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==History==
==History==
[[File:Poulnabrone dolmen-SteveFE.jpg|thumb|left|[[Poulnabrone dolmen]] in [[The Burren]].]]
[[File:Poulnabrone dolmen-SteveFE.jpg|thumb|left|[[Poulnabrone dolmen]] in [[The Burren]].]]
There was a Neolithic civilisation in the Clare area — the name of the peoples is unknown, but the Prehistoric peoples left evidence behind in the form of ancient dolmen; single-chamber megalithic tombs, usually consisting of three or more upright stones. Clare is one of the richest places for these tombs in Ireland, the most noted is in [[The Burren]] area, it is known as [[Poulnabrone dolmen]] which translates as the ''hole of sorrows''.<ref name="clareneolithic">{{cite web |title= Neolithic Sites in Ireland|url=http://www.myguideireland.com/neolithic-sites-in-ireland|publisher=MyGuideIreland.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC.<ref name="clareneolithic"/>  [[Ptolemy]] created a map of Ireland in his ''Geographia'' with information dating from AD 100, it is the oldest written account of the island with geographical features.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ptolemy's map of Ireland: a modern decoding|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791562641~db=all~jumptype=rss|publisher=InformAWorld.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided; in the area of Clare he identified a tribe known as the ''Gangani''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Arrival of the Celts|url=http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/iron_age.html|publisher=WesleyJohnston.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Historians have found the tribes on the west of Ireland hardest to identify with known peoples, however Camden and O'Conor speculated a possible connection between the Gangani and the ''Concani'',<ref>O'Laughlin, ''The Families of County Clare, Ireland'', 7.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Before there were Counties|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/irehstry.htm|publisher=RootsWeb.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref><ref>Four Masters, ''"The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan.'', 393.</ref> one of the eleven tribes in the confederacy of the Cantabri in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref>Anthon, ''A Classical Dictionary'', 368.</ref>
There was a Neolithic civilisation in the Clare area — the name of the peoples is unknown, but the Prehistoric peoples left evidence behind in the form of ancient dolmen; single-chamber megalithic tombs, usually consisting of three or more upright stones. Clare is one of the richest places for these tombs in Ireland, the most noted is in [[The Burren]] area, it is known as [[Poulnabrone dolmen]] which translates as the ''hole of sorrows''.<ref name="clareneolithic">{{cite web |title= Neolithic Sites in Ireland|url=http://www.myguideireland.com/neolithic-sites-in-ireland|publisher=MyGuideIreland.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC.<ref name="clareneolithic"/>  Ptolemy created a map of Ireland in his ''Geographia'' with information dating from AD 100, it is the oldest written account of the island with geographical features.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ptolemy's map of Ireland: a modern decoding|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791562641~db=all~jumptype=rss|publisher=InformAWorld.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided; in the area of Clare he identified a tribe known as the ''Gangani''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Arrival of the Celts|url=http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/iron_age.html|publisher=WesleyJohnston.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Historians have found the tribes on the west of Ireland hardest to identify with known peoples, however Camden and O'Conor speculated a possible connection between the Gangani and the ''Concani'',<ref>O'Laughlin, ''The Families of County Clare, Ireland'', 7.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Before there were Counties|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/irehstry.htm|publisher=RootsWeb.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref><ref>Four Masters, ''"The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan.'', 393.</ref> one of the eleven tribes in the confederacy of the Cantabri in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref>Anthon, ''A Classical Dictionary'', 368.</ref>


[[File:Tau Cross, Roughan Hill, Corofin, County Clare, Ireland.jpg|thumb|The [[Cross of Tau|Tau Cross]] at Roughan Hill near [[Corofin, County Clare|Corofin]], County Clare]]
[[File:Tau Cross, Roughan Hill, Corofin, County Clare, Ireland.jpg|thumb|The Tau Cross at Roughan Hill near [[Corofin, County Clare|Corofin]], County Clare]]
During the Early Middle Ages the area was part of the [[Connaught|Kingdom of Connacht]] ruled by the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Munster to be settled by the Dalcassians in the mid-10th century. It was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster and spawned [[Brian Boru]] during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland. From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, ruled by the O'Brien Clan. There was some Norman influence during the 14th century due to battles with the de Clares for control. The county's name comes from the Irish word ''Clár'', meaning a board or plank. A board was placed across the [[River Fergus]] outside Ennis, at a place which was to become known as Clare, (now Clarecastle town). This Clare was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html |title=Origin of the name "Clare" |publisher=Irishcultureandcustoms.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/Emigration-%26-Education-Statistics,-1931,-Co.-Clare/Clare |title=Thom's Directory, 1931 |publisher=From-ireland.net |date= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref>
During the Early Middle Ages the area was part of the [[Connaught|Kingdom of Connacht]] ruled by the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Munster to be settled by the Dalcassians in the mid-10th century. It was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster and spawned Brian Boru during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland. From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, ruled by the O'Brien Clan. There was some Norman influence during the 14th century due to battles with the de Clares for control. The county's name comes from the Irish word ''Clár'', meaning a board or plank. A board was placed across the [[River Fergus]] outside Ennis, at a place which was to become known as Clare, (now Clarecastle town). This Clare was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html |title=Origin of the name "Clare" |publisher=Irishcultureandcustoms.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/Emigration-%26-Education-Statistics,-1931,-Co.-Clare/Clare |title=Thom's Directory, 1931 |publisher=From-ireland.net |date= |accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref>


