Rivington

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Rivington
Lancashire

Rivington village green and stocks
Location
Grid reference: SD626144
Location: 53°37’32"N, 2°33’59"W
Data
Population: 109  (2011)
Post town: Bolton
Postcode: BL6
Dialling code: 01204
Local Government
Council: Chorley
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Chorley

Rivington is a small village and civil parish in Lancashire, about six miles south-east of Chorley and about eight-and-a-half miles north-west of Bolton. Rivington is situated on the fringe of the West Pennine Moors, at the foot of Rivington Pike.[1] According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it had a population of 144, reducing to 109 at the 2011 Census. The civil parish originated as the township of the ancient parish of Bolton le Moors.

Life in the Middle Ages centred on the families who owned the manor in what was then an isolated rural community. Agriculture, hand loom weaving, quarrying and mining occupied the few inhabitants until the middle of the 19th century. A chapel built before 1541 was replaced by the present church in 1666 and by 1703 Nonconformism led to the building of a Presbyterian church, now a Unitarian Chapel. A grammar school was founded by charter of Elizabeth I in 1556.

Construction of reservoirs for Liverpool Corporation in the mid-19th century led to a decrease in the population when farms were cleared, the valley flooded and property in the western part of the village demolished. William Lever bought the Rivington Hall estate at the turn of the 20th century and used his wealth to renovate the old barns and create a large public park.

History

Toponymy

The name Rivington is made up of three elements. The first riv is from the Old English hrēof meaning rough or rugged, the second ing is a place name forming suffix that seems to have crept in over the years.[2] The last is the Old English tūn meaning a farmstead, estate or settlement. Together they indicate a farmstead or settlement at the rough or rugged place.[2][3] Another suggestion is a place at the rowan trees.[4]

Rivington was recorded in many ways in earlier centuries, Rowinton, Rawinton, and Revington were used in 1202; Ruhwinton in 1212, Riuiton in 1226, Rowynton and Rouynton in 1278, Roynton in 1332, Rouyngton in 1400, Revyngton although rare, and Rovington and Ryvington from the 16th century.[2][4][5]

Early history

It is possible that settlements have existed in the area around Rivington since the Bronze Age.[6] Arrowheads, a flint knife, scrapers and the remains of cremations were excavated from a Bronze Age cairn at Noon Hill in 1958 and 1963–64.[7] It is possible that the name Coblowe on the eastern bank of the Lower Rivington Reservoir derives from the Old English hlaw, a hill, which denoted an ancient barrow or burial place.[8] Evidence for the existence of a settlement here in Anglo-Saxon times is found in the Rivington and Coblowe names.

Manor

Rivington Hall

In 1212 Alexander de Pilkington held six oxgangs of land, most of the land in the Manor of Rivington in thanage and in 1290[9] the village became home to a junior branch of the Pilkington family.[5][10] Robert Pilkington extended the original Rivington Hall in the 15th century. Rivington Hall Barn is variously dated from Saxon times to the 16th century.[11][12] Robert's son, Richard, rebuilt the chapel and his son James, who was the Bishop of Durham from 1560–75, founded Rivington Grammar School.

After the death of George Pilkington (1516–97), the estate passed to his son, Robert, but it was by then in decline.[5] Robert died in 1605.[13] In 1611, the Pilkingtons sold Rivington Hall estate to Robert Lever and Thomas Breres.

