Gray's Inn

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Gray's Inn

Middlesex


Gray's Inn Square
Type: Inn of Court
Location
Grid reference: TQ310817
Location: 51°31’11"N, 0°6’46"W
History
Inn of Court
Information
Owned by: The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn
Website: graysinn.org.uk

Gray's Inn is an enclosed estate and complex of buildings governed by The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. This is an extensive precinct with almost 6 acres of gardens alone, all found just north of the bounds of City of London, north of High Holborn and west of Gray's Inn Road.

The Inn is predominantly set around two squares, South Square and Gray’s Inn Square, and its gardens. The Estate contains barristers’ chambers and firms of solicitors renting accommodation a prestigious legal location.

This is one of the four Inns of Court – the professional associations of the barristers of England and Wales, and a man or woman must belong to one of these four inns to be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister. The Inn is both a professional body and a provider of office accommodation chambers) for many barristers. It is ruled by a governing council called "Pension", made up of the Masters of the Bench (or "Benchers"), and led by the Treasurer, who is elected to serve a one-year term. It is self-governing in its internal matters but is not a liberty exempt from the local authority as are the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple.

The Inn is known for its gardens, or Walks, which have existed since at least 1597.

Gray's Inn does not claim a specific foundation date (and there is a tradition that none of the Inns of Court claims to be any older than the others). Law clerks and their apprentices have been established on the present site since at least 1370, with records dating from 1381. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inn grew steadily with great prestige, reaching its pinnacle during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Inn was home to many important barristers and politicians, most notably Francis Bacon, and counted Elizabeth herself as a patron. Thanks to the efforts of prominent members such as William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, Gray's Inn became the largest of the four by number, with over 200 barristers recorded as members. During this period, the Inn became noted for the masques and revels that it threw, and William Shakespeare is believed to have first performed the Comedy of Errors at Gray's Inn.

The Inn continued to prosper during the reign of King James I (1603–1625) and the beginning of that of Charles I, when over 100 students each year were recorded as joining. The outbreak of the Civil War in 1642 during the reign of Charles I disrupted the systems of legal education and governance at the Inns of Court, shutting down all calls to the Bar and new admissions, and Gray's Inn never fully recovered. Fortunes continued to decline after the Restoration, which saw the end of the traditional method of legal education. Although now more prosperous, Gray's Inn is today the smallest of the Inns of Court.

History

During the 12th and 13th centuries, law was taught in the City of London, primarily by the clergy. During the 13th century, two events happened that destroyed this form of legal education; firstly, a decree by King Henry III on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London,[1] and secondly a papal bull was issued in 1254 that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law.[2] As a result, the existing system of legal education fell apart. The common lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, the nearest place to the law courts at Westminster Hall that was outside the City.[2]

Founding and early years

The early records of all four Inns of Court have been lost, and it is not known precisely when each was founded. The records of Gray's Inn itself are lost until 1569, and the precise date of founding cannot therefore be verified.[3] Lincoln's Inn has the earliest surviving records. Gray's Inn dates from at least 1370,[4] and takes its name from Reginald de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Wilton, as the Inn was originally Wilton's family townhouse (or inn) within the Manor of Portpoole.[5] A lease was taken for various parts of the inn by practising lawyers as both residential and working accommodation, and their apprentices were housed with them. From this the tradition of dining in "commons", probably by using the inn's main hall, followed as the most convenient arrangement for the members. Outside records from 1437 show that Gray's Inn was occupied by socii, or members of a society, at that date.[5]

In 1456 Reginald de Gray, the owner of the Manor itself, sold the land to a group including Thomas Bryan. A few months later, the other members signed deeds of release, granting the property solely to Thomas Bryan.[6] Bryan acted as either a feoffee or an owner representing the governing body of the Inn (there are some records suggesting he may have been a Bencher at this point) but in 1493 he transferred the ownership by charter to a group including Sir Robert Brudenell and Thomas Wodeward, reverting the ownership of the Inn partially back to the Gray family.[7]

In 1506 the Inn was sold by the Gray family to Hugh Denys[8] and a group of his feoffees including Roger Lupton.[9] This was not a purchase on behalf of the society and after a five-year delay, it was transferred under the will of Denys in 1516 to the Carthusian House of Jesus of Bethlehem (Sheen Priory),[10] which remained the Society's landlord until 1539,[11] when the Second Act of Dissolution led to the Dissolution of the Monasteries and passed ownership of the Inn to the Crown.[12]

