Hackney Wick
| Hackney Wick | |
| Middlesex | |
|---|---|
 The Lee Navigation at Hackney Wick from the Eastway bridge | |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TQ375845 |
| Location: | 51°32’31"N, 0°1’23"W |
| Data | |
| Post town: | London |
| Postcode: | E9 |
| Dialling code: | 020 |
| Local Government | |
| Council: | Hackney, Tower Hamlets |
| Parliamentary constituency: |
Hackney South and Shoreditch |
Hackney Wick is an old Middlesex village and now a residential area in that county. It is effectively an inner-city development within the metropolitan conurbation. Once a place of industry, it became a run-down inner city area, and has emerged in the last decade as a village of artists and new media.
Hackney Wick has become physically separated from the rest of the county by the A102(M) motorway section which curls around its wast side. To the east were once the Hackney Marshes and the River Lea, over which were Essex wastelands cut off by Stratford’s railway sidings. Now that area has been redeveloped into the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
The village is at the southern tip of Hackney Marshes, curbed to the east by the Olympic park and the River Lea. West of the 'old' River Lea, the Lee Navigation, here called Hackney Cut meets the Hertford Union Canal. Hackney itself lies to the west beyond the motorway.
History
Early history
Until the modern era, Hackney Wick was an area prone to periodic flooding. The construction of the canals and relief channels on the Lea alleviated that and allowed the development of the area. In historic times, the marshes were used extensively for grazing cattle, and there was limited occupation around the 'great house' at Hackney Wick. This area as well as the marshes were historically part of Lower Homerton.
Industrial history
During the 19th and (early) 20th centuries, the Wick was a thriving well-populated industrial zone,[1] as the Hackney Wick First World War memorial in Victoria Park testifies (see picture right) —the lower part of the obelisk is densely inscribed on all four faces with the names of Wick men who died in that conflict.
When Charles Booth surveyed Hackney Wick in his London-wide survey of poverty during the 1890s he would have noticed that there were, amid the noxious fumes and noise, areas of lessened deprivation.[2][3] Streets south of the railway such as Wansbeck and Rothbury Roads were a mixture of comfort and poverty. Kelday Road, right on the canal seemed positively middle class. To the north of the railway, streets either side of Wick Road, for example Chapman Road, Felstead Street and Percy Terrace were described as "very poor", with "chronic want". It was no doubt conditions such as these which hastened the involvement of Eton College about this time to instigate their urban mission in Hackney Wick.
In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, water mills on the Hackney Brook were adapted for the manufacturer of silk, and in particular crape silk. In 1811, it was said that 'the works at these mills are moved by two steam engines, on an improved principle, which set in motion 30,000 spindles, besides numerous other implements of machinery used in the manufacture.'[4]
The world's first true synthetic plastic, parkesine, invented by Alexander Parkes, was manufactured here from 1866 to 1868, though Parkes' company failed due to high production costs. In contrast shellac, a natural polymer was manufactured at the Lea Works by A.F. Suter and Co. at the Victory Works for many years. The factory at nos 83/4 Eastway commenced operation in 1927. Subsequently they relocated to Dace Road in Bow.[5] For many years Hackney Wick was the location of the oil distiller Carless, Capel & Leonard, credited with introduction of the term petrol in the 1890s.[6] The distinguished chemist and academic Sir Frederick Warner worked at Carless's Hackney Wick factory from 1948–1956.[7] William J Leonard (1857–1923) was followed by his son Julian Mayard Leonard (1900–1978) into the firm, where he became managing director and deputy chairman.[8]
The firm of Brooke Simpson Spiller at Atlas Works in Berkshire Road had taken over the firm of William Henry Perkin at Greenford Green near Harrow in 1874,but subsequently disposed of some operations to Burt Bolton Heywoodd in Silvertown.[9] Nevertheless, Brooke Simpson Spiller is the successor company to the founding father of the British Dyestuff Industry.[10] The company employed the brilliant organic chemist Arthur George Green (1864–1941) from 1885 until 1894, when he left to join the Clayton Aniline Company in Manchester and ultimately, when the British chemical industry failed his talents, to the chair of Colour Chemistry at Leeds University. At Hackney Wick, Green discovered the important dyestuff intermediate Primuline. He was a contemporary of the organic chemist Richard John Friswell (1849–1908) who was from 1874 a research chemist, and from 1886 until 1899 director and chemical manager. Perhaps even more distinguished was the Jewish chemist, Professor Raphael Meldola FRS, who is remembered for Meldola's Blue dye and is commemorated by the Royal Society of Chemistry's Meldola Medal. He worked at Hackney Wick from 1877 until 1885.[11] where Meldola's Blue was discovered.[12][13] A large collection of Hackney made dyestuffs is on view at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney Australia.[14] The firm of W.C.Barnes of the Phoenix Works was also engaged in the aniline dye industry at Hackney Wick.
