Rum

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Rum
Gaelic: Rùm

Inner Hebrides
(Argyllshire)


Loch Fiachanis, looking towards the Cuillin
Main settlement: Kinloch
Location
Location: 56°59’38"N, 6°20’38"W
Grid reference: NM360976
Area: 25,855 acres
Highest point: Askival 2,664 feet
Data
Population: 22

Rùm or Rum, also spelled Rhum, is one of the Small Isles of the Inner Hebrides, in Argyllshire.

Rum is the largest of the Small Isles but is inhabited by only about thirty or so people, all of whom live in the village of Kinloch on the east coast. The island has been inhabited since the 8th millennium BC and provides some of the earliest known evidence of human occupation this far north.

From the 12th to 13th centuries on, the island was held by various clans including the MacLeans of Coll. The population grew to over 400 by the late 18th century but was cleared of its folk between 1826 and 1828. The island then became a sporting estate, the exotic Kinloch Castle built by the Bulloughs in 1900. Rùm was purchased by the Nature Conservancy Council in 1957.

Rum is now an important study site for research in ecology, especially of Red Deer, and is the site of a successful reintroduction programme for the White-tailed Sea Eagle. Its economy is entirely dependent on Scottish Natural Heritage, a public body that now manages the island, and there have been calls for a greater diversity of housing provision. A Caledonian MacBrayne ferry links the island with the mainland town of Mallaig.

Names

Satellite view of Rum

For much of the 20th century the island was known as Rhum, a spelling invented by the former owner, Sir George Bullough, because he did not relish the idea of having the title "Laird of Rum".

The origin of the name is unclear. It may have been named in Norse Rom-øy, which has been argued as meaning "Wide Island". The indefatigable Hamish Haswell-Smith suggests that Rum may be pre-Celtic, or Old Norse for "wide island" or from the Gaelic ì-dhruim meaning "isle of the ridge".[1] Ross in 2007 notes that there is a written record of Ruim from 677 and suggests "spacious island" from the Gaelic rùm. Mac an Tàilleir in 2003 believed that Rum is "a pre-Gaelic name and unclear".

The origins are therefore speculative. It is known for certain that George Bullough changed the spelling to Rhum to avoid the association with the demon drink rum, but not without precedent for the "Rhum" spelling is used on a Kilmory gravestone dated 1843.[2]

In 1991 the Nature Conservancy Council of Scotland (the forerunner to Scottish Natural Heritage) reverted to the use of Rum without the h.[1][3]

In the 13th century there may be references to the island as Raun-eyja and Raun-eyjum and Dean Munro writing in 1549 calls it Ronin.[4][5]

Seafaring Hebrideans had numerous taboos concerning spoken references to islands. In the case of Rum, use of the usual name was forbidden, the island being referred to as Rìoghachd na Forraiste Fiadhaich — "the kingdom of the wild forest".[6]

The island was cleared of its population before the Ordnance Survey could map it and note its native place-names, so it is possible that many names used are speculative. Nonetheless, the significant number of Norse-derived names that exist eight centuries after Viking political control ended indicate the importance of their presence on the island. Of the nine hamlets that were mapped in 1801, seven of the names are of Norse origin.[7]

Geography

Rùm is the largest of the Small Isles, with an area of 25,855 acres. It had a population of only 22 at the 2001 census, making it one of the most sparsely populated of all British islands. There is no indigenous population; the residents are employees of Scottish Natural Heritage and their families, together with a number of researchers and a school teacher.[8] All the residents live in the village of Kinloch, in the east of the island, which has no church nor pub, but does have a village hall and a small primary school. It also has a shop and post office, which is manned by volunteers and keeps irregular hours.[9]

