Caernarfon Castle

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Caernarfon Castle

Caernarfonshire

Caernarfon Castle 1994.jpg
Caernarfon Castle across the Seiont
Location
Grid reference: SH477626
Town: Caernarfon
History
Information
Owned by: The Crown

Caernarfon Castle is a mediæval fortress in Caernarfon, the county town of Caernarfonshire. Caernarfon is a jewel of the castle-building of King Edward I, begun at the King's orders in 1283. The castle belongs to the Crown, and is cared for by Cadw.

An earlier castle stood on this site, from Norman days, which was entirely replaced by King Edward's Castle; the earlier castle was built in the eleventh century as motte-and-bailey castle.

The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past (which is illustrated today in the excavated Roman fort of Segontium) and the castle's walls are built so as to be reminiscent of the Walls of Constantinople.

While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330. Despite Caernarfon Castle's external appearance of being mostly complete, the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English. Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415 against the House of Lancaster, the castle was besieged but did not fall.

The castle was allowed to decline and fall into disrepair after the Tudor dynasty ascended the throne in 1485 and ended the Wars of the Roses.

Despite its dilapidated condition, during the Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. In 1911, Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales, and again in 1969. It is part of the World Heritage Site embracing the Edwardian castles of North Wales.

Segontium

Main article: Segontium

The first fortifications at Caernarfon were built by the Romans. Their fort, which they named Segontium, is on the outskirts of the modern town.[1] The fort was near the bank of the River Seiont, in a sheltered location but still suppliable from the river. Caernarfon derives its name from the Roman fortifications, from the Welsh "y gaer yn Arfon", meaning "the stronghold in the land over against Môn [Anglesey]".

Early castle

Following the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror turned his attention to Wales. According to the Domesday Book of 1086, the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan was notionally in charge of the whole of northern Wales. He was killed in battle in 1088. His cousin the Earl of Chester, Hugh d'Avranches, reasserted Norman control of north Wales by building three castles: one at an unknown location somewhere in Merioneth, one at Aberlleiniog on Anglesey, and another at Caernarfon.[2] This early castle was on a peninsula, bounded by the River Seiont, the Menai Strait; it would have been a motte and bailey, defended by a timber palisade and earthen banks. While the motte, or mound, was integrated into the later Edwardian Castle, the location of the original bailey is uncertain, although it may have been to the north-east of the motte.[3] Excavations on top of the motte in 1969 revealed no traces of mediæval occupation, suggesting any evidence had been removed.[4] It is likely that the motte was surmounted by a wooden tower known as a keep.

The kingdom of Gwynedd reasserted itself in 1115, and Caernarfon Castle came into the possession of the Kng of Gwynedd. From contemporary documents written at the castle, it is known that Llywelyn the Great and later Llywelyn ap Gruffudd occasionally stayed at Caernarfon.[3]

Edwardian castle

Map of Caernarfon in 1610 by John Speed

War broke out again between England and Gwynedd on 22 March 1282. The Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died later that year on 11 December. His brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd continued to fight against Edward for a few months before he was taken and slain. Edward marched through northern Wales, capturing castles such as that at Dolwyddelan, and establishing his own at Conwy. War finally drew to a close in May 1283 when Dolbadarn Castle, Dafydd ap Gruffudd's last castle, was captured. Shortly after, Edward began building castles at Harlech and Caernarfon.

The castles of Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech were the most impressive of their time in Wales, and their construction helped establish English rule, in particular Edward's "Iron Ring" holding down the mountain fastness of Snowdonia.[5]

The master mason responsible for the design and orchestrating the construction of the castle was probably James of Saint George, an experienced architect and military engineer who played an important role in building the Edwardian castles in Wales.[6] According to the Flores Historiarum, during the construction of the castle and planned town, the body of the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus was discovered at Caernarfon and Edward I ordered his reburial in a local church.[7]

The construction of the new stone castle was part of a programme of building which transformed Caernarfon; town walls were added, connected to the castle, and a new quay was built. The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon dates from 24 June 1283, when a ditch had been dug separating the site of the castle from the town to the north. A bretagium, a type of stockade, was created around the site to protect it while the permanent defences were under construction. Timber was shipped from as far away as Liverpool.[5] Stone was quarried from nearby places, such as from Anglesey and around the town.[8] A force of hundreds worked on the excavation of the moat and digging the foundations for the castle. As the site expanded, it began to encroach on the town; houses were cleared to allow the construction. Residents were not paid compensation until three years later. While the foundations for the stone walls were being created, timber-framed apartments were built for Edward I and Eleanor of Castile, his queen. They arrived at Caernarfon on either 11 or 12 July 1283 and stayed for over a month.[6]

