. The Brunner Mond salt works in Brooks Lane also erected a cenotaph in memory of the 16 men from the works killed in the First World War, and the two who died during the Second World War.

In the period between the end of the First World War until shortly after the Second World War, there was extensive housebuilding in the town; a significant number of houses were built in the King Street area to the north, the area bounded between Nantwich Road and St. Anne's Road to the west, and especially in Cledford to the south. The 1970s commenced with the building of a new road, St. Michael's Way, which allowed traffic moving from east to west through the town to bypass the main shopping street, Wheelock Street. Along with the bypass there was significant remodelling of the town centre, with the old town hall and library being demolished. This bypass successfully eased the flow of traffic away from the main shopping street, but the joining of three major roads remains a bottleneck, which will be eased by a proposed eastern bypass.[20]

Since the early 1980s Middlewich has seen a significant quantity of new housing development, initially in the Sutton Lane and Hayhurst Avenue areas. New developments have recently been built on the sites of old salt workings to the south of the Roman Fort at Harbutt's Field, near the Norman Baron's moated manor house at Kinderton Manor, and on the site of the old railway station. One of the latest developments is on the old silk works next to the Big Lock public house. In common with other local towns such as Holmes Chapel, Northwich and Winsford, people are attracted to Middlewich because of its good road links via the M6 motorway and the relatively low price and availability of suitable building land.[21]

Churches

Inside St Michael and All Angels

The parish church is St Michael and All Angels. Parts of the church date back to the 12th century, although the majority was built during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. There was a general remodelling of the church during the 19th century, which included removing the whitewash from its interior to reveal the sandstone appearance seen today.[22]

The church was the site of fierce fighting in the First and Second Battles of Middlewich during the English Civil War.

There are churches of five Christian denominations within the town:

  • Church of England:
    • St Michael and All Angels
  • Methodist: Middlewich Methodist Church, built in 2000 replacing the earlier chapel in Lewin Street
  • Pentecostal: Middlewich Community Church, located in the former social club for the Brunner Mond works in Brooks Lane
  • United Reformed Church: Middlewich United Reformed Church, built in 1870 (the congregation founded in 1797)
  • Roman Catholic: St Mary's, built in 1890

Economy

Middlewich has a traditional high street, with small shops on Wheelock Street and Lewin Street. There are also four supermarkets.

Historically the major employers have been the salt industry and agriculture. Salt is still manufactured at British Salt, which employs around 125 people. The close proximity to the M6 motorway has led to the creation of a large distribution and business park.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in Cheshire, and Middlewich's canals are important in the promotion of tourism in the area.[23] Visitors to the 2003 Middlewich Folk and Boat Festival were estimated to have spent £2.3 million in the town over the two days of the festival.[24]

Culture and community

The Roman theatre in the Bull Ring
  • Middlewich folk and boat festival: The three-day folk and boat festival has been run in the town every year since 1990 and is highly regarded.[25] It includes folk musicians playing at place all around the town, and it is estimated to bring in an extra 30,000 visitors to the town during the festival period, along with 400 narrowboats.
  • Middlewich Roman Festival: held occasionally, in 2001, 2003 and 2007. The first brought funds to build a Roman theatre at the Bull Ring near to the church, which this has regularly been used for other purposes, such as an open-air music stage and an ice-rink.
  • Festivals occur singulatrly, apart from the Roman Festival, for example the 2005 Norman Festival, and there are plans for an Industrial Festival.[26]
  • "@ the Bull Ring" was started in 2006.[27]

Fountain Fields on Queen Street is a traditional town park, with a number of facilities including a bowling green. It has been owned by the council since 1926.[28]

Media

  • Newspapers:
    • The Middlewich Guardian
    • The Middlewich Chronicle.
  • Radio: Cheshire FM

Sport

  • Football: Middlewich Town FC, formed in 1998

Sights of the town

Middlewich cemetery showing the chapel

The principal landmark in Middlewich is the parish church, St Michael and All Angels, parts of which date back to the 12th century,

Other landmarks include: the Roman Theatre built on the Bull Ring on the site of the old town hall and library; and the town bridge, opened in 1931 as a replacement for an earlier bridge.[29][30] Middlewich has a town cemetery with a twin chapel dating from 1859 by Bellamy & Hardy.[31]

The Victoria technical school and library, which was opened in 1897, is a red brick and red terracotta building, "with a cupola but otherwise vaguely in the Loire style".[31] Since 1900, the building on Lewin Street has been used as offices by the town council.[29]

One mile north of the town centre along King Street lies Ravenscroft Hall, which dates from 1837.[31]

Canals

Narrowboats on the Northwich side of the Big Lock

Following a petition in 1766, the Trent and Mersey Canal was diverted from its course originally planned to provide transport to the town,[29] and now links with a branch of the Shropshire Union Canal.

The link between the two canals was opened in 1833.[32] It is actually a third canal known as the Wardle Canal; at about 100 feet in length, it is the shortest canal in the United Kingdom.