A quarter of the manor was owned by the Lathoms and an eighth by the Shaws. In the 18th century the Shaws sold their share to Lord Willoughby of Parham.[5] On the death of Hugh Willoughby the 15th baron in 1765 the Shaws and Roscoes inherited his estates.[14]

In 1729 John Andrews of Little Lever bought the Breres' share of the manor and was responsible for building the Pike Tower in 1733. His descendant, Robert Andrews, partially rebuilt Rivington Hall in red brick in the Georgian style in 1774.[15] After Andrew's death the property passed to his sister Hannah Maria Andrews, who had married Robert Fletcher of Liverpool. Their daughter, Lucy, married Woodhouse Crompton in 1834 and their descendants remained resident at the hall until 1910.[5] In 1900 the Cromptons sold their interest in the manor and estate of 2,169 acres[16] to William Hesketh Lever.[5] The Rivington Hall estate was acquired by compulsory purchase by Liverpool Corporation in 1902 as part of the reservoir scheme. William Lever created the 364-acre[16] Lever Park to the north of the reservoir. He donated the park to the town of Bolton and after his death the park was owned by Liverpool Corporation. The land is owned by United Utilities.[11]

Industry

A water mill and Mill Hill were mentioned in a grant in 1544.[5] Water power was in general use in Rivington and many houses including the hall had water-mills. The one at the hall was once used to churn butter.[17] The foundations of what could have been a mill opposite Mill Hill Cottages on Rivington Lane, mill ponds, and a smithy were shown on the 1848 first edition Ordnance Survey map. Names such as Mill Hill and Mill Dam Wood also provide evidence of the former mill.[18][19]

Until the 19th century Rivington was a rural village built around what is now the village green. Its inhabitants were employed in agriculture on scattered local farms, hand loom weaving in their own homes, working in the local quarries or the small coal mines on Winter Hill[5][20] Coal mining was on a very small scale. Nicholas Fish, Brooker and Company had a coal pit on Wilders Moor that was mentioned on the 1869 and 1880 mines lists.[21][22] in 1896 the Rivington Moor Colliery employed two workers mining coal from the Mountain coal seam for own or local use.[23]

At Tiger's Clough, in the River Douglas valley, close to the boundary with Horwich, the Knoll Bleachworks and a calico-printing works were operating before 1800.[5] They were demolished by Liverpool Corporation as part of the reservoir scheme in the 1860s.[24]

Reservoirs

Upper Rivington Reservoir with Winter Hill and Rivington Pike

Rivington was dramatically changed by the construction of the Anglezarke, Upper Rivington, Lower Rivington and Yarrow reservoirs which were built to provide Liverpool with a safe, clean water supply. Nine properties in the valley were demolished before construction work began. The Rivington Pike Scheme, still in use today, was undertaken by Thomas Hawksley between 1850 and 1857. The scheme was to construct five reservoirs and a water treatment works at the south end of Lower Rivington with a 17-mile pipeline to storage reservoirs at Prescot. Water from two higher level reservoirs, Rake Brook and Lower Roddlesworth, was carried south in the Goit, a man-made channel connecting them to the lower reservoirs. The scheme was expanded in 1856, to include High Bullough Reservoir, built in 1850 by J. F. Bateman to supply water to Chorley. The scheme was further expanded by the construction of the Upper Roddlesworth Reservoir in 1867–75 by Thomas Duncan and Joseph Jackson.[25] The Rivington watershed comprises 10,000 acres.[26] Yarrow Reservoir, on which work began in 1867, was designed by Thomas Duncan, the Liverpool Borough Engineer.[27]

In 1900 Liverpool Corporation attempted to acquire the entire area to safeguard its water supply, and proposed demolishing the entire village. The Act of Parliament known as the Liverpool Corporation Act 1902 protected some buildings but others were left vulnerable.[28] The Act allowed the corporation to acquire by compulsory purchase properties in the west of the village, including the Black-a-Moors Head public house (known locally as the 'Black Lad') and New Hall, which were demolished between 1902 and 1905. The result was the small settlement that has remained largely unchanged since then.

