Battersea Bridge
| Battersea Bridge | |
| Middlesex, Surrey | |
|---|---|
| |
| Location | |
| Carrying: | A3220 road |
| Crossing: | River Thames |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TQ27007738 |
| Location: | 51°28’52"N, 0°10’21"W |
| Structure | |
| Length: | 725 feet 6" Main span: 163 feet |
| Design: | Arch bridge |
| Material: | Cast iron and granite |
| History | |
| Information | |
Battersea Bridge is a five-span arch bridge with cast-iron girders and granite piers crossing the River Thames to join Battersea on the Surrey bank with Chelsea on the Middlesex bank to the north. The bridge replaced a ferry service that had operated near the site since at least the middle of the 16th century.
The first Battersea Bridge was a toll bridge commissioned by John, Earl Spencer, who had recently acquired the rights to operate the ferry. Although a stone bridge was planned, difficulties in raising investment meant that a cheaper wooden bridge was built instead. Designed by Henry Holland, it was initially opened to pedestrians in November 1771, and to vehicle traffic in 1772. The bridge was inadequately designed and dangerous both to its users and to passing shipping, and boats often collided with it. To reduce the dangers to shipping, two piers were removed and the sections of the bridge above them were strengthened with iron girders.
Although dangerous and unpopular, the bridge was the last surviving wooden bridge on the Thames in London, and was the subject of paintings by many significant artists such as J. M. W. Turner, John Sell Cotman and James McNeill Whistler, including Whistler's Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge, and his controversial Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket.
In 1879 the bridge was taken into the ownership of the Metropolitan Board of Works. In 1885 it was demolished and replaced with the existing bridge, designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette and built by John Mowlem & Co. The narrowest surviving road bridge over the Thames in London, it is one of London's least busy Thames bridges. The location on a bend in the river makes the bridge a hazard to shipping, and it has been closed many times due to collisions.
Background
The Thames at this point at Chelsea and Battersea bends through a sharp angle from a south-north to an east-west flow, so that the river here is slow-moving and relatively easily fordable: it has been suggested as the site of Julius Caesar's crossing of the Thames during his invasion of Britain in 54 BC, and that is popularly believed locally.[1] Chelsea enjoyed good road and river connections to the seats of government at Westminster and the commercial centre of the City of London since at least the 14th century.[2] It was a centre of the British porcelain industry,[3] and a major producer of baked goods – at peak periods almost 250,000 chelsea buns per day were sold.[4] By the 18th century it had large numbers of very prosperous residents.[2]
Battersea in Surrey in contrast was a poor area, low and marshy land, prone to flooding. Conditions were ideal for farming asparagus and lavender and a small market town grew in the area based on the asparagus and lavender industries.[3]
Although Chelsea and Battersea had been linked by ferry since at least 1550,[3] the nearest fixed links between the two were Putney Bridge, two and a half miles upstream and opened in 1729,[5] and Westminster Bridge, three miles downstream, opened in 1746.[6] In 1763, John, Earl Spencer, purchased the manor of Battersea,[3] and consequently acquired ownership of the ferry service between Chelsea and Battersea.[7]
The ferry was old and somewhat dangerous,[7] and in 1766 Spencer formed the Battersea Bridge Company and sought and obtained Parliamentary consent to build "a fine stone bridge" across the Thames.[3] The bridge was to be built between Cheyne Walk and Battersea, at the point where the river's course turns sharply east towards Westminster,[8] at a projected cost of £83,000. The Earl had anticipated that many local residents would invest in the project, but soon found that there was widespread scepticism about the scheme. Only 15 investors, including the Earl himself, were willing to invest,[9] and a total of only £17,662 was raised; far less than was needed to finance the ambitious project.[10]
Old Battersea Bridge
Spencer calculated that the money raised would be sufficient to finance a modest timber bridge, and a design was commissioned from rising architect Henry Holland. The bridge was built to Holland's designs by John Phillips, whose uncle Thomas Phillips had built the 1729 bridge at Putney.[8] The bridge was opened to pedestrians in November 1771 while still incomplete. In 1772 a chalk and gravel surface was added and the bridge was opened to vehicle traffic.[8] Tolls were charged on a sliding scale, ranging from ½d for pedestrians to 1 shilling for vehicles drawn by four or more horses.[7] The bridge was never formally named, and was referred to on maps of the period as both "Battersea Bridge" and "Chelsea Bridge".