Kinloch is at the head of Loch Scresort, the main anchorage. Kilmory Bay lies to the north. It has a fine beach and the remains of a village, and has for some years served as the base for research into red deer. The area is occasionally closed to visitors during the period of the deer rut in the autumn. The western point is the A'Bhrideanach peninsula, and to the southwest lie Wreck Bay, the cliffs of Sgorr Reidh and Harris Bay. The last is the site of the Bullough's mausoleum. The family decided the first version was inadequate and dynamited it. The second is in the incongruous style of a Greek temple. Papadil (Old Norse: "valley of the hermit") near the southern extremity has the ruins of a lodge built and then abandoned by the Bulloughs.[1]

An 1801 map produced by George Langlands identified nine villages: Kilmory to the north at the head of Glen Kilmory, Samhnan Insir just to the north between Kilmory and Rubha Samhnan Insir, Camas Pliasgiag in the northeast, "Kinlochscresort", (the modern Kinloch), Cove (Laimhrige at Bagh na h-Uamha in the east), Dibidil in the southeast, Papadil in the south, Harris in the southwest, and Guirdil at the head of Glen Shellesder in the northwest.[10][11]

The island's relief is spectacular, a 19th-century commentator remarking that "the interior is one heap of rude mountains, scarcely possessing an acre of level land".[12] This combination of geology and topography make for less than ideal agricultural conditions, and it is doubtful that more than one tenth of the island has ever been cultivated. In the 18th century average land rental values on Rum were a third those of neighbouring Eigg, and only a fifth of Canna's.[13]

Geology

The west coast looking from A' Bhrideanach point towards Bloodstone Hill

The main range of hills on Rum are the Cuillin, usually referred to as the "Rùm Cuillin", in order to distinguish them from the Cuillin of Skye. They are rocky peaks of basalt and gabbro, similar in many ways to their better-known namesakes. Geologically, Rùm is the core of a deeply eroded volcano that was active in the Paleogene era some 65-23 million years ago, and which developed on a pre-existing structure of Torridonian sandstone and shales resting on Lewisian gneiss.[14][15] There are no munros on this island though two of the Cuillin are classified as "Corbetts": Askival and Ainshval, both Old Norse names, meaning "mountain of the ash trees" and "hill of the strongholds" respectively. Other hills include Hallival, Trollaval ('mountain of the trolls'), Barkeval, and Sgurr nan Gillean (Gaelic for "peak of the young men") in the Cuillin and Ard Nev, Orval, Sròn an t-Saighdeir and Bloodstone Hill in the west.[1]

Hallival and Askival are formed from an extraordinary series of layered igneous rocks created as olivine and feldspar crystals accumulated at the base of a magma chamber. The chamber eventually collapsed, forming a caldera. There are swarms of near-vertical dykes of basalt on the northwest coast between Kilmory and Guirdil, created by basaltic magma forcing its way into fissures in the pre-existing rock.[16] The western hills, although less elevated than the Cuillin, exhibit a superb collection of periglacial landforms including boulder sheets and lobes, turf-banked terraces, ploughing boulders and patterned ground. On Orval and Ard Nev the weathered basalt and granophyre has been sorted by frost heaving into circles 20 inches in diameter and weathering on Barkeval has produced unusual rock sculptures. On Sròn an t-Saighdeir there are large sorted granite boulder circles 2–3 yards across on the flat summit and sorted stripes on the slopes. Lava flowing away from the volcanic centre formed Bloodstone Hill, gas bubbles leaving holes in the structure that were then filled with green agate flecked with red. There are some outcrops of the pre-volcanic Lewisian gneiss near Dibidil in the southeast corner of the island, and more extensive deposits of sandstone in the north and east.[17]

Prehistory

Farm Fields, a site near Kinloch, provides some of the earliest known evidence of human occupation this far north. Carbonized hazelnut shells found there have been dated to the Mesolithic age at 7700-7500 BC.[18] At this time the landscape was dominated by alder, hazel and willow scrub.[19] A beach site above Loch Scresort has been dated to between 6500 and 5500 BC. The presence of this hunter-gatherer community may have been to take advantage of the local supplies of bloodstone, a workable material for the making of tools and weapons. There is a shell-midden at Papadil in the south and evidence of tidal fish traps at both Kinloch and Kilmory.[20]

