Manchester Metrolink

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M5000 at Exchange Quay in August 2011

Metrolink (also known as Manchester Metrolink) is a light-rail tram system in Manchester and surrounding suburbs in southern Lancashire and northern Cheshire (map). The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) and operated and maintained under contract by RATP Group.[1][2] In 2014/15, 31.2 million passenger journeys were made on the system.

The network consists of seven lines which radiate from Manchester city centre to termini at Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, East Didsbury, Eccles, Manchester Airport and Rochdale. Metrolink has 93 stops along 57 miles of standard-gauge track[3] making it the largest light rail system in the United Kingdom.[4] It consists of a mixture of on-street track shared with other traffic; reserved track, segregated from other traffic, often running alongside the roadway or in the central reservation, and converted former railway lines.[5] It is operated by a fleet of Bombardier Flexity Swift M5000s.

A light rail system for the Manchester conurbation emerged from the failure of the 1970s Picc-Vic tunnel scheme to obtain central government funding. A light-rail scheme was proposed in 1982 as the least expensive rail-based transport solution for Manchester city centre and the surrounding metropolitan area. Government approval was granted in 1988 and the network began operating services between Bury Interchange and Victoria on 6 April 1992, becoming the United Kingdom's first modern street-running rail system; the 1885-built Blackpool tramway being the only heritage tram system in the UK that had survived up to Metrolink's creation.[6]

History

Predecessors

Manchester's first tram age had begun in 1877 with the first horse trams of Manchester Suburban Tramways Company and ceased as early as in 1949, when the last line of the municipal Manchester Corporation Tramways was displaced by motor buses. That company had managed most of the electrification of the trams, executed 1901 to 1903. Since 1938, some trams had been displaced by trolleybuses. Electric traction on tyres in the streets of Manchester ended in 1966.[7]

Origins

A light rail system for the Manchester conurbation was born of the failure to obtain central government funding for the Picc-Vic scheme linking the existing railway systems north and south of the city centre via a tunnel. The local railway network suffered from poor north – south connections, relying on bus connections through the city centre by means of the Centrelink bus service. Piccadilly and Victoria were built in the 1840s by rival companies on cheaper land on the fringes of the city centre. As early as 1839, in anticipation of the stations being built, a connecting underground railway tunnel was proposed but abandoned on economic grounds,[8][9] as was an overground suspended-monorail in 1966.[10] SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive — the body tasked with improving public transport for Manchester and its surrounding municipalities in the 1960s – made draft proposals for a Picc-Vic tunnel,[11] "a proposed rail route beneath the city centre" forming "the centrepiece of a new electrified railway network for the region".[12] Despite investigatory tunnelling under the Manchester Arndale shopping centre,[12] when the Greater Manchester County Council presented the project to the United Kingdom Government in 1974,[13] it was unable to secure the necessary funding,[14] and was abandoned on economic grounds when the County Council dropped the plans in 1977.[11][13]

In 1982, the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE; the successor to SELNEC PTE) concluded that a street-level light rail system to replace or complement the region's under-used heavy railways was the cheapest solution to improving the conurbation's rail transport network. A Rail Study Group, composed of officials from British Rail, Greater Manchester County Council and GMPTE formally endorsed the scheme in 1984.[15] Abstract proposals based on light rail systems in North America and continental Europe,[16] and a draft 62-mile network consisting of three lines were presented by the Rail Study Group to the UK Government for taxpayer funding.[11] Following route revisions in 1984 and 1987,[11][17] and a trial on 9 February 1987 using Docklands Light Railway rolling stock on a freight-only line adjacent to Debdale Park,[18] funding was granted by HM Treasury with the strict condition that the system be constructed in phases.[11] Additional taxpayer funding came from the European Regional Development Fund and bank lending.[19]

Phase 1, Bury, Altrincham and Manchester city centre

Conversion of the East Lancashire Railway (Bury-to-Victoria) and Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (Altrincham-to-Piccadilly) heavy rail lines, and creation of a street-level tramway[20] through Manchester city centre to unite the lines as a single 19.2-mile network,[21] was chosen for Phase 1 because the two heavy rail lines were primarily used for commuting to central Manchester, and would improve north – south links and access to the city centre.[22][23][24][21] The required parliamentary authority to proceed with Phase 1 was obtained with two Acts of Parliament – the Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) Act 1988 and Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (No. 2) Act 1988.[25]

On 27 September 1989, following a two-stage tender exercise, the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority awarded a contract to the GMA Group (a consortium composed of AMEC, GM Buses, John Mowlem & Company, and a General Electric Company subsidiary)[26] who formed Greater Manchester Metro Limited to design, build, operate and maintain Phase 1 of Metrolink.[27] The contract was approved by Michael Portillo on behalf of the Department for Transport on 24 October 1989, and formally signed on 6 June 1990.[27]

The Bury line was closed in stages between 13 July 1991 and 17 August 1991, after which the 1200V DC Queens Road, north of Victoria station, at a cost of £8 million.[28]

Two T-68 trams near Manchester Piccadilly station in 1994, this was part of the original system opened as part of Phase 1.

