Penmon

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Penmon
Anglesey
Penmon Priory - geograph.org.uk - 1149801.jpg
Penmon Priory and St Seiriol's
Location
Grid reference: SH623802
Location: 53°18’21"N, 4°3’24"W
Data
Post town: Beaumaris
Postcode: LL58
Dialling code: 01248
Local Government
Council: Anglesey
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Ynys Môn

Penmon is a promontory, village and ecclesiastical parish on the south-east tip of the Isle of Anglesey, about three miles east of the county town of Beaumaris. It is close to Llangoed, sharing a community council with it. The name comes from the Welsh pen ("head" or "promontory") and Môn, ("Anglesey").

Penmon is the site of an historic monastery and associated 12th century church. Walls near the well next to the church may be part of the oldest remaining Christian building in Wales. Penmon also has an award-winning beach and the Anglesey Coastal Path follows its shores. Quarries in Penmon have provided stone for many important buildings and structures, including Birmingham Town Hall and the two bridges that cross the Menai Strait. The area is popular with locals and visitors alike for its monuments, tranquillity, bracing air and fine views of Snowdonia to the south across the Menai Strait.

History

St Seiriol's Church

According to tradition, a monastic community was established on a site near the tip of Penmon in the 6th century. There was a growth in the Christian Church in Britain around that time and simple monasteries were often founded by hermits and holy men in remote locations. The scattered mediæval township grew up around its monastery, founded by St Seiriol.[1] The monastery prospered, and two crosses were set up at its gate.[2] In 971 Vikings destroyed much of Penmon. The two crosses and the decorated font remain from this time.[3] During the 12th century, the abbey church was rebuilt under Gruffydd ap Cynan and Owain Gwynedd. In the 13th century, under Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, monasteries started a newer more regular kind of rule, and Penmon became an Augustinian priory with conventional buildings. The priory expanded and survived the conquest of Gwynedd by King Edward I.

The priory was eventually dissolved in 1538. The buildings were transferred to the ownership of the Bulkeleys of Beaumaris, a prominent local family, and are still in use today. The Bulkeleys also used most of the land for a deer park, and built the dovecot near the church.[2]

People

The main street

The author of A History of Anglesey, written in 1775, said of Penmon that there were "plenty of oysters, remarkable large, the poor find constant employ in the dredge, and in pickling the fish for foreign consumption."[4] The population in 1801 was 169.[5] The 1831 census recorded that there were 51 adult males (over 20 years old)[6] and that the majority of residents were labourers or servants,[7] with over half the male adult workers being employed in agriculture.[8] After reaching a high of 291 in 1821, the population declined to a low of 213 in 1871.[5] The population rose thereafter so that it was 300 in 1931.[5]

The Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales of 1870-2 noted that millstone, good limestone and marble were found in the area. It also recorded that the population was 240 and that there were 53 houses, with the property being "divided among a few".[9] In fact, the number of houses in Penmon did not exceed 60 throughout the 19th century, first reaching 60 in 1901.[10]

Places of interest

Penmon has some interesting buildings with histories to match. These buildings (the Priory and church, the dovecot and the well) are close together on the site of the old monastery. There is also an island of note nearby, Puffin Island.

Penmon Priory

10th century cross

The monastery (called St Seiriol's monastery) grew in size and had a wooden church building by the 10th century. This wooden building was, however, destroyed in 971[1] and then rebuilt in the 12th century in stone, from 1120 to 1123.[11] The oldest parts of the church nowadays date to the year 1140. It survived the initial Norman invasion of Gwynedd between 1081 and 1100, defended by Prince Gruffydd ap Cynan of Gwynedd.[12] The priory church was enlarged in the early 13th century, at the time of the Augustinian Rule.[2] There are records for the election of Priors in the Calendar of Patent Rolls back to 1306, when one Iowerth the Prior is mentioned.[13] The dining hall was on the first floor, with a cellar below and dormitory above. In the 16th century, a kitchen and a warming house were added at the east of the building.[14][15] The eastern range of buildings has gone, but the southern one, containing the refectory with a dormitory above, still stands.[2]

Llywelyn Fawr and his successors made the church wealthy, giving it land. This was taken away at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 but the church survived.[3] The priory was in decline before 1536 in any event, and had only the Prior and two other members at that time.[13]

St Seiriol's Church, which was the centrepiece of the monastery, is now part of the Rectorial benefice of Beaumaris, within the Diocese of Bangor.[13]

Penmon crosses

The two mediæval crosses that once stood in front of the monastery (from the 10th century) are still in existence today, but are now inside the church.[16] One cross is larger but badly weathered (because it stood outside until 1977, in a deer park).[2] It is almost complete except for about a foot between the top of the shaft and the head.[17] The other cross is smaller, not as weathered but has an arm of the cross cut off because it was used as a lintel for the refectory windows.[1] It has a modern stone base unlike the other cross.[17]

St Seiriol's Well

As was often the case with Celtic churches from this period, the church was associated with a well. It was built by the monks of Penmon and was believed to have healing powers by some people visiting it.[18] It is probably one of the oldest buildings in Penmon.[1] It has been said that the lower stone walls near the well were part of Seiriol's church in the 6th century; if so, this would make it the oldest remaining Christian building in Wales.[19] A small chamber surrounds the well.[20] In modern times, water from the well has been used as a symbol of Anglesey by the island's representatives at the launch ceremony of the 10th International Island Games (held in Guernsey in June 2003)[21] and the 11th Island Games (held in Shetland in July 2005).[22]