Sovereignty of Thomond was handed over to the Tudorsin 1543 and the area joined the Kingdom of Ireland as a county. After the kingdom was merged into the [[United Kingdom]], there were wars in the 20th century which resulted in secession of the Irish Free State. The conclusion of the pro-treaty, anti-treaty Irish Civil War confirmed its status — the state became the present republic in 1937.
Sovereignty of Thomond was handed over to the Tudors in 1543 and the area joined the Kingdom of Ireland as a county. After the kingdom was merged into the [[United Kingdom]], there were wars in the 20th century which resulted in secession of the Irish Free State. The conclusion of the pro-treaty, anti-treaty Irish Civil War confirmed its status — the state became the present republic in 1937.


County Clare was one of the six Counties created out of the Tudor shire of Connaught in 1565 and was later annexed by Munster in 1602 due to its historical connection as part of the Ancient Kingdom of Thomond, and when first created it was sometimes called '''County Thomond'''. Its nickname is the ''Banner County'', which may refer to a former local tradition of carrying banners at political meetings and public occasions.
County Clare was one of the six Counties created out of the Tudor shire of Connaught in 1565 and was later annexed by Munster in 1602 due to its historical connection as part of the Ancient Kingdom of Thomond, and when first created it was sometimes called '''County Thomond'''. Its nickname is the ''Banner County'', which may refer to a former local tradition of carrying banners at political meetings and public occasions.

Latest revision as of 13:29, 13 June 2017

County Clare
Irish: Contae an Chláir
Republic of Ireland

Poulnabrone dolmen, the Burren
County Clare
[Interactive map]
Province: Munster
Area: 1,330 square miles
Population: 117,196
County seat: Ennis

The County of Clare is a shire on Ireland's west coast, a triangular county between the mouth of the Shannon and Galway Bay. It is the northernmost county of Munster, and the only part of that province lying north of the Shannon. The population of the county is 117,196 according to the 2011 census.[1] The most distinctive feature of County Clare is the Burren, a bleak, barren rocky land in stark contrast to the green of the rest of the county.

Geography

Clare is north-west of the River Shannon covering a total area of 1,300 square miles. Clare is the 7th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and the 19th largest in terms of population. It is bordered by two counties in Munster and one county in Connaught: County Limerick to the south, County Tipperary to the east and County Galway to the north. Clare's nickname is the Banner County.[2]

The county has two detached portions in County Galway: The townlands of Knockaphort and Cappaduff in the parish of Inishcaltra;[3] and Holy Island.[4]

Baronies, parishes and townlands

Baronies of Clare

The county is divided into the baronies of Bunratty Lower, Bunratty Upper, Burren, Clonderalaw, Corcomroe, Ibrickan, Inchiquin, Islands, Moyarta, Tulla Lower and Tulla Upper. These in turn are divided into civil parishes, which are divided into townlands.

Towns and villages

Physical geography

The Cliffs of Moher.

Bodies of water define much of the physical boundaries of Clare. To the south-east is the River Shannon, Ireland's longest river, and to the south is the Shannon Estuary. The border to the north-east is defined by Lough Derg which is the third largest lake on Ireland. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is Galway Bay.

At the western edge of The Burren, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are the Cliffs of Moher. The highest point in County Clare is Moylussa, 1,745 ft, in the Slieve Bernagh[5] range in the east of the county. The following islands lie off the coast of the county:

History

Poulnabrone dolmen in The Burren.