Examination of peat cores and pollen records indicates that soil erosion (suggesting clearance of woodland for agricultural purposes) was taking place in 3470 BC and that evidence of arable cultivation by Neolithic communities exists from 2460 BC.[21] As the climate became damper, peat expanded at the expense of woodland, and post-glacial sea level changes left raised beaches around the coastline 18–45 metres above the present coastline, especially between Harris and A'Bhrideanach.[22] There are prehistoric fort sites at Kilmory, Papadil and Shellesder of uncertain date.[23]

History

Early period

The early inhabitants left only a few written accounts and artefacts. There is legend of the days before the Norse but only in the twelfth century does the island come alive in history.

St Beccan of Rum may have lived on the island for four decades from AD 632, his death being recorded in the Annals of Ulster in 677. He is known to have been conservative on doctrinal matters and surviving examples of his poetry suggest a passionate personality.[24] He wrote of Columba:

In scores of curraghs with an army of wretches he crossed the long-haired sea.
He crossed the wave-strewn wild region,
Foam flecked, seal-filled, savage, bounding, seething, white-tipped, pleasing, doleful.

[25]

Simple stone pillars has been found at Kilmory and Bagh na h-Uamha ('bay of the cave') that may date from this period.[26]

The Macsorley clan held tutelage in the later period of Norse rule from at least 1240, and possibly a century earlier. The only physical evidence of a Norse presence on Rum to date is a piece of carved narwhal ivory unearthed at Bagh na h-Uamh in 1940.[1] Place-name evidence is more compelling.

Middle Ages

By 1346 the island was chartered to John of Islay, the Lord of the Isles.[1] It is possible that during the early Middle Ages the island was used as a hunting reserve by the nobility (hence the 'taboo name' referred to above).[27] John of Fordun indicates that Rum was "with excellent sport, but few inhabitants" and "a wooded and hilly island" in 1380.[28] Two hundred years later Skene noted that:

Romb is ane Ile of small profit, except that it conteins mony deir, and for sustentation thairof the same is permittit unlabourit, except twa townis. It is... all hillis and waist glennis, and commodious only for hunting of deir... and will raise 6 or 7 men.[29]

At the same time the much smaller nearby island of Muck was able to raise 16 able men and in 1625 there were only three villages on Rum, suggesting the population was being deliberately constrained.[30] Substantial stone walls built to funnel deer into pens that may date from this period still exist in the western glens.[31] During the thirteenth century Rum became part of the estates of the powerful Macruari clan for a brief period and then passed into the hands of Clanranald.[32]

16th century

By the mid-16th century, and probably a century earlier, the island was in the possession of the MacLeans of Coll. This transfer may have occurred by extortion, Allan MacRuarie of Clanranald having been held prisoner on Coll for nine months. In 1549 Munro noted that although the island "pertained" to Coll it "obeys instantlie" to the Macleans of Duart,[5] a situation that continued for some time. In 1588 the Small Isles suffered an armed invasion by Lachlan Maclean of Duart and his band of cutthroats, including up to one hundred Spaniards shipwrecked in the aftermath of the English defeat of the Armada. He burnt and put the isles to the sword, sparing neither women nor children. At a later date a report received by King James VI indicated that Clanranald had re-occupied the island, but despite these temporary setbacks the island remained in Maclean of Coll's hands for three centuries or more.[33][34]

17th and 18th centuries

Blaeu's 1654 Atlas of Scotland with Rum, 'Kannay', 'Egg' and 'Muck'.