Initially projected to open in September 1991, then promised for 21 February 1992,[29] Metrolink began operation on 6 April 1992 with a service between Victoria and Bury.[30][31] Along with the Tyne and Wear Metro and Docklands Light Railway, it helped to reintroduce light rail to the United Kingdom.[32][33] The network was expanded beyond Victoria to G-Mex tram stop on 27 April 1992; a service through to Altrincham joined the network on 15 June 1992,[31] completing Phase 1 and enabling use of all 26 T-68 vehicles acquired for the operation.[34] Queen Elizabeth II declared Metrolink open at a ceremony in Manchester on 17 July 1992, adding that Metrolink would improve communication between northern and southern Greater Manchester.[34][31][35] After the ceremony the Queen visited Manchester Town Hall and rode from St Peter's Square to Bury to visit Bury Town Hall.[34][31]

Then costing £145 million, Phase 1 was expected to carry 10 million passengers per year,[36] but surpassed this figure by the 1993/94 fiscal year, and every year thereafter.[37] In recognition of passenger demands and the decommissioning of the Arndale bus station after the 1996 Manchester bombing, adjustments were made to Phase 1 to the design of Manchester City Council's city centre masterplan, by modifying Market Street tram stop to handle two-way traffic, demolishing High Street tram stop in 1998 and creating a new stop for Shudehill Interchange in 2002.[38][39] Sections of track in the city centre were relaid following damage to the road surface adjacent to the line.[40] By 2003, Phase 1 was deemed a "long-term success" by GMPTE, and, with overcrowding at peak times, carried more than 15 million passengers per year.[41][42]

Phase 2, Salford Quays, Eccles

Extension of the Metrolink network was intended to be continuous with successive expansion phases delivered in strict order of priority.[43][44] GMPTE wanted to repeat its "success" with Phase 1 by converting other parts of Greater Manchester's under-utilised suburban rail network.[45] However, changes in circumstances and new opportunities, combined with a shift in government policy following the early 1990s recessio] stalled the immediate expansion of Metrolink after Phase 1.[44][46] Phase 1a, a proposed east – west route from Eastlands to Dumplington via Salford Quays was muted by uncertainty surrounding the Manchester bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, the (unbuilt) Trafford Centre, and regeneration of Manchester Docks respectively.[43][47] Nevertheless, throughout the 1990s, the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority continued to acquire rights to construct Metrolink lines under the Transport and Works Act 1992.[19]

A T-68A vehicle, street running in Eccles specially acquired for the new Eccles Line, opened in 1999 as part of Phase 2.

During the 1990s, Salford Quays became a business district specifically redeveloped for commerce, leisure, culture and tourism with a high density of business units and modern housing, complemented by a cinema complex, office blocks, and waterfront promenade.[48] As it had poor public transport integration and no rail provision, it was earmarked for a potential Metrolink line as early as 1986 and legal authority to construct the line through the Quays was acquired in 1990.[19][49] The Quays received millions of pounds of investment and a public consultation and public inquiry resulted in government endorsement in 1994. In autumn 1995 a four-mile Metrolink line branching from Cornbrook tram stop to Eccles via Salford Quays capitalising on the regenerated Quayside was confirmed as Phase 2 of Metrolink.[19][49] No funding came from central government and money was raised from the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority (GMPTA), the European Regional Development Fund and private developers.[19][49] In April 1997 Altram, a consortium of the Serco, Ansaldo and John Laing was appointed to construct the Eccles Line; Serco, responsible for the Sheffield Supertram would operate the whole network under contract; Ansaldo provided six additional vehicles — T-68As – and signalling equipment. Construction work officially began on 17 July 1997.[19][49][5]

The Eccles Line was officially opened as far as Broadway tram stop on 6 December 1999 by the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who praised Metrolink as "exactly the type of scheme needed to solve the transport problems of the metropolitan areas of the country";[50][41] a service to Eccles Interchange joined the network on 21 July 2000,[19] and was officially declared open by Anne, Princess Royal at a ceremony on 9 January 2001.[51] On completion, Phases 1 and 2 gave Metrolink a total route length of 24 miles.[52] Phase 2 was predominantly privately funded and cost £160,000,000.[19] Salford City Council considered Phase 2 "an important contribution to Salford's public transport network, providing a fast and frequent service between Eccles, Salford Quays and Manchester city centre".[1] But, in competition with comparatively quicker and cheaper buses, the line navigated the Quays on a slow and meandering route, and failed to reach its initial passenger targets.[46] Patronage increased during the 2000s as the Eccles Line steadily increased in popularity in keeping with a rise in passenger numbers across the whole Metrolink system and was beginning to become overcrowded by the end of the decade.[1]

Phase 3

In 2000, officials and transport planners considered Metrolink to be a "phenomenal success".[19] The system was exceeding patronage targets and reducing traffic congestion on roads running parallel to its lines.[46] Consequently, when the Transport Act 2000 required passenger transport executives to produce local transport plans, GMPTE's top public transport priority was a third phase of Metrolink expansion, which would create four new lines along key transport corridors: the Oldham and Rochdale Line (routed northeast to Oldham and Rochdale), the East Manchester Line (routed east to East Manchester and Ashton-under-Lyne), the South Manchester Line (routed southeast to Chorlton-cum-Hardy and East Didsbury), and the Airport Line (routed south to Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport).[53] The East Manchester Line would capitalise on serving the City of Manchester Stadium, a host venue of the 2002 Commonwealth Games.[54][55] Satisfied it would deliver a key policy commitment with faster expansion and greater value from economies of scale,[19][41] GMPTE and the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities (AGMA) lobbied central government to provide partial funding to upgrade the current network with a new depot, passenger information displays, and construct four new lines in a single Phase 3 contract (dubbed the "Big Bang") worth £489,000,000.[19][56][55][57][58]