There was a Neolithic civilisation in the Clare area — the name of the peoples is unknown, but the Prehistoric peoples left evidence behind in the form of ancient dolmen; single-chamber megalithic tombs, usually consisting of three or more upright stones. Clare is one of the richest places for these tombs in Ireland, the most noted is in The Burren area, it is known as Poulnabrone dolmen which translates as the hole of sorrows.[6] The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC.[6] Ptolemy created a map of Ireland in his Geographia with information dating from AD 100, it is the oldest written account of the island with geographical features.[7] Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided; in the area of Clare he identified a tribe known as the Gangani.[8] Historians have found the tribes on the west of Ireland hardest to identify with known peoples, however Camden and O'Conor speculated a possible connection between the Gangani and the Concani,[9][10][11] one of the eleven tribes in the confederacy of the Cantabri in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.[12]

The Tau Cross at Roughan Hill near Corofin, County Clare

During the Early Middle Ages the area was part of the Kingdom of Connacht ruled by the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Munster to be settled by the Dalcassians in the mid-10th century. It was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster and spawned Brian Boru during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland. From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, ruled by the O'Brien Clan. There was some Norman influence during the 14th century due to battles with the de Clares for control. The county's name comes from the Irish word Clár, meaning a board or plank. A board was placed across the River Fergus outside Ennis, at a place which was to become known as Clare, (now Clarecastle town). This Clare was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century.[13][14]

Sovereignty of Thomond was handed over to the Tudors in 1543 and the area joined the Kingdom of Ireland as a county. After the kingdom was merged into the United Kingdom, there were wars in the 20th century which resulted in secession of the Irish Free State. The conclusion of the pro-treaty, anti-treaty Irish Civil War confirmed its status — the state became the present republic in 1937.

County Clare was one of the six Counties created out of the Tudor shire of Connaught in 1565 and was later annexed by Munster in 1602 due to its historical connection as part of the Ancient Kingdom of Thomond, and when first created it was sometimes called County Thomond. Its nickname is the Banner County, which may refer to a former local tradition of carrying banners at political meetings and public occasions.

Demography

The population of Clare accounted for 117,196 people at the most recent census in 2011. The main urban areas are Ennis with a population of 25,360 and Shannon with 9,673. The demographic profile for Clare in general is fairly young: 22% are under age 14, while 12% are over 65, compared to the national average of 20% and 11%, respectively.[15] There is a slightly higher percentage of males with 50.5%, while females number 49.5%.[16]

English is the main language spoken in Clare. The vast majority of the population are Irish people, accounting for 86%;. Most immigrants are Europeans totaling an additional 7,520; there is also a small African minority of 1,124 people while other groups are very small in number.[17]

In addition to this there is a large Clare diaspora due to vast migration during the 19th century. There are millions of people around the world who can trace their family background to Clare; these are mostly present in North America, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa, Argentina and New Zealand.[18] While this has stunted the population growth in a significant way, in the modern day it has meant that many people visit the area to trace their family roots and background.[18] Most of the names in Clare are derived from septs of the Dalcassian race of Gaels; some of the most common examples are O'Brien, O'Dea, McMahon, McInerney, McNamara, McGarry, Moloney, O'Grady, Hogan, Considine and Lynch.[18][19] There are also some names of assimilated Norman origin such as Burke, Dalton, Comyn and Bonfield.[20]

Religion

Corcomroe Abbey

The most dominant religion in County Clare is Christianity; at least 92% of the people in the area polled as part of the Ireland Census 2006 identified as Christians.[21] There are numerous abbeys and priories in Clare; some of the ruins of these such as Scattery Island, Bishop's Island and Drumcliff Monasteries are ancient, dating back to the 6th century when Christianity was first introduced to Ireland. The former was founded by Saint Senan who was born locally near Kilrush in 488 and is counted amongst the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.[22] There are numerous other saints from Clare, such as Flannan, Mochulleus, Moula, Caimin, Maccreiche, Munchin and more.[23] In the present day the Catholic Church are in the majority with 88% of the populace declaring themselves as followers of the religion, this is slightly above the national average.[21]

Most of Clare falls under the Catholic bishopric of the Diocese of Killaloe which is part of the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.[24] The Bishop of Killaloe is seated at the St Peter and Paul Cathedral in Ennis. A small portion of the north-western part of Clare falls under the Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora.[25] As part of the local council's architectural conservation project around eighty Christian churches are protected structures, some of the more notable structures include the ruins of Corcomroe Abbey, Quin Abbey and Dysert O Dea Monastery.[26]

The largest religious minority is the Church of Ireland which is part of the Anglican Communion, with just under 2,000 adherents[21] in Clare. The county is part of the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe, one of the three cathedrals of the diocese being St Flannan's Cathedral in Killaloe.[27] Other religious communities in Clare are very small in comparison, while there is also a minority who declare no religion.[21]

Culture

Places of interest

County Clare is known for beautiful natural scenery.