By the late 17th century Rum's status as a hunting reserve went into decline and population numbers started to rise.[35] Black cattle were raised for export to the mainland, fish caught and barley and potatoes grown. More unusually, goats were kept by the inhabitants, the hair being sent to Glasgow and made into wigs for export to America.[36] The economy was in no small part dependent on the bounty of the sea. Edward Clarke visiting in 1797 dined on:

....milk, oatcakes and Lisbon wine. I was surprised to find wine of that species, and of a superior quality in such a hut, but they told us it was part of the freight of some unfortunate vessel wrecked near the island.[37]

This largesse notwithstanding, conditions were primitive. There was no permanent minister and when one visited he was obliged to conduct sermons in the open air, there being no church. Nor was there a mill, and leather was tanned with willow bark and dressed with sea shells due to the lack of lime.[38] Muck was valued for land rental purposes the same as the whole of Rum at this time, again indicating the poverty of agriculture on the larger island.[39] The growing population of Rum's demands on the land led to the extermination of the native Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) during the latter half of the 18th century.[40]

Samuel Johnson and James Boswell met MacLean of Coll at Talisker on Skye during their 1773 excursion to the Hebrides. Boswell reported that:

After dinner he and I walked to the top of Prieshwell, a very high rocky hill, from whence there is a view of Barra, the Long Island, Bernera, the Loch of Dunvegan, part of Rum, part of Rasay, and a vast deal of the Isle of Skye. Col, though he had come into Skye with an intention to be at Dunvegan, and pass a considerable time in the island, most politely resolved first to conduct us to Mull, and then to return to Skye. This was a very fortunate circumstance; for he planned an expedition for us of more variety than merely going to Mull. He proposed we should see the islands of Egg, Muck, Col, and Tyr-yi. In all these islands he could shew us every thing worth seeing.[41]

In the event, poor weather prevented the travellers visiting the Small Isles en route to Mull.

19th century

Bullough mausoleum at Harris on Rum

By 1801 there were nine hamlets on the island, and its economy received a temporary boost from the kelp industry.[42] The wooded island of five hundred years before was now essentially treeless outside of Kinloch village.[43]

In 1825 the entire island was leased to Dr Lachlan Maclean, a relative of Hugh Maclean of Coll, and its inhabitants (then numbering some 450 people) were given a year's notice to quit their homes, which essentially meant an enforced leaving of the island: most of the population of Rum were tenant farmers, paying rent to the island's owner and in law they neither owned the land they worked or the houses in which they lived. On 11 July 1826, about 300 of the inhabitants boarded two overcrowded ships — the Highland Lad and the Dove of Harmony — bound for Cape Breton in Nova Scotia, Canada. Their passage was paid by Dr Lachlan and by Maclean of Coll. The remaining population followed them in 1827 on the St. Lawrence, along with some 150 inhabitants from the island of Muck, another of Maclean of Coll's properties.[44][45] These evictions were part of a wider event that came to be known as the Highland Clearances, during which people whose culture had existed there for millennia were forced to emigrate.

In 1827, when giving evidence to a government select committee on emigration, an agent of Maclean of Coll was asked "And were the people willing to go?" "Some of them", came the reply, "Others were not very willing, they did not like to leave the land of their ancestors".[46] Years later an eyewitness, a local shepherd, was more forthcoming in his description of the events: "The people of the island were carried off in one mass, for ever, from the sea-girt spot where they were born and bred... The wild outcries of the men and heart-breaking wails of the women and children filled all the air between the mountainous shore of the bay".[47]

Dr Lachlan turned Rum into a sheep farm, with its population replaced by some 8000 blackface sheep, but the price of mutton and wool was in decline. In 1839 Lachlan was forced to relinquish his tenancy of Rum, bankrupt, penniless and, in the words of a Cape Breton letter from 1897, "much worse off than the comfortable people he turned out of Rum 13 years previously". The same letter described Lachlan as "the Curse and Scourge of the Highland Crofters".[48]

In 1844 the visiting geologist, Hugh Miller, wrote:

The single sheep-farmer who had occupied the holdings of so many had been unfortunate in his speculations, and had left the island: the proprietor, his landlord seemed to have been as little fortunate as his tenant, for the island itself was in the market; and a report went current at the time that it was on the eve of being purchased by some wealthy Englishman, who purposed converting it into a deer forest. How strange a cycle![49]