Elizabethan golden age

Queen Elizabeth I; the Inn's patron during its "golden age"

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Gray's Inn rose in prominence, and that period is considered the "golden age" of the Inn, with Elizabeth serving as the Patron Lady. This can be traced to the actions of Nicholas Bacon, William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, all prominent members of the Inn and confidantes of Elizabeth.[13] Cecil and Bacon in particular took pains to find the most promising young men and induce them to join the Inn.[14] In 1574 it was the largest of all the Inns of Court by number, with 120 barristers, and by 1619 it had a membership of more than 200 barristers.[15]

Gray's Inn, as well as the other Inns of Court, became noted for the parties and festivals it hosted. Students performed masques and plays in court weddings, in front of Queen Elizabeth herself, and hosted regular festivals and banquets at Candlemas, All Hallows Eve and Easter.[16] At Christmas the students ruled the Inn for the day, appointing a Lord of Misrule called the Prince of Purpoole,[17] and organising a masque entirely on their own, with the Benchers and other senior members away for the holiday.[18]

The Gray's Inn masque in 1588 with its centrepiece, The Misfortunes of Arthur by Thomas Hughes, is considered by A.W. Ward be the most impressive masque thrown at any of the Inns.[19] William Shakespeare performed at the Inn at least once, as his patron, Lord Southampton, was a member.[20] For the Christmas of 1594, his play The Comedy of Errors was performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men before a riotous assembly of notables in such disorder that the affair became known as the Night of Errors and a mock trial was held to arraign the culprit.[17]

Central to Gray's was the system shared across the Inns of Court of progress towards a call to the Bar, which lasted approximately 12 to 14 years. A student would first study at either Oxford or Cambridge, or at one of the Inns of Chancery, which were dedicated legal training institutions.[21] If he studied at Oxford or Cambridge he would spend three years working towards a degree, and be admitted to one of the Inns of Court after graduation. If he studied at one of the Inns of Chancery he would do so for one year before seeking admission to the Inn of Court to which his Inn of Chancery was tied—in the case of Gray's Inn, the attached Inns of Chancery were Staple Inn and Barnard's Inn[22] (neither of which survives today). After admission as an "inner barrister", the student would study, take part in the moots and attend lectures for six to nine years before being admitted as an "utter barrister", whose duties to educate the upcoming geenration continued until he began to practise in the courts.

Francis Bacon House at Gray's Inn

Many noted barristers, judges and politicians were members of the Inn during this period, including Gilbert Gerard, Master of the Rolls, Edmund Pelham, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and Francis Bacon, who served as Treasurer for eight years, supervising significant changes to the facilities of the Inn and the first proper construction of the gardens and walks for which the Inn is noted.[23]

Caroline period and the Civil War

A 1677 map of Gray's Inn at Holborn

When King Charles I came to the throne, the Inn continued to prosper. Over 100 students were admitted to the Inn each year, and except during the plague of 1636 the legal education of students continued.[24] Masques continued to be held, including one in 1634 organised by all four Inns that cost £21,000. Before 1685 the Inn counted as members five dukes, three marquesses, twenty-nine earls, five viscounts and thirty-nine barons, and during that period "none can exhibit a more illustrious list of great men".[25]

The outbreak of the Civil War led to a complete suspension of legal education, and from November 1642 until July 1644 no Pension meetings were held. Only 43 students were admitted during the four years of the war, and none were called to the Bar.[26] Meetings of Pension resumed after the Battle of Marston Moor but the education system remained dormant. Although Readers were appointed, none read, and no moots were held.[27] In 1646, after the end of the war, there was an attempt to restore the old system of readings and moots, and in 1647 an order was made that students were required to moot at least once a day.[28] This failed to work, with Readers refusing to read, and the old system of legal education completely died out.[29]

South Square in Gray's Inn

This period saw a decline in prosperity for Gray's Inn. Following the Restoration, admissions fell to an average of 57 a year.

Restoration to present

Even after the Restoration of King Charles II, the fortunes of Gray's Inn continued to decline and by 1719 only 22 students were joining the Inn a year.[30] This fall in numbers was partly because the landed gentry were struggling economically and no longer sending the Inn sons who had no intention of becoming barristers:[31] in 1615, 13 students joined the Inn for every student called to the Bar, but by 1713 the ratio had become 2.3 new members to every 1 call.[32] In 1733, the rules for admission to the bar were reformed dramatically, to allow for admission after just three years, and education was improved, which saved the profession from irreversible decline.