  • Cliffs of Moher
  • Doolin
  • Inis Cealtra (Holy Island) in Lough Derg
  • Kilbaha
  • Kilkee
  • Loop Head
  • Scattery Island
  • Spanish Point
  • The Burren

Music

County Clare has a strong history of Traditional music. It is the home of the Kilfenora Céilí Band, the Tulla Céilí Band, Stockton's Wing, Sharon Shannon, Noel Hill, Peadar O'Loughlin, Martin Hayes and legendary tin-whistler Micho Russell. Ennis in County Clare is also the birthplace of Grammy-nominated songstress Maura O'Connell whose grandmother started a fish market in the town. The county has many traditional music festivals and one of the most well known is the Willie Clancy Summer School, which is held every July in the town of Milltown Malbay in memory of the renowned uilleann piper, Willie Clancy.

Milltown Malbay is home to Oidhreacht an Chlair, an institute for higher education in all aspects of Irish tradition, history and literature.[28]

Sport

The Clare hurling team has one of the best records of success in the country in recent years with many cups such as the Liam McCarthy Cup having been won in 1995, 1997 and 2013 and also finalists in 2002. Clare won the Munster Final in football in 1992 beating Kerry. There is a strong Gaelic Athletic Association(GAA) presence in County Clare with the founder of the GAA, Michael Cusack, having been born in Carron which is situated in the heart of The Burren in North Clare. Irish rugby internationals from Clare include Keith Wood, Anthony Foley & Marcus Horan.

Transport

View from aircraft as it comes down to land at Shannon Airport.
Bunratty Castle.

Clare is served by two national primary roads—a classification referring to the major routes between major urban centres in Ireland.[29] This includes the N18 connecting Limerick to Galway, which passes through Ennis and by route of the N19—Shannon.[29] These two roads are part of the wider Western and Southern Corridor connecting many of the major settlements right across the island in these areas. There are also some significant national secondary roads—across the coast, stretching from Ballyvaughan, through Ennistymon and Kilkee, before arriving at Kilrush is the N67.[29] In addition to this the N68 connects Kilrush to Ennis, while Ennis is connected to Ennistymon via the N85.[29]

Mainland public transport is mostly limited to buses ran by Irish Government owned company Bus Éireann; there are around 25 buses running frequent routes which pass through the majority of large settlements in Clare.[30] The Ennis railway station operated by government owned Iarnród Éireann is the most significant railway station in Clare today; it was opened on 2 July 1859.[31] By route of Limerick the trains run from Ennis to Dublin and it generally takes three hours to complete the journey.[32][33] There was previously a far more extensive local railway network in Clare, laid while part of the United Kingdom, the West Clare Railway was in existence from its opening in 1887 by Charles Stewart Parnell until 1961 covering much of the county.[34] It was quite inefficient however, leading Percy French to write the song Are Ye Right There Michael? about his experience. Much of it was dug up and dismantled by the Irish government from the 1950s—1970s after being deemed uneconomic, however there remains local advocacy groups who wish to conserve and restore parts of it.[35]