MacLean of Coll sold the island to the Marquess of Salisbury in 1845, who converted it into a sporting estate. The island was then owned by the Campbell family from 1870 to 1888, when John Bullough, a cotton machinery manufacturer and self-made millionaire from Accrington in Lancashire, acquired the island, and continued to use it for recreational purposes. The estate's prospectus for the 1888 sale described Rum as "the most picturesque of the islands which lie off the west coast of Scotland" and "as a sporting estate it has at present few equals". It gave its population as between 60 and 70, all either shepherds or estate workers and their families. There were no crofts on the island.[50] When Bullough died in 1891 he was buried on Rum, in a rock-cut mausoleum under an octagonal stone tower. This was later demolished and his sarcophagus moved into an elaborate mausoleum modelled as a Greek temple. He was succeeded in the ownership of Rum by his son, George Bullough.

20th century

George Bullough (later Sir George), built Kinloch Castle in 1900 using sandstone quarried at Annan in Dumfriesshire[51] (some sources say the stone was from Arran).[52]

Kinloch Castle

At this time there were about 100 people employed on the estate. Fourteen under-gardeners, who were paid extra to wear kilts, worked on the extensive grounds that included a nine-hole golf course, tennis and squash courts, heated turtle and alligator ponds and an aviary including birds of paradise and humming birds. Soil for the grounds was imported from Ayrshire and figs, peaches, grapes and nectarines were grown in greenhouses. The interior boasted an orchestrion that could simulate the sounds of brass, drum and woodwind, an air-conditioned billiards room, and a jacuzzi. This opulence could not be sustained indefinitely. The Bullough finances gradually declined in the 1920s, and their interest in, and visits to Rum decreased. Sir George died in France in July 1939 — he was interred in the family mausoleum on Rum. His widow continued to visit Rum as late as 1954. She died in London in 1967, aged 98, and was buried next to her husband in the Rum mausoleum. In 1957 Lady Bullough had sold the whole island, save for the Mausoleum, but including the castle and its contents, to the Nature Conservancy Council (now Scottish Natural Heritage) for the "knock-down price of £23,000"[53] on the understanding that it would be used as a National Nature Reserve.[1][54][55]

Ecology

Rùm is an important study site for research in ecology and numerous academic papers have been produced based on work undertaken on the island. In addition to its status as Nature Reserve, Rùm was designated a Biosphere Reserve from 1976 to 2002, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1987, and has seventeen sites scheduled as nationally important ancient monuments.[54]

Red Deer

Red Deer

The Red Deer population has been the subject of research for many years, recently under the leadership of Tim Clutton-Brock of the University of Cambridge.[56] These efforts are based at the remote bay of Kilmory in the north of the island. It has been important in the development of sociobiology and behavioural ecology, particularly in relation to the understanding of aggression through game theory.[57]

Ponies, goats and cattle

The island has small herds of ponies, feral goats (Capra hircus) and Highland cattle. The pony herd, which now numbers about a dozen animals, was first recorded on the island in 1772, and in 1775 they were described as being "very small, but a breed of eminent beauty".[58] They are small in stature, averaging only 13 hands in height and all have a dark stripe down their backs and zebra stripes on their forelegs. These features have led to speculation that they may be related to primitive northern European breeds, although it is more likely that they originate from the western Mediterranean. It is sometimes claimed that they are descended from animals that travelled with the wrecked remnant of the Spanish Armada, although it is probable that they arrived by more conventional means. The goat stocks were improved for stalking in the early 20th century and acquired a reputation for the size of their horns and the thickness of their fleeces. The flock of about 200 spends most of its time on the western sea cliffs. The native cattle were re-introduced in 1970, having been absent since the 19th century clearances. The herd of 30 grazes in the Harris area from September to June, and further north in Glen Shellesder in the summer months.[11][59][60]