Geography

Rivington is situated on the moorland fringe between the high unenclosed moorland of the West Pennine Moors and the fields below. The landscape is characterised by marginal pastures with isolated farmsteads, reservoirs and disused mines and quarries scattered across the hillsides. There is an extensive network of footpaths providing public access.[29] The reservoir valleys are dominated by expanses of water and the Victorian gothic architecture of the dams and embankments surrounded by woodland.[30]

To the east of Rivington is Rivington Pike and to the west the flatter land of the Lancashire Plain. Rivington is north of Horwich and Bolton and to the south of Anglezarke Moor and Yarrow Reservoir. To the west of the village is the wide shallow valley containing the Anglezarke, Upper and Lower Rivington reservoirs. The village is accessed from the west by a road on top of the 876-ft-long Horrobin Embankment, a dam that separates the Upper and Lower Rivington reservoirs.[27] The River Douglas has its source on Winter Hill, and flows in a south-west direction forming part of the southern boundary. The River Yarrow has its source on Anglezarke Moor and forms the northern boundary.[5] The area of the township is 2,768 acres, the reservoirs and filter beds occupy 275 acres.[31]

The underlying geology is Millstone Grit overlaid with coal measures. Gritstone was quarried for building stone in the area. Around Rivington are chalybeate springs and in Dean Wood is a waterfall with a descent of 32 ft.[20]

Economy

Tourist Information Centre

In the 19th century farming became less economic when construction of the reservoirs reduced the amount of agricultural land in the village. The weaving industry was mechanised, small mines closed and the population declined further when properties in the village were demolished in the early 20th century.[6] Agriculture, mainly sheep farming, continues although on a small scale. Tourism at Rivington began in Victorian times and after the reservoirs were filled in the 1860s was known as the Little Lake District. Rivington became a popular destination when Lever Park opened in 1904. From the late Victorian period until the mid-20th century tourists from Bolton travelled on day trips by tram along Chorley New Road and then on to Rivington on foot, many more visitors arrived by train.[32]

Today thousands of visitors are attracted to the village, Rivington Pike and Lever Park every year, making tourism the most significant source of income in the area.[6] Go Ape operates an outdoor activity centre in the country park.[33]

Transport

Rivington is to the east to the M61 motorway, which connects the M6 and Preston to the north with the M60 and the Manchester conurbation to the south. The nearest access is at Junction 6. The village is accessed by minor roads from Horwich to the south and Adlington to the west. A winding road to the north passes through Anglezarke and a road over the moors to the east leads to Belmont. The nearest places with regular bus services are Horwich to the south and Adlington to the west, which are served by buses between Bolton and Chorley or Preston.

The arrival of the Manchester and Bolton Railway's extension to Preston and opening of Blackrod railway station in 1841 brought visitors to the area. The line remains open with stations at Blackrod and Horwich Parkway giving access to Bolton, Manchester, Chorley and Preston.[34]

Religion

Rivington Church

Rivington originated as a chapelry in the ancient parish of Bolton le Moors until it became an ecclesiastical parish in its own right. Rivington Church is built on the site of an earlier chapel that was named in a deed by Margaret Pilkington and her son Robert in 1476. In 1628 a chapel was built "upon a little toft and quillet of land" by the local population and divine service was celebrated "for many years of antiquity".[5] The early-16th century chapel was rebuilt in 1666 and altered and restored in 1861.[35] The church is a small plain building built in sandstone with a bell turret. It is an Anglican church and unusual in that it is not dedicated to a saint or martyr, but referred to as Rivington Church.[36]

Rivington Unitarian Chapel was built with a bellcote of local stone in 1703. Founded as a Presbyterian church and became Unitarian in the late 18th century.[37] The chapel, which retains its box pews, was restored in 1990.[38] Both places of worship are listed buildings and have active congregations.