The third busiest airport in Ireland is located in Clare with the Shannon International Airport, which officially opened in 1945.[36] Along with Dublin Airport and Cork Airport it is one of the three primary airports in the country, handling 3.62 million passengers in 2007. Shannon was the first airport in Ireland to receive transatlantic flights.[36] Ryanair is the main airline handling flights with Great Britain and Continental European countries such as Spain, France, and Germany as the primary destinations.[37] Much traffic from the United States is received, which Aer Lingus mostly handles; it is sometimes used as a military stopover which has caused some controversy in the country,[38] but nonetheless has generated significant revenue for the airport.[39] There are some local ferry services as much of the county is surrounded by water; there is one from Killimer to Tarbert Island in Kerry[40] and also from Doolin to the Aran Islands of Inisheer and Inishmore.[41]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Census 2011 - County Clare Overview". http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=CTY&Geog_Code=16&CTY=16. 
  2. ↑ "Clare, The Banner County - World Cultures European". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html. Retrieved 2012-04-19. 
  3. ↑ Townlands of Knockaphort and Cappaduff in the parish of Inishcaltra: 52°55’58"N, 8°26’42"W
  4. ↑ Holy Island, County Clare: 52°54’56"N, 8°27’1"W
  5. ↑ NB: not related to the Slieve Bearnagh mountain in County Down.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Neolithic Sites in Ireland". MyGuideIreland.com. http://www.myguideireland.com/neolithic-sites-in-ireland.  Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  7. ↑ "Ptolemy's map of Ireland: a modern decoding". InformAWorld.com. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791562641~db=all~jumptype=rss.  Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  8. ↑ "The Arrival of the Celts". WesleyJohnston.com. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/iron_age.html.  Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  9. ↑ O'Laughlin, The Families of County Clare, Ireland, 7.
  10. ↑ "Before there were Counties". RootsWeb.com. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/irehstry.htm.  Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
  11. ↑ Four Masters, "The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan., 393.
  12. ↑ Anthon, A Classical Dictionary, 368.
  13. ↑ "Origin of the name "Clare"". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html. Retrieved 2012-04-19. 
  14. ↑ "Thom's Directory, 1931". From-ireland.net. http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/Emigration-%26-Education-Statistics,-1931,-Co.-Clare/Clare. Retrieved 2012-04-19. 
  15. ↑ "Persons, males and females in each Province, County and City classified by age group, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=73676. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  16. ↑ "Population of each Province, County and City, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://www.cso.ie/statistics/popofeachprovcountycity2006.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  17. ↑ "Persons, males and females usually resident in each Province and County, and present in the State on Census Night, classified by ethnic or cultural background, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5780. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Clare Diaspora". Clare Heritage & Genealogical Research Centre. http://www.clareroots.com/. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  19. ↑ "Dál gCais or The Dalcassians of Thomond". DalcassianSeptembercom. http://www.dalcassiansept.com/pedigrees/dalcassian.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2008. 
  20. ↑ "Norman and Cambro-Norman Surnames of Ireland". Family-Crests.com. http://www.family-crests.com/family-crest-coat-of-arms/last-names/norman-surnames-of-ireland.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "Census 2006 - Volume 13 - Religion". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006_volume_13.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  22. ↑ Gratton-Flood, W.H. (March 1, 1907). "The Twelve Apostles of Erin". The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company) I. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01632a.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-09 
  23. ↑ "County Clare Folk-Tales and Myths: Early Christian Period". ClareLibrary.ie. http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/folk_tales/chapter5.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  24. ↑ "History of the Killaloe Diocese". KillaloeDiocese.ie. http://www.killaloediocese.ie/HISTORY.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  25. ↑ "Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora". GalwayDiocese.ie. http://www.galwaydiocese.ie/. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  26. ↑ "Record of Protected Structures in Co. Clare - Churches". County Clare Council. http://www.clarecoco.ie/planning/cons_rps_churches.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  27. ↑ "St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe". Cathedral.Killaloe.Anglican.org. http://cathedral.killaloe.anglican.org/. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  28. ↑ "Oidhreacht an Chláir Teo". Oac.ie. http://www.oac.ie/site/. Retrieved 2012-04-19. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "National Route: Lengths as of 2007". National Roads Authority. http://www.nra.ie/Publications/DownloadableDocumentation/GeneralPublications/file,15886,en.pdf. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  30. ↑ "Bus services for County Clare Council". CarlBerry.co.uk. http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?C=CLAI&op=B. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  31. ↑ "Ennis station". Railscot - Irish Railways. http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  32. ↑ "Details of train travel between Dublin and Ennis". CarlBerry.co.uk. http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RE=IR006A. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  33. ↑ "Your Journey - Timetables". Irish Rail. http://www.irishrail.ie/your_journey/timetables_junction1.asp. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  34. ↑ "A Short History Of The West Clare Railway". WestClareRailway.ie. http://www.westclarerailway.ie/wcrhistory.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  35. ↑ "The West Clare Railway Co". WestClareRailway.ie. http://www.westclarerailway.ie/wcrproject.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Shannon Airport Facts & Figures". CARHIRE.ie. http://www.carhire.ie/aboutsapfactsandfigures.php. Retrieved 6 November 2013. 
  37. ↑ "Flights from Shannon Airport". FlightMapping.com. http://www.flightmapping.com/Ireland/Shannon/. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  38. ↑ "Peaceful protest at Shannon airport draws 1,700 people". AllBusiness.com. http://www.allbusiness.com/operations/shipping-air-freight/437795-1.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  39. ↑ "Almost 200,000 troops use Shannon". Irish Times. 11 November 2008. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1106/1225893547102.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  40. ↑ "Killimer Tarbert Car Ferry". DiscoverIreland.com. http://www.discoverireland.com/gb/ireland-plan-your-visit/listings/product/?fid=FI_71068. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 
  41. ↑ "Doolin Ferry Timetable". DoolinFerry.com. http://www.doolinferry.com/aran_island_ferry_timetable.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 

References

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