Conceding that it would be "very difficult" to bring Metrolink to the City of Manchester Stadium by 2002, the Government accepted its importance to Greater Manchester and the Commonwealth Games on 22 March 2000, with an announcement from Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott that a £289,000,000 government contribution to fund Phase 3 would make Metrolink "the envy of Europe".[56][55][59] The remaining £200,000,000 was assembled from the private sector by July 2000.[19][55] Following the announcement, preparatory work such as legal costs, land acquisition and construction of rail bridges over the River Medlock was actioned.[58][59] However, Metrolink made a loss in 2002 and failed to reduce traffic congestion in Manchester city centre.[60] Costs for Phase 3 implementation were revised in the December after the 2002 Commonwealth Games, totalling £820,000,000, meaning Metrolink required a Government contribution of at least £520,000,000.[50] With costs predicted to rise further, and concerns raised over light rail procurement nationally,[61] on 20 July 2004, Alistair Darling (the Secretary of State for Transport) announced the Government had withdrawn its share of funding Metrolink due to excessive costs.[50][58][62]

In response, highlighting the legal costs and demolition of homes, schools and offices in anticipation of the new lines,[58][59] the Get Our Metrolink Back on Track (or Back on Track )[57] campaign spearheaded by the Manchester Evening News and local Members of Parliament was organised to lobby the Department for Transport to fund Phase 3.[61][58][63] On 16 December 2004 Alistair Darling announced that the government would fund Phase 3 – but not at any price, capping its investment for Metrolink enhancements at £520,000,000.[61][58] An initial £102,000,000 funding package was granted by the Government in July 2005 for Phase 3 preparatory work, and a Carillion-led track renewal programme for 12 miles of Phase 1 line – still using original British Rail track – that was causing damage to vehicles and discomfort for passengers.[42] Following negotiations between central government and GMPTE and AGMA, Phase 3 funding was confirmed by Douglas Alexander on 6 July 2006,[58] albeit with adjustments (such as axing the Wythenshawe Loop)[64] and splitting the project into two stages: Phase 3a, elements of expansion funded by government investment; and Phase 3b, elements requiring an alternative funding source.[57][61] The MPact-Thales consortium, composed of Laing O'Rourke, VolkerRail and the Thales Group, was appointed to design, build and maintain the 20 miles of new line plus a new depot at Old Trafford.[61] A quarter-mile spur off the Eccles Line to the new MediaCityUK development at Salford Quays, funded separately by the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWRDA), would also fall to Mpact-Thales.[61][5]

Phase 3a, Oldham, Rochdale, East Manchester Line

Phase 3a, dubbed the "Mini Bang",[57] or "Little Bang",[65] was an extension scheme approved by the government on 6 July 2006, with final sign off and release of Treasury funds in May 2008.[5] In addition to the separately NWRDA-funded spur from the Eccles Line to MediaCityUK, Phase 3a involved converting the 14-mile Trafford Bar to St Werburgh's Road in Chorlton-cum-Hardy (on a closed section of Cheshire Lines Committee railway), and construction of a new four-mile East Manchester Line from Piccadilly to Droylsden.[5][42][57][66] The Oldham and Rochdale and South Manchester Lines were funded by a £244,000,000 lump sum from the government.[5][57] The East Manchester Line to Droylsden was funded by borrowings by GMPTE that would be repaid over 30 years using fare revenue from Metrolink.[42]

The Oldham Loop Line, subsidised by GMPTE and used for suburban commuting, closed on 3 October 2009 allowing work to convert the line from heavy rail to Metrolink,[67][68] although preparatory work on Newbold]];[69] Kingsway Business Park tram stop was authorised at a late stage of planning in July 2011 once the Phase 3b-Drake Street tram stop was abandoned (on technical and economic grounds) and additional funding was procured from Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and Kingsway Business Park's private developer Wilson Bowden.[70]

Shaw and Crompton tram stop on its opening day of 16 December 2012

The planned opening of Phase 3a services was initially delayed on each line by months due to faults with a new £22,000,000 digital signalling and control system known as the Tram Management System, or TMS, designed by the Thales Group.[71] Services on the spur from the Eccles Line to MediaCityUK tram stop were expected to commence during Summer 2010,[5] and began on 20 September 2010,[72] serving MediaCityUK, a 200-acre development for creative and digital mass media organisations,[61][5] and The Lowry, a combined theatre-gallery and Greater Manchester's most visited tourist attraction.[19][73] On its inauguration, TMS experienced several faults on the expanded Eccles Line, causing "chaos" at MediaCityUK, and 24 service delays on the network between September 2010 and February 2011.[71][74] On the South Manchester Line, services to St Werburgh's Road tram stop were expected to commence in spring 2011,[5] but delayed until 7 July 2011, due to problems with TMS.[65][66] On the Oldham and Rochdale Line, services from Manchester to Central Park and Oldham Mumps were expected to open in spring 2011 and autumn 2011 respectively,[5][75] but problems with TMS and the need to renew structures delayed services until 13 June 2012, when 7.1 miles of the line from Victoria to Oldham Mumps tram stop opened in a single stage.[69][76][77]