The confectioner Clarnico is synonymous with Hackney Wick. The company, known as Clarke, Nickolls, Coombs until 1946, arrived in Hackney Wick in 1879.[15][16] Despite being taken over by Trebor Bassett, the name lives on in Bassett's Clarnico Mint Creams[17] and also in the CNC Property company.[18] Just after the second world war, Clarnico was the largest confectioner in Britain but moved further across the Lea to Waterden Road in 1955 where it survived for another 20 years. The company had its own brass band in the early 20th century.
Another pathfinding entrepreneur in Hackney Wick was the Frenchman, Eugene Serre. His father, Achille Serre, who had settled in Stoke Newington, introduced dry cleaning to Britain.[19][20] Eugene expanded the business into a former tar factory in White Post Lane and which still carries traces of the firm's name.
Railways
Hackney Wick station is near the scene of the first railway murder. The victim, Thomas Briggs of 5 Clapton Square, was returning from dining with his niece in Peckham in July 1864 and had the misfortune to meet his murderer on the train.[21]
Victoria Park railway station was on the North London Railway to Poplar, which closed to passengers in 1943[22] and to goods in the early 1980s. It was on the site of the present East Cross Route and opened in 1866 at the former junction of the Stratford and Poplar lines, replacing a short-lived station of 1856 on the north side of Wick Lane (now Wick Road). No trace of either remains. The redundant viaduct carrying the former goods line to the Millwall docks over the East Cross Route was removed in the 1990s.
The present Hackney Wick railway station was built on 1854 spur from the original North London Line to Stratford. The entrance poles to the former Hackney Wick Goods and Coal Depot (a site now occupied by housing) are still to be seen beside the Kenworthy Road bridge.[23]
Hackney Wick today
In recent post-industrial times, Hackney Wick has lost most of its industry and much of its population. Very little remains of the inter-war street pattern between the Hertford Union Canal and Eastway (the western part was then known as Gainsborough Road) or the masses of small terraced houses. Many of the street names have permanently vanished due to later redevelopment. Part of the Wick was redeveloped in the 1960s to create the Greater London Council's Trowbridge Estate, which consisted of single-storey modern housing at the foot of seven 21-storey tower blocks.[24] The estate's housing conditions deteriorated quickly and despite an attempt to regenerate the tower blocks,[25] much of the housing in the estate was replaced between 1985 and 1996. The artist Rachel Whiteread made screenprints of photographs of the former Trowbridge estate which are in the Tate Collection as part of her series Demolished.[26]
The Atlas Works of 1863, backing onto the Lee Navigation, was demolished to make way for housing in the 1990s.[27] In the 1930s it had been the home of the British Perforated Paper Co, famous for inventing toilet paper in 1880.
Further along Eastway, the 2012 Olympic site claimed industrial premises formerly used by British Industrial Gases (later British Oxygen Company, BOC) to manufacture oxygen and acetylene and Setright Registers Limited who, between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, made the famous bus ticket issuing Setright Machine used throughout the UK and abroad.
The historic Hackney Wick Stadium, well known throughout the East End for greyhound racing and speedway, became derelict in late 1990s and closed in 2003. However, it became the site for the 2012 Olympic media and broadcast centre and, after the Games, was to be turned over for commercial use.
There are many other signs of revival. The 2012 Olympics development has transformed the edge of the village. London's artistic community,[28] increasingly forced out of the old warehousing and industrial zones by rising rents, are taking an interest in the more affordable industrial buildings out at the Wick.