Dovecot

The dovecot

The dovecot standing near the church was probably built in about 1600, in Elizabethan times, by Sir Richard Bulkeley for housing pigeons for their eggs and meat. It has a large domed roof with a cupola on top so birds could fly in and out.[1] Inside the dovecot were 1,000 nesting boxes, with a pillar in the centre supporting a revolving ladder so people had access to the nesting boxes. The central pillar remains, but the ladder is now gone.[3]

Puffin Island

Main article: Puffin Island, Anglesey

St Seiriol established a cell and a community on Puffin Island[23] (in Welsh, Ynys Seiriol or Seiriol's Island) half a mile from the coast at the same time as he founded the monastery. There is a tower of a 12th-century church on Puffin Island still. There is a tradition that St Seiriol and perhaps Maelgwn (king of Gwynedd in the first half of the 6th century) were buried there.[24] The island once had large numbers of puffins and guillemots. However, rats reduced the bird population to 40 in the 1890s.[1]

In 1748, Lewis Morris made a hydrographic survey of the coast and suggested that the tower of the ruined church on the island be converted into a lighthouse.[25] However, this suggestion was not implemented. On 17 August 1831, The Rothesay Castle, a wooden-hulled paddle steamer on a day trip from Liverpool, sank in very heavy seas. Of more than 140 on board, only 23 people survived.[26] Afterwards, the Trwyn Du Lighthouse and a)|lifeboat station were built to try to prevent similar tragedies.[24] The lifeboat station was closed in 1915 as it had been superseded by a lifeboat at Beaumaris. In its years of operation, the Penmon lifeboats saved at least 143 lives.[26]

Geology

There are many geological features in Penmon, including fossils of brachiopods, a tunnel under a cliff and the cliff itself. The cliff is made up of limestone and shale,[27] in alternating layers. It has moved many times due to faults fracturing and moving the beds of rock, and there are distinct lines where the beds have moved. The cliff is approximately 26 feet high; however, the distribution of limestone and shale is different near the top and bottom of the cliff. There is a gradual change of shale to limestone; near the bottom there is a lot more shale per foot of rock and nearer the top there is a lot more limestone. The cliff has been struck by several faults, causing it to look unstable; rocks fall from it from time to time. Penmon is close to the sea, thus making it prone to erosion. Quite a lot of the cliff has been eroded away, thus causing an arch to form under the cliff. The shale has eroded away faster than the limestone beds, and as such, has caused thinner beds of limestone between to collapse. This is the reason the arch is only a few feet high and does not extend further, where there are less shale beds. Faults passing through the cliff have displaced the beds, one such fault of nine inches, causing a ledge halfway through the tunnel.

The grey-brown veined limestone quarried in the area is known as "Penmon marble".[28] Brachiopod fossils are sometimes found in it.[29] The largest of the Penmon quarries, Dinmor Park, was worked for limestone by Dinmor Quarries Ltd from about 1898 until the 1970s.[30][31] Penmon limestone (along with limestone from Llanddona, Moelfre and Holyhead) was used to build Birmingham Town Hall and help with the reconstruction of Liverpool and Manchester following the destruction caused by Second World War.[32] The stone was also used in the construction of the Menai Suspension Bridge (completed in 1826) and the Britannia Bridge (completed in 1850).[33]

Outside links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 History of Penmon, Anglesey.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Penmon Priory
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Penmon Priory and Dovecot
  4. ↑ Ramage, Helen "Portraits of an Island: Eighteenth Century Anglesey", page 104, Anglesey Antiquarian Society, 2001 (2nd edition) ISBN 0-9500199-8-4
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  6. ↑ Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  7. ↑ Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  8. ↑ Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  9. ↑ Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  10. ↑ Historical data presented by the Great Britain Historical Geographical Information System Project
  11. ↑ Sheela Penmon.
  12. ↑ Anglesey - Places and Things to Do
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Fairlamb, Rev. Neil (Rector of Beaumaris): "The Clergy of the Beaumaris Parishes" page 16. Unpublished pamphlet (available at the Church), 2007
  14. ↑ Penmon Priory
  15. ↑ Penmon Priory and Dovecote.
  16. ↑ A Penmon Cross.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Penmon Priory.
  18. ↑ Saint Seiriol's Well
  19. ↑ Williams, John Lasarus "The Land of the Long Long Name" Llyfrau Lleiniong, 1999. ISBN 0-9525267-1-9
  20. ↑ St. Seiriol's Well
  21. ↑ Daily Post news report May 30 2003
  22. ↑ Daily Post news report July 13 2005
  23. ↑ St. Seiriol's Church.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Puffin Island information.
  25. ↑ Morris, Lewis "Plans of Harbours, Bars, Bays and Roads in St George's Channel" 1748; cited in Ramage, Helen "Portraits of an Island: Eighteenth Century Anglesey", page 4, Anglesey Antiquarian Society, 2001 (2nd edition) ISBN 0-9500199-8-4
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Penmon Shipwreck in 1831
  27. ↑ Geology of Anglesey
  28. ↑ Lott, Graham and Smith, David: "Shining stones - Britain’s native ‘marbles’", The Building Conservation Directory 2001 [1]
  29. ↑ Letter by Dr Graham Lott, British Geological Survey (page 3 of newsletter) [2]
  30. ↑ Geograph website
  31. ↑ List of Dinmor Park Quarry records at Anglesey County Record Office
  32. ↑ Anglesey's Coastal Geology
  33. ↑ Hughes, Margaret: "Anglesey from the Sea" page 106. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2001. ISBN 0-86381-698-3
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