After three months in operation, Metrolink services to Oldham were hailed a "huge success" by TfGM, with 250,000 passengers on the line between June and September,[63] strengthening TfGM's position that Phase 3a would raise daily ridership on Metrolink to 90,000.[5] Originally planned to open in spring 2012,[75] then delayed to autumn 2012,[78] a service on the Oldham and Rochdale Line from Oldham Mumps as far as Shaw and Crompton tram stop began on 16 December 2012.[79][80] In January 2013, a contract dispute between TfGM and Thales Group over missed deadlines and poor performance of TMS resulted in TfGM withholding payments for unfulfilled construction targets.[71] Services to Rochdale and Droylsden were scheduled for a spring 2012 opening date,[5][81] but delayed by months because of problems with the implementation of TMS, prompting outrage from Members of Parliament representing these areas.[82][83] The East Manchester Line to Droylsden opened to selected residents of Manchester and Tameside on 8 February 2013, and to the general public on 11 February 2013.[82][84] On 28 February 2013, passenger services expanded along the 4.6-mile stretch of the Oldham and Rochdale Line between Shaw and Crompton and Rochdale railway station, completing Phase 3a, and giving Metrolink a total network length of 43 miles.[85][86] On 9 May 2013, TMS was successfully implemented in the City Zone, providing real-time passenger information displays at all stops in Manchester city centre.[87]

Phase 3b: Ashton-under-Lyne, East Didsbury and Manchester Airport

A M5000 tram on the street running section through Rochdale town centre, opened in March 2014.

Phase 3b was revealed in July 2006 when Phase 3 was split into two smaller phases.[88] A range of motivators pushed transport planners to pursue Phase 3b, including attracting new passengers, value to the economy, reduction of road traffic congestion, regeneration, and improved access to town centres, business districts and labour markets.[89] Under Phase 3b plans, Metrolink proposed to extend the East Manchester Line by 2.4 miles from Droylsden to Ashton-under-Lyne;[90] extend the South Manchester Line by 2.7 miles from St Werburgh's Road to Didsbury;[91] and create a new nine-mile Airport Line to Manchester Airport from a junction at St Werburgh's Road.[92] Phase 3b enacted plans first drawn up in 1983, laid before Parliament in 1988, and approved by the government in 1991 to re-route and extend the Oldham and Rochdale Line at a cost of £124,500,000 with a street running route through Oldham and Rochdale town centres, both of which were poorly served by using the outlying Oldham Mumps and Rochdale railway stations alone.[88][93][69][94][95]

Tasked with procuring funds for Phase 3b from sources other than central Government, in July 2007 GMPTE and AGMA submitted a bid to the Transport Innovation Fund, which would release a multimillion-pound sum for public transport improvements linked to viable anti-road traffic congestion strategies.[96][97] A referendum on the Greater Manchester Transport Innovation Fund was held on 19 December 2008,[98] in which 79% of voters rejected plans for public transport improvements linked to a peak-time weekday-only Greater Manchester congestion charge.[99] In May 2009, Greater Manchester Integrated Transport Authority (formerly GMPTA) and AGMA agreed to create the Greater Manchester Transport Fund, £1.5billion raised from a combination of a levy on council tax in Greater Manchester, government grants, contributions from the Manchester Airports Group, Metrolink fares and third-party funding for "major transport schemes" in the region.[100][94] Phase 3b was approved with funding on a line-by-line basis between March and August 2010.[90][94]

A tram passing over a purpose built viaduct over the River Mersey on the newly opened Airport Line, in November 2014

Construction work for all Phase 3b lines began in March 2011.[101] On the Airport Line, a 580-tonne steel bridge was erected in Rochdale Town Centre on 31 March 2014, taking the total system length to 48.5 miles.[3]

On 3 November 2014, the network once again expanded, with a 14.5-mile extension to Manchester Airport railway station, bringing the length of the system to 57.5 miles, making it the longest tramway in the United Kingdom, and the longest light railway.[102] It opened more than one year early,[103] and at a cost of £368 million.[104]

Phase 2CC

The Second City Crossing (also known as 2CC)[105] is a second Metrolink route across Manchester city centre, first proposed in 2011 as a means to improve capacity, flexibility and reliability as the rest of the system expands due to phases 3a and 3b.[1][105][106][5][107] Funded by the Greater Manchester Transport Fund, its 0.8-mile route will begin at a rebuilt St Peter's Square tram stop, and run along Princess Street, Cross Street and Corporation Street to rejoin the existing Metrolink line by Victoria station.[106][108] Following the submission of a planning document under the Transport and Works Act 1992, and a public inquiry held throughout 2013,[108][109] the Second City Crossing was granted approval on 8 October 2013 by the Secretary of State for Transport, Patrick McLoughlin,[107][110] and signed off on 28 October 2013 by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.[111] Construction started in early 2014 with Exchange Square tram stop and the first tracks of the line were laid in late November 2014.[105][110][111] Exchange Square joined the network as a new stop on the crossing in December 2015, meaning a Shaw and Crompton-to-Exchange Square service could begin. Completion of the whole line is expected in 2016/17.

Infrastructure

Stops and lines

As of December 2015, Metrolink has a network length of 57 miles and 93 stops[112] — along seven lines which radiate from a "central triangular junction at Cornbrook, are shared between lines, and may be used as interchange stations; others, such as Altrincham Interchange, are transport hubs which integrate with heavy rail and bus stations. Each stop has at least one high-floor platform measuring a minimum of six feet wide, accessed by ramp, stairs, escalator, lift or combination thereof.[1][113] Low-floor platforms commonly used for light rail throughout the world were ruled out for Metrolink because the system inherited 35.4-inch (90.0-cm) high-floor platforms from British Rail on lines formerly used for heavy rail.[114] Shelters and canopies at stops were supplied by JCDecaux,[113] and ticket vending machines by Scheidt & Bachmann.[115] Card readers are installed on all stop platforms, ready for the TfGM 'My Get Me There' smart card being trialled in 2014; and when this is fully implemented all smart card users will touch-in and touch-out at a platform reader. Each line has track with standard-gauge specification, powering vehicles electrically from 750V DC overhead lines.[116] Between 1992 and 2007, electricity for the Metrolink system was procured by the operator, based on price only. In 2007, GMPTE changed the contractual requirements to ensure that sustainable power would be factored into choosing an energy supplier, and in July 2007, Metrolink became the first light rail network in the UK with electricity supplied entirely from sustainable energy via hydropower. Now, energy for the system is generated by biomass.[117]