Hackney Wick's first arts festival, Hackney Wicked,[29] took place from the 8 to 10 August 2008.[30] The festival weekend included show openings from a series of the Wick's local art venues, including Mother Studios, Elevator Gallery, The Residence, Decima Gallery, Schwartz Gallery, Show Dome, Mainyard Gallery, Top and Tail Gallery, The Peanut Factory and Wallis Studios. 2009 saw the staging of a second 'Hackney Wicked' arts festival, which took place from Friday 29 July to Sunday 1 August.[31]
The notable 59 Club for motorcyclists was founded at the Eton Mission church in 1959 in Hackney Wick.
The future
Due to its proximity to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Hackney Wick has swallowed community and public realm development grants further to improve in the area, and no doubt to price local folk out of the housing market.
Walking and cycling and waterways
Hackney Wick is on the Capital Ring walking route, much of which is accessible to cyclists.
The River Lee Navigation, and other local canals, have a tow path which is accessible for both walking and cycling. The Hertford Union Canal is accessed via a ramp from Wick Road, near St Marks Gate. From here, eastward, the Lea Valley Walk provides a continuous route to Hertfordshire for the particularly determined, the National Cycle Route 1 also runs on both towpaths connecting Hackney Wick to the National Cycle Network. Westwards, the towpath proceeds to the Hertford Union junction with the Regent's Canal; to the south this proceeds to Limehouse Basin, and to the north-west provides a route through north London to Islington, Camden and Paddington.
Outside links
References
- ↑ Brickfields History of Hackney
- ↑ Booth Poverty Map Online Archive 1898-9 accessed 14 December 2007
- ↑ Booth's notebook,22 July 1897 pp156-73 accessed: 16 December 2007
- ↑ D.Lysons, The Environs of London, (London, 1811) p.295.
- ↑ A.F.Suter and Co.,Shellac Manufacturers accessed: 11 December 2007
- ↑ London's Lea Valley -More Secrets Revealed, Jim Lewis (Phillimore 2001) pp.65–7
- ↑ Papers of Sir Frederick Warner FRS accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community accessed 11 December 2007
- ↑ History of the International Dyestuffs Industry accessed 11 December 2007
- ↑ W.H.Perkin accessed: 11 December 2007
- ↑ Obituaries, Royal Society of Chemistry
- ↑ Meldola's Blue accessed 11 December 2007
- ↑ Meldola's Blue accessed 11 December 2007
- ↑ Museum,Sydney,Australia accessed: 11 December 2007
- ↑ {{brithist|22708 Hackney: Homerton and Hackney Wick, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 92–101] accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ British Library Catalogue accessed 6 April 2008
- ↑ Clarnico Mint Creams accessed 10 December 2007
- ↑ CNC Properties-History accessed 10 December 2007
- ↑ Design Journal 1970 (6) accessed 9 December 2007
- ↑ The Achille Serre Story by Roy Brazier accessed 9 December 2007
- ↑ Harper's Weekly,10 Sept 1864 accessed 1 December 2007
- ↑ Hackney: Homerton and Hackney Wick - A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 51–59
- ↑ Branch Lines of East London, J.E.Connor (Middleton Press 2000)
- ↑ From Tower to Tower Block, (Hackney Society,1979)
- ↑ GLC Building Act case files, 1982.
- ↑ Rachel Whiteread,Demolished, Tate Modern accessed 11 December 2007
- ↑ Buildings at Risk in Hackney, (Hackney Society 1987)
- ↑ "A transitional landscape". Financial Times. 12 April 2007. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a9347e0e-e852-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621.html. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ↑ "Hackney Wicked 09 – Interview on Spoonfed – Things to do in London". Spoonfed.co.uk. http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/tom-699/hackney-wicked-09-interview-1189/. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ↑ "Hackney Wicked Art Festival, 8th – 10th August 2008 on ArtRabbit". Artrabbit.com. 10 August 2008. http://www.artrabbit.com/features/features/august_2008/hackney_wicked. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ↑ "Hackney Wicked Festivals & family events". Hackneywicked.com. http://www.hackneywicked.com/. Retrieved 18 October 2011.