Plan of Caernarfon Castle: A – Site of Water Gate; B – Eagle Tower; C – Queen's Tower; D – Well Tower; E – Lower Ward; F – Great Hall; G – Kitchens; H – Chamberlain Tower; I – King's Gate; J – Upper Ward; K – Black Tower; L – Granary Tower; M – North-East Tower; N – Cistern Tower; O – Queen's Gate. Blue shows the area built between 1283–92, red that between 1295–1323

Construction at Caernarfon Castle continued over the winter of 1283/1284. The extent of completion is uncertain, although architectural historian Arnold Taylor has speculated that when Edward and Eleanor visited again in Easter 1284 the Eagle Tower may have been complete.[9] The Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, made Caernarfon a borough and the administrative centre of the county of Caernarfon.[10] According to tradition, Edward II was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284.[9] Edward was created Prince of Wales in 1301, with control over Wales outside the Marcher Lordships and its incomes. Since then the title 'Prince of Wales' has traditionally been held by the eldest son of the monarch. According to a famous legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son to their surprise; but the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century.[11]

In 1284, Caernarfon was defended by a garrison of forty men, more than the thirty-strong garrisons at Conwy and Harlech. Even in peace time, when most castles would have a guard of only a few men, Caernarfon was defended by between twenty and forty men due to its importance.[12]

By 1285, Caernarfon's town walls were mostly complete. At the same time work continued on the castle. Spending on construction was negligible from 1289 and accounts end in 1292.[13] Edward I's campaign of castle-building in Wales cost £80,000 between 1277 and 1304, and £95,000 between 1277 and 1329;[14] by 1292 £12,000 had been spent on the construction of Caernarfon's castle, of which the southern facade was furthest along, and town walls. As the southern wall and town walls completed a defensive circuit around Caernarfon, the plan was to build the castle's northern facade last.[11]

Caernarfon Castle and the town walls

In 1294, rebellion broke out, led by Madog ap Llywelyn. As Caernarfon was the centre of administration in the Principality of Wales and a symbol of English power, it was targeted by Madog. Madog's forces captured the town in September, and in the process heavily damaged the town walls. The castle was defended by just a ditch and a temporary barricade. It was quickly taken and anything flammable was set alight.[10] Fire raged across Caernarfon, leaving destruction in its wake.[15] In the summer of 1295, the English moved to retake Caernarfon and by November the same year, they began refortifying the town. Rebuilding the town walls was a high priority, and £1,195 (nearly half the sum initially spent on the walls) was spent on completing the job two months ahead of schedule. Attention then shifted to the castle and on finishing the work that had halted in 1292.[10] Once the rebellion was put down, Edward began building Beaumaris Castle on the Isle of Anglesey. The work was overseen by James of Saint George;[16] as a result, Walter of Hereford took over as master mason for the new phase of construction. By the end of 1301, a further £4,500 had been spent on the work with the focus of work on the northern wall and towers. The accounts between November 1301 and September 1304 are missing, possibly because there was a hiatus in work while labour moved north to help out with Edward's war in Scotland.[17] Records show that Walter of Hereford had left Caernarfon and was in Carlisle in October 1300;[18] he remained occupied with the Scottish wars until the autumn of 1304 when building at Caernarfon resumed.[17] Walter died in 1309 and his immediate subordinate, Henry of Ellerton, took over the position of master mason.[19] Construction continued at a steady rate until 1330.[17]

... to cause 100  suitable masons experienced in such work as the king is engaged upon at Kaernaruan to be chosen in the town of Chester and in other parts within his bailiwick, and to cause them to come with their tools to Kaernaruan without delay, there to do what Edmund the king's brother shall enjoin upon them, as the king needs masons for his work there at once

A letter to the Earl of Chester in 1295, asking him to urgently send masons to Caernarfon.[20]

From 1284 to 1330, when accounts end, between £20,000 and £25,000 was spent on Caernarfon's castle and town walls.[21] Such a sum was enormous and dwarfed the spending on castles such as Dover and Château Gaillard, which were amongst the most expensive and impressive fortifications of the later 12th and early 13th centuries.[22] Subsequent additions to Caernarfon were not major, and what remains of the castle is substantially from the Edwardian period. Despite the expense, much of what was planned for the castle was never carried out. The rears of the King's Gate (the entrance from the town) and the Queen's Gate (the entrance from the south-east) were left unfinished, and foundations in the castle's interior mark where buildings would have stood had work continued.[21]