Metrolink routes
Line and/or route Map colour First
operated 		Route type(s) Length Number of
Stations 		Weekday frequency[118]
(single or
double tram) 		Start Terminus
Current
Airport line Dark Blue 3 November 2014 On and off-street 14.5 mi[22] 15 12 minute (Single only) Manchester Airport Exchange Square. It crosses the Mersey by a new bridge near Jackson's Boat and runs over the floodplain alongside Rifle Road.}}
Altrincham line Yellow 15 June 1992 Converted railway track 7.6 mi[22] 10 6 minute (Single and double) Altrincham Piccadilly
Bury line Green 6 April 1992 Converted railway track 9.9 mi 10 6 minute (Double only) Bury Altrincham
East Manchester line Light blue 11 February 2013 On and off-street 6 mi[119] 11 12 minute (Single only) Bury Etihad Campus
East Manchester line Pink 11 February 2013 On and off-street 6 mi[119] 11 12 minute (Single only) Ashton-under-Lyne Piccadilly
Eccles line[lower-alpha 1] 6 December 1998 On and off-street 4 mi[120] 11 12 minute (Single only) Eccles Piccadilly
Media City UK spur Brown 3 September 2010 Off-street 0.2 mi 2[lower-alpha 2] 12 minute (Single only) MediaCityUK Piccadilly
Oldham and Rochdale line Purple 13 June 2012 Converted railway track 14.8 mi[3] 19 12 minute (Single and double) Rochdale East Didsbury
South Manchester line [lower-alpha 3] 7 July 2011 Converted railway bed 4.4 mi[121] 8 12 minute (Single and double) East Didsbury Rochdale
Future
Trafford Park line Unknown 2019[lower-alpha 4] 3.4 mi 6 Port Salford Pomona
  1. ↑ A line in its own right but operates as a single Eccles – Ashton service which passes through the city centre – hence the same colour to denote same service.
  2. ↑ Follows the Eccles line routes from Piccadilly before turning off at MediaCity.
  3. ↑ A line in its own right but operates as a single East Didsbury – Rochdale service which passes through the city centre – hence the same colour to denote same service.
  4. ↑ Public consultation in 2014 (which has now closed) with planned TWA application set for 2015. Construction is planned to begin in 2016 with funding from the rebate package as part of the City Deal. The line is planned to be completed by 2018/19.

Depots

Metrolink House at Queens Road in Cheetham Hill is the headquarters of Metrolink.[122] Constructed during Phase 1, it served jointly as a control centre, HQ, office space, and depot for the storage, maintenance and repair of vehicles.[122] Under the original proposals, Metrolink House was much larger, with a design which would support network expansion, but this design did not obtain the necessary planning permission from Manchester City Council.[122] Consequently, Metrolink House was scaled down to a 9.9-acre (4.0-ha) £8,000,000 site with limited capacity,[122][123] and, in light of Phase 3a network expansion, Metrolink built a second depot at Elsinore Road in Old Trafford in 2011.[124][121] This second depot occupies the site of a former warehouse, and can house up to 96 vehicles.[121] On 7 May 2013 Metrolink completed the transfer of its main operational functions from Cheetham Hill to Old Trafford, meaning its control room – known as the Network Management Centre – is housed jointly with the Customer Services team by its newer depot.[125]

Rolling stock

Metrolink is operated by fleet of M5000 trams, the number of which will reach 120 by 2017. The first M5000 trams were introduced in 2009, and replaced the former fleet of thirty-two T-68 and T-68A trams, which had operated the network since opening in 1992, these were withdrawn from service during 2012–14.[126]

In order to be compatible with the former heavy rail stations Metrolink inherited, the network uses high-floor trams with a platform height of 35 " (900 mm).[5]

M5000 units at Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop

M5000

In December 2009, Metrolink took delivery of the first M5000 tram. Built by Bombardier Transportation and Vossloh Kiepe, the initial eight M5000s were ordered to allow services to be increased.[5] They are part of the Flexity Swift range of light rail vehicles, and have a design similar to the K5000 vehicle used on the Cologne Stadtbahn.[5][42][35][127][128]

With the approval of the spur to MediaCityUK, a further four were ordered.[5] To provide rolling stock for the phase 3 extensions and replace the existing fleet, the order was increased successively to 94.[35][129][130][131] In December 2013, a further ten M5000s were ordered to provide trams for the Trafford Park line planned to open in 2020, while in the interim supporting a service between MediaCityUK and Manchester city centre and other capacity enhancements.[111][132] In September 2014, a further 16 were ordered, this will bring the fleet up to 120.[133][134][135]

 Class  Image Type  Top speed   Number   Fleet Numbers   Routes operated   Built   Years operated 
M5000 M5000 trams in multiple.JPG Tram 50 mph 108 (120 by 2017) 3001–3108 All lines 2009-ongoing 2009–present

Ancillary vehicles

Metrolink has one Special Purpose Vehicle from 1991. Numbered 1027 with its support wagon 1028, it is a bespoke diesel-powered vehicle with a crane, inspection platform, mobile workshop, and capacity for a driver and three passengers. It was designed to assist with vehicle recovery and track and line repairs.[136]

Former fleet

T-68/68A

T-68 in Manchester City Centre in 2008.