Other fauna

Rum is also noted for its bird life. The population of 70,000 Manx Shearwaters is one of the largest breeding colonies in the world. These migrating birds that spend their winters in the South Atlantic off Brazil, and return to Rùm every summer to breed in underground burrows high in the Cuillin Hills. White-tailed Sea Eagles were exterminated on the island by 1912 and later became extinct in Scotland. A programme of reintroduction began in 1975, and within ten years 82 young sea eagles from Norway had been released. There is now a successful breeding population in the wild.[54]

In the streams there are brown trout, eels and three-spined stickleback. Salmon occasionally run in the Kinloch River.[61] The only amphibian found on Rum is the Palmate Newt and the only reptile native to Rum is the common lizard. Invertebrates are diverse and have been studied there since 1884, numerous species of damsel fly, dragonfly, beetle, butterflies, moths and the like. having been recorded. Several rare upland species are found on the ultrabasic slopes of Barkeval, Hallival and Askival including the ground beetles Leistus montanus and Amara quenseli. The Highland midge occurs in "unbelievable numbers".[62]

In October 2006 the popular Autumnwatch series on BBC television showed coverage of the deer rut at Kilmory Bay.[63]

Flora

Kinloch from the south

A tree nursery was established at Kinloch in 1960 in order to support a substantial programme of re-introducing twenty native species including silver birch, hawthorn, rowan and holly.[64] The forested area, which consists of over a million re-introduced native trees and shrubs, is essentially confined to the vicinity of Kinloch and the slopes near this site surrounding Loch Scresort and on nearby Meall á Ghoirtein.[1] The island's flora came to widespread attention with the 1999 publication of the book A Rum Affair by Karl Sabbagh, a British writer and television producer. The book told of a long-running scientific controversy over the alleged discovery of certain plants on Rùm by botanist John William Heslop Harrison - discoveries that are now considered to be fraudulent. Heslop Harrison is widely believed to have placed many of these plants on the island himself to provide evidence for his theory about the geological development of the Hebridean islands.[65] Nonetheless, the native flora offers much of interest. There are rare Arctic sandwort and Alpine pennycress, endemic varieties of the heath spotted-orchid and eyebright, as well as more common species such as sundew, butterwort, blue heath milkwort and roseroot.[1] A total of 590 higher plant and fern taxa have been recorded.[66]

Economy, transport and culture

The old ferry pier at Kinloch, with Knoydart behind

The entire island is owned and managed as a single estate by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). As noted above, the island has a transient population comprising employees of SNH and their families, researchers, and a teacher. Until recently SNH have been opposed to the development of the island as a genuine community, but there has been a change in approach since the beginning of 2007. Di Alexander, development manager for the Highlands Small Communities Housing Trust has said: "It has been clear for many years that the small community on Rum needs to increase and diversify its housing supply away from exclusively SNH-tied housing. Even a couple of new rented houses could make such a difference to the community's wellbeing."[67]

Surprisingly perhaps, on a 25,000-acre estate with a population less than thirty, an issue has been lack of land for building. However, an SNH spokesman has stated "Once we are clear what the trust's priorities are, we will release the land". The Prince's Regeneration Trust, which is drawing up a conservation plan for Kinloch Castle, may also make proposals for renewable energy generation on the island.[67]

In 2008 a "Rum Task Group" was created to generate proposals for advancing community development opportunities and to establish crofting settlements to the area around Kinloch village.[68][69][70]

A ferry links Rùm and the neighbouring Small Isles of Canna, Eigg and Muck, to the mainland port of Mallaig some 17 miles and 1½ hours' sailing away.