Outside links

References

  1. ↑ "Fascinating facts about canals and rivers". waterscape.com. http://www.waterscape.com/features-and-articles/features/fascinating-facts-about-canals-and-rivers. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 
  2. ↑ The Environment Agency (2005). "Weaver and Dane Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy, Consultation Document" (PDF). Archived from the original on February 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060218181640/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/wd_cons_pdf_1_896179.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-16. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 C F Lawrence (1936). The story of Bygone Middlewich. 
  4. ↑ Barry, M. (1972). Memories of Middlewich. Sherratt. ISBN 0-85427-032-9. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 George Twigg. "19th-20th century Middlewich". Salt making sites in Cheshire. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060504020359/http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#2.1.8. Retrieved 2006-06-26. 
  6. ↑ Institute of Historical Research (1848). 'Congleton', A Topographical Dictionary of England. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=50893#s23. Retrieved 2006-12-11. 
  7. ↑ "The Celtic Tribes of Britain - The Cornovii". WWW.Roman-Britain. ORG. http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/cornovii.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-11. 
  8. ↑ National Monuments Record: No. 74705
  9. ↑ "Roman Fort Minor Salt-Working Settlement". WWW.Roman-Britain. ORG. http://www.roman-britain.org/places/salinae_cornoviorum.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-10. 
  10. ↑ "Fieldwork 1999". Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary. Archived from the original on February 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#1999. Retrieved 2006-05-21. 
  11. ↑ "Fieldwork 2000". Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary. Archived from the original on February 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2000. Retrieved 2006-05-21. 
  12. ↑ "Fieldwork 2001". Historic Environment Fieldwork Full Summary. Archived from the original on February 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060219032150/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/Planning/NaturalHistoricEnv/Historic/NHE_Historic_FieldworkFull.htm#2001. Retrieved 2006-05-21. 
  13. ↑ "Roman dig - update". Cheshire Matters. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927004303/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/52AED909-26CE-4CFF-8438-5CEDC73B7CE7/0/NovCheshireMatterssp.pdf#page=4. Retrieved 2006-05-21. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Earl, Middlewich 900-1900.
  15. ↑ "Cheshire and the Domesday Book". infokey.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060822161319/http://www.infokey.com/Domesday/Cheshire.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-24. 
  16. ↑ "Kinderton-cum-Hulme, 1850". Northwich, Cheshire, UK. Local Genealogy and History. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20091022023028/http://geocities.com/pennytrueman/kndrtn.html. Retrieved 2007-04-02. 
  17. ↑ Sir Thomas Aston
  18. ↑ "Middlewich 1850". Northwich, Cheshire, UK. Local Genealogy and Local History. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20091022040418/http://geocities.com/pennytrueman/mdlwch.html. Retrieved 2006-05-21. 
  19. ↑ Bartholomew, John (1887). Gazetteer of the British Isles. 
  20. ↑ "Middlewich Eastern Bypass (Southern Section)" (PDF). Environmental Statement, Non-Technical Summary. http://www.cw10residents.co.uk/shopping/standard/images/1212_76_file_finalntsbypassdtp9.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05-22. 
  21. ↑ "Action plan will address people's negative feeling". Middlewich Guardian. http://www.middlewichguardian.co.uk/mostpopular.var.1984915.0.action_plan_will_address_peoples_negative_feeling.php?s=s. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 
  22. ↑ "About the Church". Middlewich Parish Church. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041208071635/http://www.middlewichparishchurch.org.uk/page4.html. Retrieved 2006-05-22. 
  23. ↑ "Middlewich Canal Projects". Congleton Borough Council. http://onlineservices.congleton.gov.uk/minutes/mgConvert2PDF.asp?ID=1071. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  24. ↑ "Festival could boost economy". Newsquest Media Group. 2003-04-30. http://archive.messengernewspapers.co.uk/2003/4/30/173750.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
  25. ↑ "Middlewich Folk and Boat Festical 2006". The Mudcat Café. http://www.mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=88138&messages=18. Retrieved 2006-05-22. 
  26. ↑ "Norman Middlewich". Archived from the original on 30 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051230191835/http://www.middlewich.org.uk/norman_middlewich1.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-22. 
  27. ↑ "What's On". Middlewich Town Council. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060514180937/http://www.middlewich.org.uk/what's_on.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-26. 
  28. ↑ "Massive boost for town's park life". Messenger newspapers. http://archive.messengernewspapers.co.uk/1997/8/14/246307.html. Retrieved 2007-04-22. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Earl, A.L. (1990). Middlewich 900-1900. 
  30. ↑ P. J. Andrews and R. M. Williams (1981). Middlewich in Times Past. ISBN 0-86157-051-0. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Nikolaus Pevsner and Edward Hubbard (1971). The Buildings of England: Cheshire. 
  32. ↑ Late Georgian and Victorian Chester 1762-1914 The economy, 1762-1840: the demise of old Chester - A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 (i)

Books

  • Barry, M. (1972). Memories of Middlewich. Sherratt. ISBN 0-85427-032-9. 
  • Earl, A. L. (1990). Middlewich 900-1900. Ravenscroft Publications. ISBN 978-1-873139-01-1. 
  • Hardie, D. W. F. (1950). A History of the Chemical Industry in Widnes. London: Imperial Chemical Industries. 
  • Strickland, T. J.; Sumner, G. (2001). Roman Middlewich: A Story of Roman and Briton in Mid-Cheshire. Roman Middlewich Project. ISBN 978-0-9541186-0-0. 

Further reading

  • Earl, A. L. (1994). Middlewich, 1900-1950, Cheshire Country Publishing, ISBN 978-0-949001-10-8
  • Curzon, B. J.; Hurley, P. (2005).Middlewich (Images of England Series), NPI Media Group, ISBN 978-0-7524-3520-6
  • Coward, T. A. (1903). Picturesque Cheshire, Chester & the Welsh Border
  • Bartholomew, J. (1887). Gazetteer of the British Isles
  • Lawrence, C. L. (1905/1936). Bygone Middlewich
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