To commence operations, a fleet of 26 T-68 trams were delivered in 1992.[137][138] To provide extra trams for the Eccles Line, six modified T-68A trams were purchased in 1999.[5] The T-68A vehicles were based on the original T-68s, but had modifications replacing destination rollblinds with dot matrix displays, and retractable couplers and covered bogies necessary for the high proportion of on-street running close to motor traffic.[5]

Three of the earlier T-68 fleet were similarly equipped,[5] and were known as T-68Ms.[139] Mechanically and electrically the T-68M vehicles remained essentially a T-68, but had modifications to its brakes, mirrors, and speed limiters to suit the Eccles line.[139] Initially only these vehicles were permitted to operate the Eccles line but the entire fleet was modified between 2008 and 2012 for universal running,[5] under a program known as the T-68X Universal Running programme.[140]

All of the T-68 and T-68As were withdrawn between April 2012 and April 2014.[141]

Tram no. 1007, the first to pass through the City Centre on the opening day, is due to be restored into Heaton Park Tramway,[142] and is believed to be the only T-68 to be kept from scrapping etc.

 Class  Image Type  Top speed   Number   Fleet Numbers   Routes operated   Built   Years operated 
T-68 Manchester Metrolink 1001 and 1011at Manchester Victoria.jpg Tram 50 mph 26 1001–1026 Piccadilly
(later Eccles) 		1991–1992 1992–2014
T-68A Metrolink tram in Eccles.jpg Tram 50 mph 6 2001–2006 Eccles Line 1999 1999–2014

Travelling

Service and hours of operation

Before inauguration, GMPTE's original concept was for Metrolink's operator to provide a service every ten minutes from Bury-to-Piccadilly and Altrincham-to-Piccadilly 06:00-24:00, Monday to Saturday.[143] Greater Manchester Metro Limited, the system's original operator, argued for adjustments, citing the need to provide an efficient and commercially viable operation in line with vehicle running times and passenger demand.[143] Due to power limitations, this pattern was modified to a twelve-minute service throughout the day, doubling to a six-minute service in peak periods, resulting in a "ten trams per hour" service pattern on routes running from Altrincham and Bury to Manchester every six minutes.[143] Operators are required to provide this level of service at least 98% of the time, or incur a financial penalty charge.[144] This six-minute service pattern has been adopted on the rest of the network as the system has grown.[85][145][146] Heavy snowfall during the winter of 2009/10 impaired Metrolink services and the operator was criticised for failing to have cold weather procedures.[147] This prompted a program to improve reliability and performance of the system in freezing conditions.[147][148] Metrolink operated icebreaker-style vehicles at night during snowfall in January 2013 to provide normal services.[149]

A survey in 2012 revealed that passengers who used Metrolink everyday for commuting-rated service levels as poor and/or unreliable, with those respondents particularly frustrated by delays and disruptions. TfGM recognised that the older vehicles in its fleet – the T68/T68As — were outdated and the cause of much disruption, and agreed to replace them with M5000s by 2014.[35][129] Among those who used Metrolink less regularly, the system scored far better in the survey. A survey in 2014 by the non-departmental government body Passenger Focus found that of the five major light rail systems in the United Kingdom – Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram, NET, Midland Metro and Blackpool tramway – Metrolink had the lowest overall satisfaction rating in the United Kingdom. Respondents were surveyed on value for money, punctuality, seating availability, tram stations and overall satisfaction. Metrolink was below average on all criteria, and 47% believed Metrolink was value for money compared to a national average of 60%.[150]

In January 2016, Transport for General Manchester agreed a baseline Service Specification to grade bidders seeking to operate the concession from July 2017; once the Second City Crossing is in operation. In the baseline service pattern, there are no designated 'peak' periods of service operation; instead there will be an 'enhanced' service operating from start of service to 8pm Monday to Friday, and to 6pm Saturday; and a 'core' service running at all other times. In the 'enhanced' service pattern, trams will run with a 6-minute frequency to Shaw & Oldham, Bury, Ashton, Altrincham, Manchester Airport and East Didsbury; and with a 12-minute frequency to Rochdale, Eccles and MediacityUK. When the Trafford line opens, services will run to the Trafford Centre with a 12-minute frequency. In the 'core' service pattern, all lines will run with a 12-minute frequency.[151]

(A) Altrincham – Etihad Campus

(via Piccadilly)

(B) Altrincham – Deansgate-Castlefield (peak only) (C) Bury – East Didsbury

Cheshire

  • Altrincham National Rail Bus interchange
  • Navigation Road National Rail
  • Timperley
  • Brooklands
  • Sale
  • Dane Road

Lancashire

  • Stretford
  • Old Trafford
  • Trafford Bar
  • Cornbrook
  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National Rail Deansgate)
  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange
  • Piccadilly National Rail
  • New Islington
  • Holt Town
  • Etihad Campus

Cheshire

  • Altrincham National Rail Bus interchange
  • Navigation Road National Rail
  • Timperley
  • Brooklands
  • Sale
  • Dane Road

Lancashire

  • Stretford
  • Old Trafford
  • Trafford Bar
  • Cornbrook
  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National Rail Deansgate)