The Rum Cuillin from Moidart

The best anchorage is Loch Scresort, with other bays offering only temporary respites from poor weather.[1][71] Robert Buchanan writing in the 19th century described it as:

As sweet a little nook as ever Ulysses mooned away a day in, during his memorable voyage homeward. Though merely a small bay, about a mile in breadth, and curving inland for a mile and a half, it is quite sheltered from all winds save the east, being flanked to the south and west by Haskeval and Hondeval, and guarded on the northern side by a low range of heathery slopes. In this sunny time, the sheep are bleating from the shores, the yacht lies double, yacht and shadow, and the bay is painted richly with the clear reflection of the mountains.[72]

In the summer of 2002 a reality TV programme titled Escape from Experiment Island was filmed on the island. This short-lived show (6 episodes) was produced by the BBC in conjunction with the Discovery Channel. The show was to piggyback on the success of Junkyard Wars by having the teams build vehicles to escape from the island.[73]

Outside links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 1841954543. 
  2. ↑ Love (2002) p?.
  3. ↑ Ross, David (2007) Dictionary of Scottish Place-names. Edinburgh. Birlinn/Scotland on Sunday.
  4. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 88.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Munro, D. (1818) Description of the Western Isles of Scotland called Hybrides, by Mr. Donald Munro, High Dean of the Isles, who travelled through most of them in the year 1549. Miscellanea Scotica, 2.
  6. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 110.
  7. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 67 and 70.
  8. ↑ "Assessment of Social Capital on Rum and the Small Isles" (PDF). Centre for Rural Economy, Newcastle University. 2007. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1051/0054853.pdf. Retrieved 9 October 2009.  The report also notes a lack of community cohesion on Rum, which it ascribes in part to the transient nature of the population.
  9. ↑ "Services". Isle of Rum community. http://www.isleofrum.com/services.php. Retrieved 4 April 2012. 
  10. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 142.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Virtanaen, R., Edwards, G.R. and Crawley M.J. (2002) Red deer management and vegetation on the Isle of Rum (pdf) Journal of Applied Ecology 39 572-83.
  12. ↑ MacCulloch, J. (1824) The Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland. Vol. IV. London.
  13. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 136, quoting Walker's Report on the Hebrides of 1764.
  14. ↑ McKirdy et al. (2007) page 150.
  15. ↑ Emeleus, C.H. "The Rhum Volcano" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 12.
  16. ↑ Emeleus, C.H. "The Rhum Volcano" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 11.
  17. ↑ McKirdy et al. (2007) pages 194 and 284-5.
  18. ↑ Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) page 70.
  19. ↑ McKirdy et al. (2007) page 196.
  20. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 1-7.
  21. ↑ Ballantyne, Colin K, and Dawson, Alastair G. "Geomorphology and Landscape Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) page 42.
  22. ↑ McKirdy et al. (2007) pages 196, 214 and 286.
  23. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 2.
  24. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 21-25.
  25. ↑ "Tiugraind Beccain" in Clancy, T.O. and Markus, G. eds. (1995) Iona- The Earliest Poetry of A Celtic Monastery quoted by Rixson (2001) page 25.
  26. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 35.
  27. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 99.
  28. ↑ John of Fordun (c. 1380) Scotichronicon quoted in Rixson (2001) pages 100 and 154.
  29. ↑ Skene The Description of the Isles of Scotland, 1577-95 quoted in Rixson (2001) page 100.
  30. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 100-1.
  31. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 111.
  32. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 93.
  33. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 117-9.
  34. ↑ Love, J.A. "Rhum's Human History" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 30.
  35. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 93 and 107-8.
  36. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 141, quoting Walker's Report on the Hebrides of 1764.
  37. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 15.
  38. ↑ Pennant, Thomas (1772) A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides.
  39. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 81.
  40. ↑ Clutton-Brock, T. and Guinness F.E. "Red Deer" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 95.