Landmarks

Rivington conservation area

Most listed buildings in Rivington are Grade II listed but two have the higher Grade II* status. They are spread throughout the village and Lever Park, and include the tower on top of Rivington Pike.[39][40] Eight properties in the Rivington conservation area are listed, almost half of the houses in the village. They include the former vicarage, the Manse House and a row of cottages, one of which was the post office, two rows of cottages at Mill Hill and Pilkington's Farmhouse, all of which are private residences. Rivington Church and the Unitarian Chapel are active places of worship; the former grammar school is now a primary school.[6][41] The village stocks on the green are inscribed "T W 1719" on the stone base. The churchwarden and village constable patrolled the village and anyone disregarding the sanctity of the sabbath would be bound in them.[42]

Outside the village centre, Rivington Hall, the adjacent Hall Barn and Great House Barn, which is possibly a tithe barn, are all listed buildings.[43][44] Great House Farm now houses an information centre.[45]

Lever Park

The Pigeon Tower, Lever Park

Lever Park is a designed landscape between the open moorland and the chain reservoirs which incorporates the village and buildings of Rivington into its overall design and is "one of the largest and most impressive examples of landscape design in Edwardian England". It is of national importance and historical significance but has been neglected and has deteriorated.[46] Situated on the east bank of the Lower Rivington reservoir, the park is named after William Lever, Lord Leverhulme,[47] who bought the estate in 1900 and donated 364 acres[16] of land to the people of his native Bolton as a public park. Under the terms of a compulsory purchase order, William Lever was allowed to continue with plans to lay out Lever Park at his own expense, and he maintained it during his lifetime. The park opened in 1904 and contained a boating lake, a zoo, tree-lined avenues and a network of footpaths. A folly, Rivington Castle, was built as a scale replica of Liverpool Castle at Coblowe Hillock near the Lower Rivington Reservoir.[48] Lodges were built at the entrances to the estate, including Stone House Lodge at the main driveway.

A replica of Liverpool Castle in Lever Park

Roynton Cottage, a single-storey wooden bungalow high on the hillside below Rivington Pike, and its extensive gardens were the private property of William Lever which he used for weekend visits and entertaining.[47] Waymark 2009, p. 80 The bungalow was destroyed in an arson attack by suffragette, Edith Rigby, on 8 July 1913.[49] Its replacement was built of stone. Thomas Mawson designed its 45-acre gardens between 1905 and 1922. [31] The private gardens contained terraces and a pool, a Japanese lake and pagoda, Italian-style gardens, a seven-arched bridge and the Pigeon Tower with Lady Leverhulme's sewing room on the top floor.[50] After Lever's death Roynton Cottage was acquired by the Bolton brewer, John Magee. During the Second World War the bungalow was requisitioned for use as a billet for troops, and nissen huts were erected in the grounds. After the war the site was acquired by Liverpool Corporation, who decided to demolish the building.

Sport

The Rivington Pike Fell Race has been held on Easter Saturday since 1892. The fell race originally started from the Horwich railway works, but since 1930 from the park entrance at Lever Park Avenue. It attracts around 400 runners. The course is 3¼ miles long and has a 700 ft ascent.[51][52]

The area around Rivington and Anglezarke was the location for the 2002 Commonwealth Games mountain biking competition.[53] The area is well used by hikers and hillwalkers. The Holcombe Hunt meets each year at Rivington Hall Barn.[54]

Culture

Phoebe Hesketh, lived at Fisher House in the village where she wrote several volumes of poetry and two partly autobiographical books Rivington: the story of a village and Rivington: village of the mountain ash. She also wrote a biography, My Aunt Edith about Edith Rigby the suffragette.[55][56]

The artist Alfred East stayed at Roynton Cottage in summer 1909. Lever commissioned a series of paintings of the surrounding landscape, the reservoirs, country park, village and the pike.[57] Lever gave 15 of them to Bolton Art Gallery[58] and others to Bolton School, the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and the Lady Lever Art Gallery[59] at Port Sunlight. East gave two water colours, A glimpse of Rivington Water and In Rivington Park to Kettering Museum and Art Gallery. The gallery acquired an oil painting [From] Rivington Pike that East exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1913 in the 1960s.[57]