Lancashire

  • Bury Bus interchange
  • Radcliffe
  • Whitefield
  • Besses o' th' Barn
  • Prestwich
  • Heaton Park
  • Bowker Vale
  • Crumpsall
  • Abraham Moss
  • Queens Road
  • Victoria National Rail
  • Shudehill Bus interchange
  • Market Street
  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National Rail Deansgate)
  • Cornbrook
  • Trafford Bar
  • Firswood
  • Chorlton
  • St Werburgh's Road
  • Withington
  • Burton Road
  • West Didsbury
  • Didsbury Village
  • East Didsbury
(D) Bury – Piccadilly (peak only) (E) Eccles – Piccadilly (via MediaCityUK) (F) Manchester Airport – Cornbrook

Lancashire

  • Bury Bus interchange
  • Radcliffe
  • Whitefield
  • Besses o'th' Barn
  • Prestwich
  • Heaton Park
  • Bowker Vale
  • Crumpsall
  • Abraham Moss
  • Queens Road
  • Victoria National Rail
  • Shudehill Bus interchange
  • Market Street
  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange
  • Piccadilly National Rail

Lancashire

  • Eccles Bus interchange (National Rail Eccles)
  • Ladywell
  • Weaste
  • Langworthy
  • Broadway
  • MediaCityUK
  • Harbour City
  • Anchorage
  • Salford Quays
  • Exchange Quay
  • Pomona
  • Cornbrook
  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National Rail Deansgate)
  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange
  • Piccadilly National Rail

Cheshire

  • Manchester Airport Airport interchange National Rail Bus interchange
  • Shadowmoss
  • Peel Hall
  • Robinswood Road
  • Wythenshawe Town Centre Bus interchange
  • Crossacres
  • Benchill
  • Martinscroft
  • Roundthorn
  • Baguley
  • Moor Road
  • Wythenshawe Park
  • Northern Moor
  • Sale Water Park

Lancashire

  • Barlow Moor Road
  • St Werburgh's Road
  • Chorlton
  • Firswood
  • Trafford Bar
  • Cornbrook
(G) Rochdale Town Centre – Ashton-under-Lyne (H) Shaw and Crompton – Exchange Square (K) Manchester Airport – Firswood

(3am–6am ONLY)

Lancashire

  • Rochdale Town Centre
  • Rochdale railway station National Rail
  • Newbold
  • Kingsway Business Park
  • Milnrow
  • Newhey
  • Shaw and Crompton
  • Derker
  • Oldham Mumps
  • Oldham Central
  • Oldham King Street
  • Westwood
  • Freehold
  • South Chadderton
  • Hollinwood
  • Failsworth
  • Newton Heath and Moston
  • Central Park
  • Monsall
  • Victoria National Rail
  • Shudehill Bus interchange
  • Market Street
  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange
  • Piccadilly National Rail
  • New Islington
  • Holt Town
  • Etihad Campus
  • Velopark
  • Clayton Hall
  • Edge Lane
  • Cemetery Road
  • Droylsden
  • Audenshaw
  • Ashton Moss
  • Ashton West
  • Ashton-under-Lyne Bus interchange (National Rail Ashton-under-Lyne)

Lancashire

  • Shaw and Crompton
  • Derker
  • Oldham Mumps
  • Oldham Central
  • Oldham King Street
  • Westwood
  • Freehold
  • South Chadderton
  • Hollinwood
  • Failsworth
  • Newton Heath and Moston
  • Central Park
  • Monsall
  • Victoria National Rail
  • Exchange Square

Cheshire

  • Manchester Airport Airport interchange National Rail Bus interchange
  • Shadowmoss
  • Peel Hall
  • Robinswood Road
  • Wythenshawe Town Centre Bus interchange
  • Crossacres
  • Benchill
  • Martinscroft
  • Roundthorn
  • Baguley
  • Moor Road
  • Wythenshawe Park
  • Northern Moor
  • Sale Water Park

Lancashire

  • Barlow Moor Road
  • St Werburgh's Road
  • Chorlton
  • Firswood

Services I & J operate only on a Sunday between 08:00 & 17:30 instead of services G & H (shown above)

(I) Rochdale Town Centre – Exchange Square (J) Victoria – Ashton-under-Lyne

Lancashire

  • Rochdale Town Centre
  • Rochdale railway station National Rail
  • Newbold
  • Kingsway Business Park
  • Milnrow
  • Newhey
  • Shaw and Crompton
  • Derker
  • Oldham Mumps
  • Oldham Central
  • Oldham King Street
  • Westwood
  • Freehold
  • South Chadderton
  • Hollinwood
  • Failsworth
  • Newton Heath and Moston
  • Central Park
  • Monsall
  • Victoria National Rail
  • Exchange Square

Lancashire

  • Victoria National Rail
  • Shudehill Bus interchange
  • Market Street
  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange
  • Piccadilly National Rail
  • New Islington
  • Holt Town
  • Etihad Campus
  • Velopark
  • Clayton Hall
  • Edge Lane
  • Cemetery Road
  • Droylsden
  • Audenshaw
  • Ashton Moss
  • Ashton West
  • Ashton-under-Lyne Bus interchange (National Rail Ashton-under-Lyne)