Gray's Inn was the venue for an early first-class cricket match on Thursday, 2 July 1730 between London Cricket Club and Kent county Cricket Club. Kent won the game by an unknown margin. The original source reports "a cricket-match between the Kentish men and the Londoners for £50, and won by the former", giving the precise location as "a field near the lower end of Gray's Inn Lane, London".[33][34][35][36]

During the 19th century, the Inns began once again to stagnate. Gray's Inn suffered more than most; as in the 18th century, the fortunes of its members declined, and many barristers who had been called to the Bar at the Inn transferred to others.[37]

During the early 20th century, Gray's Inn was the smallest of the Inns and was noted for its connection to the Northern Circuit.[38] During the Second World War, the Inn was badly damaged during the Blitz in 1941, with the Hall, the Chapel, the Library and many other buildings hit and almost destroyed. The rebuilding of much of the Inn took until 1960[39] by the architect Sir Edward Maufe.[40] In 2008 Gray's Inn became the first Inn to appoint "fellows"—elected businesspeople, legal academics and others—with the intent of giving them a wider perspective and education than the other Inns would offer.[41]

Badge

The Gray's Inn badge (a gold griffin on a black field)

Gray's Inn does not possess a coat of arms as such, but instead uses a badge, often displayed on a shield, blazoned either " Azure an Indian Griffin proper segreant"[42] or, more currently, "Sable a griffin segreant or", i.e., a gold griffin on a black background.[20] The Inn originally used a form of the coat of arms of the de Grey family,[43] but this was changed at some time around 1600 to the griffin. There is no direct record of why this was done, but it seems likely that the new device was adapted from the arms of the Treasurer Richard Aungier (d. 1597), for two probable reasons: firstly, because he was a particularly important and prestigious member of the Inn, and secondly, because the griffin would have looked more impressive on occasions such as masques and revels than the plain geometric arms of the de Greys.[20]

The motto around the badge, the date of adopt ion of which is unknown, is Integra Lex Aequi Custos Rectique Magistra Non Habet Affectus Sed Causas Gubernat, or "Impartial justice, guardian of equity, mistress of the law, without fear or favour rules men's causes aright".[20]

Buildings and gardens

The Inn's buildings and walks, in a compound on the left hand side of "Greys ynne la.", shown on the "Woodcut" map of London of the 1560s

The Inn is located at the intersection of High Holborn and Gray's Inn Road. It started as a single manor house with a hall and chapel, although an additional wing had been added by the date of the "Woodcut" map of London, drawn probably in the early 1560s. Expansion continued over the following decades, and by 1586 the Pension had added another two wings around the central court. Around these were several sets of chambers erected by members of the Inn under a leasehold agreement whereby ownership of the buildings would revert to the Inn at the end of the lease.[44]

As the Inn grew it became necessary (for safety purposes) to wall off the land owned by the Inn, which had previously been open to everyone. In 1591 the "back field" was walled off, but little more was done until 1608, when under the supervision of Francis Bacon, the Treasurer, more construction work was undertaken, particularly in walling off and improving the gardens and walks.[45] In 1629 it was ordered that an architect supervise any construction and ensure that the new buildings were architecturally similar to the old ones, and the strict enforcement of this rule during the 18th century is given as a reason for the uniformity of the buildings at Gray's Inn.[46]

During the late 17th century many buildings were demolished, either because of poor repair or to standardise and modernise the buildings at the Inn.[30] Many more were built over the open land surrounding the Inn, although this was controversial at the time; in November 1672 the Privy Council and King Charles II himself were petitioned to order that nothing should be built on the open land, and a similar request was sent to the Lord Chancellor in May 1673.[31] From 1672 to 1674 additional buildings were constructed in the Red Lyon Fields by Nicholas Barebone, and members of the Inn attempted to sue him to prevent this. After the lawsuits failed members of the Inn were seen to fight with Barebones' workmen, "wherein several were shrewdly hurt".[47]

In February 1679 a fire broke out on the west side of Coney Court, necessitating the rebuilding of the entire row. Another fire broke out in January 1684 in Coney Court, destroying several buildings including the Library. A third fire in 1687 destroyed a large part of Holborn Court, and when the buildings were rebuilt after these fires they were constructed of brick to be more resistant to fire than the wood and plaster previously used in construction. As a result, the domestic Tudor style architecture which had dominated much of the Inn was replaced with more modern styles.[48] Records show that prior to the rebuilding in 1687, the Inn had been "so incommodious" that the "ancients" were forced to work two to a chamber.[49] More of the Inn was rebuilt during that period, and between 1669 and 1774 all of the Inn apart from parts of the Hall and Chapel had been rebuilt.[50]