Later history

The ward of Caernarfon Castle

For around two centuries after his conquest, the arrangements established by Edward I for the governance of Wales remained in place. During this time the castle was constantly garrisoned, and Caernarfon was effectively the capital of north Wales.[23] At the start of the 15th century the peace was shattered: King Richard II was deposed and Owain Glyndŵr led a rising against the usurper Henry IV from 1400 to 1415. During the revolt, Caernarfon was one of the targets of Glyndŵr's army. The town and castle were besieged in 1401, and in November that year the Battle of Tuthill took place nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force.[24] In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged by Glyndŵr's men with support from French forces;[23] the garrison at the time was around thirty.[12]

The ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne in 1485 heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and English. As a result, castles such as Caernarfon, which provided secure centres from which the country could be administered, became less important. They were neglected, and in 1538 it was reported that many castles in Wales were "moche ruynous and ferre in decaye for lakke of tymely reparations".[23]

Caernarfon by J M W Turner, 1830–1835

In Caernarfon's case the walls of the town and castle remained in good condition, while features which required maintaince were in a state of decay and much timber was rotten. Conditions were so poor that of the castles seven towers and two gatehouses, only the Eagle Tower and the King's Gate had roofs by 1620. The domestic buildings inside the castle had been stripped of anything valuable, such as glass and iron. Despite the disrepair of the domestic buildings, the castle's defences were in a good enough state that during the Civil War in the mid-17th century that it was garrisoned by Royalists. Caernarfon Castle was besieged three times during the war. The constable was John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, who surrendered Caernarfon to Parliamentarian forces in 1646. It was the last time Caernarfon Castle saw fighting. Although it was ordered in 1660 that the castle and town walls should be dismantled, the work was aborted early on and may never have started.[23]

The castle was neglected until the late 19th century. From the 1870s onwards, the government funded repairs to Caernarfon Castle. The deputy-constable, Llewellyn Turner oversaw the work, in many cases controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework.[25] Steps, battlements, and roofs were repaired, and the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-mediæval buildings that were considered to spoil the view, despite the protest of locals. Under the auspices of the Office of Works and its successors since 1908, the castle was preserved due to its historic significance.[26] In 1911, Caernarfon was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales for the first time. He later became Edward VIII. In 1969 the precedent was repeated with the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales.[11] Although Caernarfon Castle has been the property of the Crown since it was built, it is currently cared for by Cadw. In 1986, Caernarfon was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site.

The castle houses the Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum.

Architecture

The Eagle Tower

Caernarfon Castle's design was partly influenced by a desire to make the structure impressive as a symbol of the new English rule in Wales. This was particularly acute as Caernarfon was made the centre of government in the northern part of the country. The Edwardian castle's layout was mostly dictated by the lie of the land, although the inclusion of the previous castle's motte played a part. It is a narrow enclosure,[27] roughly in the shape of a figure eight.[28] It was divided into two enclosures, upper and lower "wards" in the east and west respectively, with the eastern containing royal accommodation, although this was never completed. The divide was supposed to be established by a range of fortified buildings, however these too were never built.[22]

Studded along the curtain wall are several polygonal towers from which flanking fire could be deployed. There were battlements on the tops of walls and towers, and along the southern face were firing galleries; it was intended to include galleries along the northern face but they were never built. In the opinion of military historian Allen Brown, this combined to make Caernarfon Castle "one of the most formidable concentrations of fire-power to be found in the Middle Ages".[22] Most of the northern towers stand had four-storeys including a basements.[29] The Eagle Tower at the western corner of the castle was the grandest. It has three turrets which were once surmounted by statues of eagles.[22] The tower contained grand lodgings, and was probably built for Sir Otton de Grandson,[29] the first justiciar of Wales.[30] A basement level contained a water gate, through which visitors travelling up the River Seiont could enter the castle.[29] Water was drawn from a well in the eponymous Well Tower.[31]

Caernarfon's appearance differs from that of other Edwardian castles through the use of banded coloured stone in the walls and in its polygonal, rather than round, towers. There has been extensive academic debate over the interpretation of these features.[32] Historian Arnold Taylor argued that the design of the castle was a representation of the Walls of Constantinople. The conscious use of imagery from the East Roman Empire was therefore an assertion of authority by Edward I, and influenced by the legendary dream of Magnus Maximus, a Roman emperor. In his dream Maximus had seen a fort, "the fairest that man ever saw", within a city at the mouth of a river in a mountainous country and opposite an island. Edward interpreted this to mean Segontium was the city of Maximus' dream and drew on the imperial link when building Caernarfon Castle.[33] Recent work by historian Abigail Wheatley suggests that the design of Caernarfon was indeed an assertion of Edward's authority, but that it drew on imagery from Roman sites in Britain with the intent of creating an allusion of Arthurian legitimacy for the king.[34]