  41. ↑ Boswell, James (1775) Journal of A Tour to the Hebrides With Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
  42. ↑ Rixson (2001) pages 142-4.
  43. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 155.
  44. ↑ Love, J.A. "Rhum's Human History" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) pages 39-40.
  45. ↑ Love (2002), page ?
  46. ↑ Love (2002), page 129.
  47. ↑ Waugh, Edwin (1882) The Limping Pilgrim quoting an unknown shepherd. Recorded in Love, J.A. "Rhum's Human History" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 40.
  48. ↑ Love (2002), page 128.
  49. ↑ Miller, Hugh (1845) The Cruise of the Betsey. National Museums Of Scotland: (2000 reprint). ISBN 190166354
  50. ↑ Love (2002) pages 222-23.
  51. ↑ Scottish Natural Heritage (1999) page 9.
  52. ↑ See for example, McKirdy et al. (2007) page 144.
  53. ↑ Love (2002) page 260.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Rum National Nature Reserve: 'The Big Small lsle' " (pdf) SNH. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  55. ↑ Rixson (2001) page 205.
  56. ↑ See for example Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Coulson, T.N.; Milner-Gulland, E. J; Thomson, D.; Armstrong, H.M.; Sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations. (2002) (pdf) Nature 415: 633-637.
  57. ↑ Yoccoz, Nigel G.; Mysterud, Atle; Langvatn, Rolf; & Stenseth, Nils Chr. "Age- and density-dependent reproductive effort in male red deer" (2002) (pdf) The Royal Society. London. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  58. ↑ Gordon, I., Dunbar, R., Buckland D., and Miller, D. "Ponies, Cattle and Goats" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) pages 110-6. The pony quotation is Maclean of Coll, as told to Samuel Johnson.
  59. ↑ Pennant, Thomas (1775) A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides 1772. Republished by Birlinn, Edinburgh (1998).
  60. ↑ Gordon, I., Dunbar, R., Buckland D., and Miller, D. "Ponies, Cattle and Goats" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) pages 110-6.
  61. ↑ Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 143.
  62. ↑ Wormell, P. "Invertebrates of Rhum" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) pages 64-74.
  63. ↑ "Autumnwatch animal action" BBC. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
  64. ↑ Ball. M.E. "Botany, Woodland and Forestry" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 57.
  65. ↑ Sabbagh, Karl (1999)
  66. ↑ Ball. M.E. "Botany, Woodland and Forestry" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 48.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 O'Connell, Sanjida (17 October 2007) "Seeking sanctuary" The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  68. ↑ Ross, John (7 February 2008) " 'Forbidden Isle' gets a new champion". Edinburgh. The Scotsman.
  69. ↑ Riddoch, Lesley, (8 June 2008) "Regenerating Rum" London. The Guardian.
  70. ↑ "Rum to be handed back to islanders" (18 June 2008) Local People Leading, quoting The Times. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  71. ↑ "Island and Wildlife Cruises" Arisaig Marine. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  72. ↑ Buchanan, Robert (1872) The Hebrid Isles quoted in Cooper, Derek (1979) Road to the Isles: Travellers in the Hebrides 1770-1914. London. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Page 117.
  73. ↑ "US gets new BBC realilty show". BBC News. 21 May 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2000502.stm. Retrieved 27 October 2007.  The misspelling of 'reality' is in the original.
  • Clutton-Brock, T. and Ball, M.E. (Eds) (1987) Rhum: The Natural History of an Island. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-513-0
  • Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC—AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1736-1
  • Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 1841954543. 
  • Love, John A. (2002) Rum: A Landscape Without Figures. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-224-7
  • McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-357-X
  • Rixson, Dennis (2001) The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-154-2
  • Sabbagh, Karl (1999) A Rum Affair. London. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9277-8
  • Scottish Natural Heritage (1999) Kinloch Castle Perth. SNH Publications. ISBN 1-85397-043-3

Books

  • Cameron, Archie (1998) Bare Feet and Tackety Boots: A Boyhood on the Island of Rum. Luath Press. ISBN 0-946487-17-0.
  • John A. Love (2001) Rum: A Landscape Without Figures. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
  • Pearman, D.A.; Preston, C.D.; Rothero, G.P.; and Walker, K. J. (2008) The Flora of Rum. Truro. D.A. Pearman. ISBN 978-0-9538111-3-7
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