More buildings were constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1941 the Inn suffered under The Blitz, which damaged or destroyed much of the Inn, necessitating the repair of many buildings and the construction of more.[39]

Today many buildings are let as professional offices for barristers and solicitors with between 265,000 square feet and 275,000 square feet of office space available.[39] There are also approximately 60 residential apartments, rented out to barristers who are members of the Inn.[51] The Inn also contains the Inns of Court School of Law, a joint educational venture between all four Inns of Court where the vocational training for barristers and solicitors is undertaken.[52] The current Inn layout consists of two squares—South Square and Gray's Inn Square—with the remaining buildings arranged around the Walks.[53]

Hall

Gray's Inn Hall

The Hall was part of the original Manor of Portpoole, although it was significantly rebuilt during the reign of Mary I,[54] and again during the reign of Elizabeth, with the rebuilding being finished on 10 November 1559.[55] The rebuilt Hall measured 70 feet in length, 35 feet in width and 47 feet in height, and remains about the same size today.[56] It has a hammerbeam roof and a raised dais at one end with a grand table on it, where the Benchers and other notables would originally have sat.[57]

The hall also contains a large carved screen at one end covering the entrance to the vestibule. Legend says that the screen was given to the Inn by Elizabeth I while she was the Inn's patron, and is carved out of the wood of a Spanish galleon captured from the Spanish Armada.[56] The Hall was lit with the aid of massive windows filled with the Arms of those members who became Treasurers.[54] The Benchers' table is also said to have been a gift from Elizabeth, and as a result the only public toast in the Inn until the late 19th century was "to the glorious, pious and immortal memory of Queen Elizabeth".[58]

The walls of the Hall are decorated with paintings of noted patrons or members of the Inn, including Nicholas Bacon and Elizabeth I.[59] During the Second World War the Hall was one of those buildings badly damaged during the Blitz. The Treasurers' Arms and paintings had been moved to a place of safety and were not damaged; during the rebuilding after the War they were put back in the Hall, where they remain.[56] The rebuilt hall was designed by Edward Maufe, and was formally opened in 1951 by the Duke of Gloucester.[60]

Chapel

The Chapel existed in the original manor house used by the Inn,[61] and dates from 1315.[62] In 1625 it was enlarged under the supervision of Eubule Thelwall,[63] but by 1698 it was "very ruinous", and had to be rebuilt.[30] Little is known of the changes, except that the barrister's chambers above the Chapel were removed.[50] The building was again rebuilt in 1893, and remained that way until its destruction during The Blitz in 1941.[56] The Chapel was finally rebuilt in 1960, and the original stained glass windows (which had been removed and taken to a safe location) were restored.[56] The rebuilt Chapel contains "simple furnishings" made of Canadian maple donated by the Canadian Bar Association.[64]

The Inn has had a Chaplain since at least 1400, where a court case is recorded as being brought by the "Chaplain of Greyes Inn".[65] During the 16th century the Inn began hiring full-time preachers to staff the Chapel—the first, John Cherke, was appointed in 1576.[61] A radical Puritan in a time of religious conflict, Cherke held his post for only a short time before being replaced by a Thomas Crooke in 1580.[66] After Crooke's death in 1598 Roger Fenton served as preacher, until his replacement by Richard Sibbes, later Master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, in 1616.[66] Gray's Inn still employs a Preacher; Michael Doe (bishop)|Michael Doe, former Bishop of Swindon and more recently General Secretary of the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, was appointed in 2011.[67]

Walks

An image from 1702 showing the Walks

The Walks are the gardens within Gray's Inn, and have existed since at least 1597, when records show that Francis Bacon was to be paid £7 for "planting of trees in the walkes".[68] Prior to this the area (known as Green Court) was used as a place to dump waste and rubble, since at the time the Inn was open to any Londoner.[69] In 1587 four Benchers were ordered by the Pension to "consider what charge a brick wall in the fields will draw unto And where the said wall shalbe fittest to be builded", and work on such a wall was completed in 1598, which helped keep out the citizens of London.[70]

In 1599 additional trees were planted in the Walks, and stairs up to the Walks were also added.[71] When Francis Bacon became treasurer in 1608 more improvements were made, since he no longer had to seek the approval of the Pension to make changes. In September 1608 a gate was installed on the southern wall, and various gardeners were employed to maintain the Walks.[72] The gardens became commonly used as a place of relaxation, and James Howell wrote in 1621 that "I hold [Gray's Inn Walks] to be the pleasantest place about London, and that there you have the choicest society".[73]