The Walker Art Galley also holds a painting Rivington Valley (1857) by Frederick William Hulme.[60]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Rivington Township Boundaries, GenUKI, http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Rivington/ParishMap.shtml, retrieved 6 June 2010 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Billington 1982, pp. 68–69.
  3. ↑ "Rivington", Key to English Place-Names (Nottingham University), http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Lancashire/Rivington, retrieved 23 April 2017 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Smith 1989, p. 4.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Farrer & Brownbill 1911, pp. 286–294.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Rivington Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Proposals" (PDF). Chorley Council. http://www.chorley.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=3232&p=0. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 
  7. ↑ Historic England. "Noon Hill (43486)". PastScape. http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=43486. Retrieved 16 July 2010 
  8. ↑ Irvine 1904, p. xv.
  9. ↑ Pilkington 1912, pp. 28–29.
  10. ↑ Horrox, Rosemary (2004), "Pilkington family (per. c.1325–c1500), gentry", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/52792?docPos=2, retrieved 27 June 2010 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rivington, United Utilities, archived from the original on 16 July 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081202/http://www.unitedutilities.com/FilmRivington.aspx, retrieved 6 August 2010 
  12. ↑ National Heritage List 1072510: Rivington Hall Barn
  13. ↑ Pilkington 1912, p. 120.
  14. ↑ Shaw 1940, pp. 133–134.
  15. ↑ National Heritage List 1165012: Rivington Hall
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Pilkington 1912, p. 189.
  17. ↑ Irvine 1904, p. 124.
  18. ↑ (pdf) Rivington Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Proposals, Chorley Council, 2009, https://democracy.chorley.gov.uk/documents/s11600/RivingtonConservtnAreaDoc.pdf, retrieved 20 April 2017 
  19. ↑ Template:Cite map
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lewis, Samuel (1848), "Rivington or Rovington", A Topographical Dictionary of England (British History Online): pp. 676–679, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51240#s24, retrieved 4 June 2010 
  21. ↑ Collieries at work in1869, Coal Mining History Resource Centre, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmhrc/lom69nel2.htm, retrieved 7 July 2009 
  22. ↑ Collieries of the United Kingdom art work in 1880 item 351, Ancestry, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmhrc/list80.htm#LANCASHIRE, retrieved 23 April 2017 
  23. ↑ North and East Lancashire's Mining Industry in 1896, projects.exeter.ac.uk, http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mhn/1896-80.htm, retrieved 7 July 2009 
  24. ↑ Lane 2008, p. 12.
  25. ↑ Historic England. "Rivington Reservoirs (1463983)". PastScape. http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1463983. Retrieved 17 June 2010 
  26. ↑ "Story of our 'little Lake District'". Lancashire Telegraph. 30 July 2002. http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/5955467.Story_of_our__little_Lake_District_/. Retrieved 31 March 2017. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Rivington Reservoirs (main scheme), Engineering Timelines, archived from the original on 23 February 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20120223180138/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=775, retrieved 4 June 2010 
  28. ↑ "Liverpool Corporation Act, 1902." (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI). http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact1902/pdf/ukla_19020240_en.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2010. 
  29. ↑ Moorland Fringe, Lancashire County Council, archived from the original on 30 October 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20101030045145/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/landscape/landscapecharacass/charcarea4.asp, retrieved 21 September 2010 
  30. ↑ Reservoir Valleys, Lancashire County Council, http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/landscape/landscapecharacass/charcarea9.asp, retrieved 21 September 2010 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Smith 1984, p. 40.
  32. ↑ Rawlinson 1969, p. 93.
  33. ↑ Go Ape! Rivington, Visit Manchester, https://www.visitmanchester.com/things-to-see-and-do/go-ape-rivington-p327631, retrieved 31 March 2017 
