River Wye, Buckinghamshire
The River Wye is a Buckinghamshire a river 9 miles long. It rises in the Buckinghamshire Chilterns and flows down to High Wycombe and on down to Bourne End, where it falls into the River Thames on the reach above Cookham Lock.
It is commonly believed that High Wycombe takes its name from the river, but the river is not known to have borne that name nor any known name before the eighteenth century, and it is also suggested that the name of the river is a back-formation from that of the town.
The Wye now runs mostly underground through High Wycombe.[1]
Once the river powered a great many mills, but today Pann Mill, at the eastern end of Wycombe, is the last remaining watermill on the River Wye.[2]
Mills
There is a long history of water-mills being operated in the Wye Valley which drops about 200 feet in its 9-mile course. The Domesday Book records eighteen of them in the nine miles between West Wycombe and the Thames.[3]
By the seventeenth century there were fulling mills as well as corn mills. A Court of Survey in 1627 lists six mills running upstream from the boundary with Wooburn Parish: the paper mill, Tredway, Loudwater, Bassetsbury, Chalfonts (Rye) and Bridge. There were by this time at least two paper mills: Glory in Wooburn Green and Hedge in Loudwater. By 1636 another paper mill had been established in the parish of West Wycombe and by 1656 another at Marsh, below Wycombe. At this time paper was made from rags and by the end of the eighteenth century more than 150 men were recorded as papermakers in the valley.
In 1816 there were 32 paper mills (some of which also milled corn), four which only milled corn and one which was also a saw mill. This was when paper making reached its peak in the valley. However, the introduction of the Fourdrinier machine, which produced a continuous roll of paper, led to widespread unemployment and many families went to the cotton mills of Lancashire. In 1830 there were riots when machine wreckers broke the machines at Ash, Marsh Green and Loudwater. Twenty men were punished by penal transportation to Tasmania.[4]
Papermaking continued at the Soho and Glory mills till the end of the twentieth century, though the water-mills gave way to steam in the mid-nineteenth century. The Soho mill in Wooburn was the prime supplier of high-grade colour paper till its demise in 1984.[5]
Shown in order from highest to lowest. Note that Marsh Green to Treadway are on an extra cut parallel to Pan to Loudwater Mills. The number is that given by registration in the eighteenth century.
| Name | Recorded | Last record | No | Type | OS Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Wycombe Mill | 1311 | 1900~ | sawmill (18th C) | SU 8373 9415 | |
| Upper, Francis or Little Mill | 1681 | 1903 | 423 | paper | SU 8443 9400 |
| Lower, Mill End or Fryer’s Mill | 1505 | 1915 | 422 | corn & paper | SU 8490 9384 |
| Lord, Frog or Ball Mill | 1717 | 1883 | 421 | corn & paper | SU 8550 9363 |
| Ash or Lane’s Mill (Broughton/Wynkle’s) (2) | 1596 | 1895 | 419, 420 | paper | SU 8600 9339 |
| Temple Mill (Gosenham) | 1227 | 1895 | corn | SU 8631 9315 | |
| Bridge Mill | 1185 | 1932 | corn | SU 8653 9290 | |
| Pann Mill | 1185 | 1967 | corn | SU 8705 9276 | |
| Rye Mill (Bradshaw’s, Sale’s, Bowler’s, New) | 1346 | 1931 | 411 | paper | SU 8746 9260 |
| Bassetbury Mill | 1411 | 1931 | corn | SU 8771 9240 | |
| Bowden Mill (2) | 1235 | 1939 | 415, 416 | corn & paper | SU 8830 9220 |
| Wycombe Marsh Mill (Lower Marsh) | 1133 | 1993 | 414 | paper | SU 8880 9195 |
| King’s Mill (New) | 1725 | 1939 | 417 | paper | SU 8746 9260 |
| Loudwater Mill (2) | 1483 | 1939 | 430, 431 | paper | SU 9014 9079 |
| Snakely or Ford’s Mill | 1767 | 1970 | 428 | paper | SU 9027 9036 |
| Hedge Mill | 1235 | 1970 | 427 | corn & paper | SU 9042 9012 |
| Marsh Green or Upper Marsh Mill | 1750 | 1816 | 412 | corn & paper | SU 8790 9212 |
| Beech Mill | 1740 | 1900 | 413 | paper | SU 8881 9155 |
| Treadway Mill (Overshot's) | 1682 | 1854 | 418 | corn & paper | SU 8999 9056 |
| Clapton Mill | 1492 | 1922 | 429, 509 | corn, metal & paper | SU 9100 8997 |
| Glory Mill (2) | 1235 | 2000 | 426 | corn & paper | SU9130 8950 |
| Lower Glory Mill | 1631 | 1907 | 425 | corn & paper | SU 9160 8895 |
| Soho Mill | 1705 | 1988 | 424 | corn & paper | SU 9080 8770 |
| Prince’s Mill (Egham Green) (3) | 1730 | 1865 | 287, 288, 289 | corn & paper | SU 9009 8736 |
| Gunpowder Mill (Jackson’s) | 1705 | 1980 | 286 | corn & paper | SU 8978 8717 |
| Hedsor Mill | 1492 | 1980 | 285 | corn & paper | SU 8962 8670 |
| Lower Bourne End Mill[6] | 1719 | 1895 | 284 | Corn & paper | SU 8948 8643 |
References
- ↑ Bucks Free Press River Clean-up Project gets Underway 1 October 2008
- ↑ Pann Mill Watermill
- ↑ L. John Mayes (1985). "Paper in the Wye Valley". in G T Mandl. Three Hundred Years in Paper. London:G T Mandl.
- ↑ "Brief History of High Wycombe". Buckinghamshire County Council. http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/bcc/swop/history.page. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ↑ "Wooburn and Bourne End Parish Council". http://www.wooburnparish.gov.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ↑ Alan Mead (1999). Days of Glory. Far Out Publications.