The Walks were well-maintained during the reign of William III, although the Inn's lack of prosperity made more improvements impossible.[74] In 1711 the gardener was ordered not to admit "any women or children into the Walkes", and in 1718 was given permission to physically remove those he found. At the end of the 18th century Charles Lamb said that the Walks were "the best gardens of any of the Inns of Court, their aspect being altogether reverend and law-abiding".[74] In 1720 the old gate was replaced by "a pair of handsome iron gates with peers and other proper imbellishments".[75] The 19th and 20th centuries saw few major changes, apart from the introduction of plane trees into the Walks.[76]

The Walks are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.[77]

Library

The Library of Gray's Inn has existed since at least 1555, when the first mention of it was made in the will of Robert Chaloner, who left some money to buy law books for the Library. The Library was neither a big collection nor a dedicated one; in 1568 it was being housed in a single room in the chambers of Nicholas Bacon, a room that was also used for mooting and to store the deed chest. The collection grew larger over the years as individual Benchers such as Sir John Finch and Sir John Bankes left books or money to buy books in their wills,[78] and the first Librarian was appointed in 1646 after members of the Inn had been found stealing books.[79]

In 1669 books were bought by the Inn as an organisation for the first time,[80] and a proper catalogue was drawn up to prevent theft.[59] In 1684 a fire that broke out in Coney Court, where the Library was situated, and destroyed much of the collection. While some books were saved, most of the records prior to 1684 were lost. A "handsome room" was then built to house the Library.[48]

The Library became more important during the 18th century; prior to that it had been a small, little-used collection of books. In 1725 it was proposed by the Pension that "a publick Library be sett up and kept open for ye use of ye society",[81] and that more books be purchased. The first order of new books was on 27 June 1729 and consisted of "a collection of Lord Bacon's works".[81] In 1750 the Under-Steward of the Inn made a new catalogue of the books, and in 1789 the Library was moved to a new room between the Hall and the Chapel.[74] In 1840 another two rooms were erected in which to store books, and in 1883 a new Library was constructed with space to store approximately 11,000 books.[82] This was rapidly found to be inadequate, and in 1929 a new Library, known as the Holker Library after the benefactor, Sir John Holker, was opened. The library, although impressive looking, was not particularly useful; Francis Cowper wrote that:

Though impressive to look at, the new building was something less than a success as a library. The air of spaciousness was produced at the expense of shelf room, and though in the octagon [at the north end] the decorative effect of row upon row of books soaring upwards towards the cornice was considerable, the loftiest were totally inaccessible save to those who could scale the longest and dizziest ladders. Further, the appointments were of such surpassing magnificence that no ink-pots were allowed in the room for fear of accidents.[83]

The building did not last very long—damage to the Inn during the Blitz completely destroyed the Library and a large part of its collection, although the rare manuscripts, which had been moved elsewhere, survived. After the destruction of much of the Inn's collection, George VI donated replacements for many lost texts.[84] A prefabricated building in the Walks was used to hold the surviving books while a new Library was constructed, and the new building (designed by Sir Edward Maufe) was opened in 1958.[85] It is similar in size to the old Holker Library, but is more workmanlike and designed to allow for easy access to the books.[83]