The unfinished rear of the King's Gate, the main entrance from the town

There were two main entrances, one leading from the town (the King's Gate) and one allowing direct access to the castle without having to proceed through the town (the Queen's Gate). Had the King's Gate been completed, a visitor would have crossed two drawbridges, passed through five doors, under six portcullises, and negotiated a right-angle turn before emerging into the lower enclosure. The route was overlooked by numerous arrow loops and murder holes.[35] A statue of Edward II was erected in a niche overlooking the town, above the entrance to the King's Gate.[36] In the opinion of architectural historian Arnold Taylor, "No building in Britain demonstrates more strikingly the immense strength of mediæval fortifications than the great twin-towered gateway to Caernarfon Castle."[35] The Queen's Gate is unusual in that its entrance is above ground level; this was due to the integration of the earlier motte, raising the ground level of the interior. Externally, the gate would have been approached by a stone ramp which is no longer present.[37]

While the curtain wall and its towers survive largely intact, all that remains of the buildings contained within the castle are the foundations.[28] While royal lodgings were in the upper ward, the lower contained buildings such as the kitchens. The kitchens were located immediately west of the King's Gate. On the basis of their insubstantial foundations, Taylor suggests that the kitchens were not strongly built.[38] The other key feature of the castle's domestic side, was the Great Hall. Caernarfon's abutted the south side of the lower ward and was 100 feet}}. Though only the foundations survive, in its heyday the Great Hall would have been an impressive building, featuring fine architecture, and used to host royal entertainment.[39] Had Caernarfon been completed as intended, it would have been able to contain a royal household of several hundred people.[40]

Castles of King Edward's "Iron Ring"
Beaumaris Conway Rhuddlan
Caernarvon
Snowdonia
Harlech

Outside links

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References

  1. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 4
  2. ↑ Taylor 1997, pp. 6–7
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Taylor 1997, p. 7
  4. ↑ Wilson & Hurst 1970, p. 179
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taylor 1997, p. 9
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taylor 1997, p. 10
  7. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 78
  8. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 94
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Taylor 1997, pp. 10–11
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Taylor 1997, p. 13
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Taylor 1997, p. 12
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Friar 2003, p. 124
  13. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 11
  14. ↑ McNeill 1992, pp. 42–43
  15. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 85
  16. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 86
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Taylor 1997, p. 15
  18. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 90
  19. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 92
  20. ↑ Calendar Close Rolls 1288–96, p 413. Quoted in Taylor 1986, p. 86
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Taylor 1997, pp. 16–17
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Allen Brown 1984, p. 87
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Taylor 1997, p. 19
  24. ↑ Davies 1995, p. 105
  25. ↑ Avent 2010, pp. 143–148
  26. ↑ Taylor 1997, pp. 20–21
  27. ↑ Allen Brown 1984, p. 86
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Taylor 1997, p. 25
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Taylor 1997, p. 30
  30. ↑ Taylor 1986, p. 98
  31. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 29
  32. ↑ Wheatley 2010, p. 129
  33. ↑ Allen Brown 1984, p. 88
  34. ↑ Wheatley 2010, p. 136
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Taylor 1997, p. 26
  36. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 38
  37. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 35
  38. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 28
  39. ↑ Taylor 1997, p. 33
  40. ↑ Brears 2010, p. 91
  • Allen Brown, Reginald (1984), The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide, B. T. Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-4089-9 
  • Avent, Richard (2010), "The Conservation and Restoration of Caernarfon Castle 1845–1912", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John, The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 140–149, ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0 
  • Brears, Peter (2010), "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John, The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 85–98, ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0 
  • Davies, R. R. (1995), The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820508-1 
  • Friar, Stephen (2003), The Sutton Companion to Castles, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2 
  • McNeill, Tom (1992), English Heritage Book of Castles, London: English Heritage and B. T. Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-7025-9 
  • Smith, J. B. (2004), "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d. 1282)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press 
  • Taylor, Arnold (1986) [1963], The Welsh Castles of Edward I, London: Hambledon Press, ISBN 0-907628-71-0 
  • Taylor, Arnold (1997) [1953], Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls (4th ed.), Cardiff: Cadw - Welsh Historic Monuments, ISBN 1-85760-042-8 
  • Wheatley, Abigail (2010), "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John, The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 129–139, ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0 
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