References

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  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 "Metrolink second city crossing 'vital' for Manchester". BBC News. 8 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-13684701. Retrieved 7 January 2013. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 TfGM & GMCA 2011, p. 84.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Ministers clear way for second city centre Metrolink line". Place North West. 7 October 2013. http://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/archive/14501-ministers-clear-way-for-second-city-centre-metrolink-line.html. Retrieved 7 October 2013. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Qureshi, Yakub (23 January 2013). "New city line is 'vital for future of Metrolink'". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/a-second-metrolink-crossing-through-manchester-1236393. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  109. ↑ Kirby, Dean (22 January 2013). "Cross-city Metrolink idea on the line as tram inquiry launched". Manchester Evening News. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1598672_cross-city-metrolink-idea-on-the-line-as-tram-inquiry-launched. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Manchester city centre tram route's green light by Government". BBC News. 8 October 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-24438347. Retrieved 8 October 2013. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 Williams, Jennifer (28 October 2013). "Second cross-city tram link gets green light". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/second-cross-city-metrolink-tram-link-6247586. Retrieved 28 October 2013. 
  112. ↑ TfGM & GMCA 2011, pp. 136–137.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 89–90.
  114. ↑ Holt 1992, p. 31.
  115. ↑ GMPTE 2009, p. 4.
  116. ↑ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 102.
  117. ↑ "Pages – TfGM Green Facts". http://www.tfgm.com/t2k/Pages/TfGM-Green-Facts.aspx. 
  118. ↑ "Tram Frequencies". Metrolink. http://www.metrolink.co.uk/tramtimes/Pages/Piccadilly.aspx. Retrieved 22 October 2014. 
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Kirby, Dean (6 February 2013). "Video: Sneak preview of Metrolink's brand new East Manchester Line to Droylsden". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/droylsden-east-manchester-metrolink-line-1295847. Retrieved 6 February 2013. 
  120. ↑ GMPTE 2003, p. 15.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 TfGM 2012, p. 23.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 Holt 1992, p. 79.
  123. ↑ Ogden & Senior 1991, p. 43.
  124. ↑ GMPTE 2010, p. 6.
  125. ↑ "Metrolink Completes Move To Old Trafford". Manchester Confidential. 7 May 2013. http://www.manchesterconfidential.co.uk/News/Metrolink-Completes-Move-To-Old-Trafford. Retrieved 11 May 2013. 
  126. ↑ "T68 and T68a — Metrolink phase 1 and 2". Light Rail Transit Association. http://www.lrta.org/Manchester/lrv_t68.html. Retrieved 22 January 2016. 
  127. ↑ "£2m tram is up and running". Manchester Evening News. 21 December 2009. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/transport/public_transport/s/1186881_2m_tram_is_up_and_running. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 
  128. ↑ "Future's yellow for trams". Manchester Evening News. 13 July 2009. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1125664_futures_yellow_for_trams. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 "Happy birthday Metrolink: Old trams axed as network turns 20". Manchester Evening News. 17 July 2012. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/transport/public_transport/s/1583611_happy-birthday-metrolink-old-trams-axed-as-network-turns-20. Retrieved 29 January 2013. 
  130. ↑ "A new generation of trams for Greater Manchester". Metrolink. http://www.metrolink.co.uk/futuremetrolink/Pages/new-trams.aspx. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 
  131. ↑ Kirby, Dean (26 September 2012). "Metrolink's next trams to have extra seats following passenger plea". Manchester Evening News. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1589695_metrolinks-next-trams-to-have-extra-seats-following-passenger-plea. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 
  132. ↑ Bombardier to Supply 10 Additional Light Rail Vehicles to Manchester Metrolink in the UK Bombardier 23 December 2013
  133. ↑ More M5000s for Metrolink British Trams Online 7 July 2014
  134. ↑ "Metrolink investment confirmed" Tramways & Urban Transit issue 921 September 2014 page 360
  135. ↑ Charlotte Cox (16 September 2014). "Watch: Metrolink airport line on test as TfGM order new trams worth £34m". men. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/watch-metrolink-airport-line-test-7780939. 
  136. ↑ Holt 1992, p. 48.
  137. ↑ Holt 1992, p. 42.
  138. ↑ Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 114–115.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 Coward & Henderson 2014, p. 29.
  140. ↑ Coward & Henderson 2014, pp. 31–32, 59.
  141. ↑ Kirby, Dean (30 April 2014). "End of the line for Metrolink's first tram fleet". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/metrolink-trams-end-line-manchester-7056688. Retrieved 1 May 2014. 
  142. ↑ "Two Metrolink T68s to be preserved". http://www.britishtramsonline.co.uk/news/?p=7656. Retrieved 2 November 2015. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 124–127.
  144. ↑ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 124.
  145. ↑ "Getting to The Quays and MediaCityUK". Transport for Greater Manchester. http://www.tfgm.com/buses/Pages/Getting-to-Salford-Quays.aspx. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  146. ↑ Metrolink (2012). "Brightening up your day". Press release. http://www.metrolink.co.uk/extension/ORL_Extension_line_guide.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "Metrolink firm slammed over 'unacceptable' service". Manchester Evening News. 8 November 2011. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/metrolink-firm-slammed-over-unacceptable-875296. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  148. ↑ "Get some de-icer: Passengers fume as Metrolink trams are 'severely disrupted' by first frost of the winter". Manchester Evening News. 7 November 2011. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/get-some-de-icer-passengers-fume-as-metrolink-trams-1221218. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  149. ↑ Britton, Paul (16 January 2013). "Five inches of snow to hit Manchester". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/incoming/five-inches-of-snow-to-hit-manchester-1215043. Retrieved 23 January 2013. 
  150. ↑ "Manchester's Metrolink does not give value for money, say passengers". 9 April 2014. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchesters-metrolink-not-give-value-6941968. Retrieved 9 April 2014. 
  151. ↑ "Metrolink 2017". Transport for Greater Manchester. http://www.transportforgreatermanchestercommittee.gov.uk/tfgmc/downloads/file/5137/item_09_metrolink_2017. Retrieved 20 January 2016. 

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