Outside links

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References

  1. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 2
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Watt (1928) p. 133
  3. ↑ Simpson (1973) p. 132
  4. ↑ Watt (1928) p. 139
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Douthwaite (1886) p. 3
  6. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xx
  7. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxi
  8. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p.xxiii
  9. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxiii–xxiv
  10. ↑ Williams, E. (1906) pp.42–43.
  11. ↑ Pearce (1848) p. 317
  12. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxviii
  13. ↑ Watt (1928) p. 177
  14. ↑ Watt (1928) p. 179
  15. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxxii
  16. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxxix
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Charles Whitworth (2002). "Introduction". The Comedy of Errors. ISBN 978-0-19-281461-6. https://books.google.com/?id=Wlh6609SVJEC&pg=PA1 
  18. ↑ Aikenhead (1977) p. 248
  19. ↑ Ward, A.W. (2009). The Cambridge History of English Literature, Volume 5. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 86. ISBN 1-113-14362-2. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Gray's Inn – History". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=1&id=1&Itemid=661. Retrieved 24 August 2009. 
  21. ↑ Watt (1928) p. 9
  22. ↑ Steel (1907) p. 586
  23. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xlii
  24. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xliii
  25. ↑ Edward (1860) p. 99
  26. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xliv
  27. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xlv
  28. ↑ Holdsworth (1921) p. 208
  29. ↑ Holdsworth (1921) p. 209
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Fletcher (1910) p. ix
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Fletcher (1910) p. xi
  32. ↑ Fletcher (1910) p. x
  33. ↑ Ashley-Cooper, p. 96.
  34. ↑ Waghorn, p. 1.
  35. ↑ Wilson, p. 44.
  36. ↑ Maun, p. 42.
  37. ↑ Ruda (2008) p. 108
  38. ↑ Camp, William (1960). The Glittering Prizes – A Biographical Study of F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead. London: Macgibbon & Kee. p. 28. OCLC 2323156. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Gray's Inn – The Estate". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=266&Itemid=848. Retrieved 22 August 2009. 
  40. ↑ Graysinn.info accessed September 2011
  41. ↑ Rozenberg, Joshua (19 October 2008). "Some jolly good fellows". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/lawreports/joshuarozenberg/3226544/Some-jolly-good-fellows.html. Retrieved 27 August 2009. 
  42. ↑ Pearce (1848) p. 318
  43. ↑ Barry of six azure and argent within a bordure quarterly of the second and or: these arms are depicted in the pediment over the Benchers' entrance in South Square
  44. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxxvii
  45. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxxviii
  46. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxlvii
  47. ↑ Fletcher (1910) p. xii
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Fletcher (1910) p. xiv
  49. ↑ Pulleyn (1830) p. 239
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Fletcher (1910) p. xv
  51. ↑ "Gray's Inn – Residential Flats". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=23&id=139&Itemid=886. Retrieved 22 August 2009. 
  52. ↑ Ruda (2008) p. 117
  53. ↑ "Gray's Inn – Location". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6&Itemid=855. Retrieved 21 October 2009. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Douthwaite (1886) p. 113
  55. ↑ Ireland (1800) p. 175
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 "Gray's Inn – the Hall". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=1&id=1&Itemid=661#anchorhall. Retrieved 26 August 2009. 
  57. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 112
  58. ↑ Edward (1860) p. 98
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Douthwaite (1886) p. 141
  60. ↑ Ruda (2008) p. 115
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Fletcher (1901) p. xxxv
  62. ↑ "Gray's Inn – The Chapel". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=3&Itemid=679. Retrieved 22 August 2009. 
  63. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xxlvi
  64. ↑ Ruda (2008) p. 104
  65. ↑ Pearce (1848) p. 316
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Foster (1889) p. 499
  67. ↑ "Gray's Inn – Preacher". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=3&id=155&Itemid=915. Retrieved 24 August 2009. 
  68. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 183
  69. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 41
  70. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 44
  71. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 45
  72. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 46
  73. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 186
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Fletcher (1910) p. xxvii
  75. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 57
  76. ↑ Jacques (1989) p. 58
  77. ↑ National Heritage List 1000351: Gray's Inn
  78. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 176
  79. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. xlix
  80. ↑ Fletcher (1901) p. l
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Fletcher (1910) p. xxvi
  82. ↑ Douthwaite (1886) p. 179
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Ruda (2008) p. 111
  84. ↑ Ruda (2008) p. 106
  85. ↑ "Gray's Inn – Library". Gray's Inn. http://www.graysinn.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=9&Itemid=687. Retrieved 26 August 2009. 

Books

  • Ashley-Cooper, F. S.: 'Kent Cricket Matches 1719–1796' (Gibbs & Sons, 1880)
  • Campbell, John: 'F.E Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead' (Jonathan Cape, 1983) ISBN 0-7126-5117-9
  • Charlton, Kenneth (1960). "Liberal Education and the Inns of Court in the Sixteenth Century". British Journal of Educational Studies (Blackwell) 9 (1). SSN 0007-1005. 
  • Douthwaite, William Ralph (1886). Gray's Inn, Its History & Associations. Reeves and Turner. OCLC 2578698. 
  • Fletcher, Reginald (1901). The Pension book of Gray's Inn (records of the honourable society) 1569–1669. vol. I. Chiswick Press. OCLC 59205885. 
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The Inns of Court

Gray's Inn • Lincoln's Inn • Inner Temple • Middle Temple

Faculty of Advocates • Inn of Court of Northern Ireland • King's Inns

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