  34. ↑ Horwich Parkway (HWI), National Rail, http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/hwi/details.html, retrieved 30 June 2010 
  35. ↑ "Re-opening of Rivington Church". The Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser (Findmypast). 28 September 1861. http://search.findmypast.co.uk/bna/viewarticle?id=bl%2f0000206%2f18610928%2f022. Retrieved 22 April 2017. 
  36. ↑ Rivington Church, GenUKI, http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Rivington/ParishChurch.shtml, retrieved 3 June 2010 
  37. ↑ Rivington Chapel, GenUKI, http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Rivington/Unitarian.shtml, retrieved 3 June 2010 
  38. ↑ Rivington Unitarian Chapel, Unitarian.org, archived from the original on 27 September 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20100927065749/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/mda/RIVINGTON/, retrieved 4 June 2010 
  39. ↑ Listed Buildings in Rivington, Listed Buildings Online, http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/lancashire/rivington, retrieved 21 June 2010 
  40. ↑ Chorley Borough Council Listed Buildings, Chorley Council, http://www.chorley.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=2322&p=0, retrieved 21 June 2010 
  41. ↑ "Map of Conservation Area" (PDF). Chorley Council. http://www.chorley.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=2018&p=0. Retrieved 7 June 2010. 
  42. ↑ Hampson 1893, p. 130.
  43. ↑ "Listed buildings". Chorley Council. http://www.chorley.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=553. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  44. ↑ "List of listed buildings" (PDF). Chorley Council. http://www.chorley.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=2322&p=0. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  45. ↑ Rivington Information Centre, United Utilities, http://unitedutilities.co.uk/Rivington.htm, retrieved 20 June 2010 
  46. ↑ Crosby, Dr Alan G. (pdf), West Pennine Moors, West Pennine Moors area management committee, pp. 41–42, archived from the original on 18 July 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035759/http://www.westpenninemoors.com/files/uploads/pdfs/strategies/WPMLandscapeHeritageScopingStudyFinal.pdf, retrieved 22 December 2010 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Smith 1984, p. 22.
  48. ↑ Lever Park, Rivington, Parks and Gardens UK, http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,2057, retrieved 6 June 2010 
  49. ↑ (pdf) Preston's Blue Plaques, Edith Rigby, Preston Council, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110928031428/http://www.preston.gov.uk/about/preston-s-blue-plaques/edith-rigby/, retrieved 21 June 2010 
  50. ↑ Waymark 2009, pp. 77–81.
  51. ↑ Running Diary, Running Diary, http://www.runningdiary.co.uk/go/view.cgi/1835, retrieved 2 June 2010 
  52. ↑ Cornthwaite grabs success at Rivington Pike Fell Race, Lancashire Telegraph, http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/athletics/8095382.Cornthwaite_grabs_success_at_Rivington_Pike_Fell_Race/?ref=rss, retrieved 2 June 2010 
  53. ↑ 2002 Commonwealth Games, TheCGF, http://m2002.thecgf.com/venues/RIV/, retrieved 4 June 2010 
  54. ↑ Holcombe Hunt, The Holcombe Hunt, http://www.holcombehunt.com/diary.htm, retrieved 27 September 2010 
  55. ↑ Harvey, Anne (28 February 2016). "Phoebe Hesketh". Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/phoebe-hesketh-13231.html. Retrieved 31 March 2017. 
  56. ↑ Brownjohn, Alan (3 March 2005). "Phoebe Hesketh". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/mar/03/guardianobituaries.books. Retrieved 31 March 2017. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Sir Alfred East (1844- 1913), Friends of Kettering Museum and Art Gallery, http://www.friendskagam.org/alfred.htm, retrieved 31 March 2017 
  58. ↑ View from the Bungalow, Rivington, ArtUK, https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/view-from-the-bungalow-rivington-163066, retrieved 31 March 2017 
  59. ↑ Rivington Water, ArtUK, https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/rivington-water-102495, retrieved 31 March 2017 
  60. ↑ Frederick William Hulme, ArtUK, https://artuk.org/discover/artists/hulme-frederick-william-18161884, retrieved 31 March 2017 

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Phoebe Hesketh (1972), Rivington: the story of a village, London: Peter Davies,, ISBN 0-432-06681-0 

Outside links

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