Reculver Roman Fort
| Reculver Roman Fort Latin: Regulbium | |
|
Kent | |
|---|---|
 Remains of Regulbium Roman Fort | |
| Type: | Roman fort |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TR228693 |
| Location: | 51°22’44"N, 1°12’-0"E |
| Village: | Reculver |
| History | |
| Information | |
| Website: | Reculver Towers and Roman Fort |
Reculver Roman Fort is the site of a fortress of the Roman Empire at Reculver in easternmost Kent. The fort and its associated town were known to the Romans as Regulbium: its name derives from the local British language, meaning "great headland", and gives us the name of Reculver, by way of the Old English 'Raculfceaster'.
Regulbium was an early foundation, possibly from the very year of the Roman invasion under Claudius in AD 42, and in a later centurty it became one of the string of forts of the Saxon Shore.
In the Anglo-Saxon period a monastery was founded within the walls of the abandoned fort, and in the Middle Ages a tall church, St Mary's, was built, whose towers, known as the Reculver Towers are today the most prominent landmark and seamark of Reculver.
History
The first Roman military installation in the area was a small fort built directly after the invasion of Britain in the reign of Claudius, protected by earthworks. It was connected to Durovernum (Canterbury) by a road. The fort was strategically located at the entrance of the Wantsum Channel dividing mainland Kent from the Isle of Thanet, and possibly it housed a signal tower, perhaps a lighthouse. It continued in operation at least until the late 60s, since coins dating to the reign of Nero were found on site.
This early structure is found within the bounds of the later, larger stone fort, which was built in the early 3rd century, probably in 210, since the sole stone inscription found at the fort (in 1960) mentions the then governor of Britain, Aulus Triarius Rufinus.[1] This construction occurred at a time when cities and strategic sites all over Western Europe were fortified in response to the greater threat posed by barbarian raids. The archaeological remains display another period of great activity towards the end of the century, the time of the Carausian Revolt, and again in the first half of the 4th century. However, it appears that after 360, the fort was abandoned by the Roman military.
The masonry castrum at Reculver is unusually early for its location and type,[2] but it can be compared in both age and design with the forts at Branodunum (Brancaster) and Caister-on-Sea, both in Norfolk,[3] and it may be that "the east coast was in need of protection before the south coast, which was patrolled by the Roman navy, the Classis Britannica."[4]
The design of the fort at Reculver can also be compared with those along Hadrian's Wall, in Cumberland and Northumberland.[5] The Notitia Dignitatum (whose western records date from the early 5th century but probably describe the situation at a slightly earlier date), reports the garrison at Reculver as the Cohors I Baetasiorum, and this is reflected in the discovery there of tiles stamped with the initials "CIB".[6] The Cohors I Baetasiorum were previously stationed at Alauna (Maryport) on the Cumberland coast, and, since they probably built the fort at Reculver, this may explain the similarity between it and the forts along Hadrian's Wall.[6]
After the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, the site continued to be inhabited, and, now called Raculf, became a property of the Kings of Kent. In 669, King Ecgberht of Kent founded a monastery on the site of the fort.[7] It clearly was important, since in 690, its abbot, Bertwald, became Archbishop of Canterbury.
Location and construction
The fort stood on the mainland side of the northern entrance to the mile-wide Wantsum Channel, which separated the Isle of Thanet from the mainland. The Channel was a favoured passage for shipping, and the fort was built to both control it and act as a navigational marker. The construction was typical of a Saxon Shore fort, square-shaped with rounded corners. The single rampart was 10 feet thick at the base tapering to 8 feet at the top, with a height of probably 20 feet. It was additionally strengthened by an earthen rampart on the interior, and surrounded by two external ditches. The fort covered an area of 7.6 acres, but almost half of that has been lost to the sea due to erosion.
Outside links
 |
("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Reculver Roman Fort) |
- Reculver Towers and Roman Fort – English Heritage
- Regulbium on 'Roman Britain'
- Reculver – 'Favonius.com'
References
- ↑ Philp, Brian (1969). "The Reculver Inscription". Kent Archaeological Review (17).
- ↑ Allen, J.R.L. & Fulford, M.G. (1999), "Fort Building and Military Supply along Britain's Eastern Channel and North Sea Coasts: The Later Second and Third Centuries", Britannia 30, pp. 163–4.
- ↑ Philp 2005, pp. 225–6; Harris 2001, pp. 32–3
- ↑ Harris 2001, p. 33.
- ↑ Harris 2001, p. 32.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Philp 2005, pp. 224–5.
- ↑ Garmonsway, G.N., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Dent, Dutton, 1972 & 1975, pp. 34-5.
- Fields, N. (2006), Rome's Saxon Shore - Coastal Defences of Roman Britain AD 250-500 (Fortress 56), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-094-9
- Harris, S. (2001), Richborough and Reculver, London: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-765-9
- Johnston, D.E.; et als. (1977), "The Saxon Shore", CBA Research Report (18), http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaresrep/pdf/018/018tl001.pdf, retrieved 2007-08-20
- Philp, B. (1969), "The Roman Fort at Reculver Excavations 1968 -- Interim Report.", Kent Archaeological Review (15), http://cka.moon-demon.co.uk/KAR015/KAR015_Reculver.htm, retrieved 2008-08-10
- Philp, B. (2005), Report on the Excavations of Roman Reculver, Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, ISBN 0-947831-24-X
| Saxon Shore forts |
|---|
|
Branodunum • Gariannonum (Burgh Castle • Caister) • Walton Castle • Othona • Regulbium • Rutupiae • Portus Lemanis • Portus Dubris • Anderitum • Portus Adurni |