The bridge was not a commercial success. It was 734 feet long and only 24 feet wide, making it impractical for larger vehicles to use.[8] Holland's design consisted of nineteen separate narrow spans, the widest being only 32 feet wide,[11] and boats found it difficult to navigate beneath the bridge; there were a number of accidents including serious injuries and deaths.[8] Repeatedly rammed by passing shipping, the bridge required frequent costly repairs, and dividends paid to investors were low.[8] During a particularly cold winter in 1795 the bridge was badly damaged by ice, necessitating lengthy and expensive reconstruction, and no dividends at all were paid for the next three years.[12] Concerns were expressed in Parliament about the reliability of the bridge, and the Battersea Bridge Company was obliged to provide a ferry service at the same rate as the bridge tolls, in the event of the bridge being closed for repairs.[3]
In an effort to improve the bridge's poor safety record for its customers, oil lamps were added to the deck in 1799, making Battersea Bridge the first Thames bridge to be lit.[10][13] Between 1821 and 1824 the flimsy wooden fences along the edges of the bridge, which were often breaking, were replaced by sturdy iron 4-foot railings,[13] and in 1824 the oil lamps were themselves replaced by gas lighting.[10][13]
In 1873, in an effort to improve navigation around the bridge and reduce accidents, two of the piers were removed, making the widest span a more easily navigated 77 feet, and the bridge deck was strengthened with iron girders to compensate for the missing piers.[11]
Competition and disputes with Vauxhall Bridge
In 1806, a scheme was proposed by Ralph Dodd to open the south bank of the Thames opposite Westminster and London for development, by building a new major road from Hyde Park Corner to Kennington and Greenwich, crossing the river at Vauxhall, about halfway between Battersea Bridge and Westminster Bridge.[14] The Battersea Bridge Company were concerned about the potential loss of custom, and petitioned Parliament against the scheme, stating that "[Dodd] is a well known adventurer and Speculist, and the projector of numerous undertakings upon a large scale most if not all of which have failed", and the bill was abandoned.[15] However, in 1809 a new bill was presented to Parliament for a bridge at Vauxhall, this time obliging the operators of the new bridge to compensate the Battersea Bridge Company for any losses, and the Company allowed it to pass and accepted compensation.[15] The Act obliged the Vauxhall Bridge Company to reimburse the Battersea Bridge Company for any loss in revenue caused by the new bridge.[16]
After many delays and setbacks, the new bridge at Vauxhall (initially named Regent Bridge after George, Prince Regent, but shortly afterwards renamed Vauxhall Bridge) opened on 4 June 1816.[17] However, the Vauxhall Bridge Company failed to pay the agreed compensation to the Battersea Bridge Company and were taken to court. After a legal dispute lasting five years, a judgement was made in favour of the Battersea Bridge Company, with the Vauxhall Bridge Company being obliged to pay £8,234 in compensation.
Old Battersea Bridge in art
Although the bridge was inconvenient for its users and flimsily constructed, as the last surviving wooden bridge on the Thames in the London area it was considered an important landmark, and many leading artists of the period were attracted to it.[7] Camille Pissarro, J. M. W. Turner, John Sell Cotman and John Atkinson Grimshaw produced significant paintings of the bridge.[13][18][19] Walter Greaves, whose family owned a boathouse adjacent to the bridge and whose father had been boatman to Turner, painted numerous scenes of the bridge.[20]
James McNeill Whistler, a local resident and mentor to Greaves, created many images of the old bridge, including the influential Hokusai-inspired Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge (painted c. 1872–5), in which the dimensions of the bridge are intentionally distorted and Chelsea Old Church and the newly built Albert Bridge are visible through a stylised London fog.[13]
Whistler's Nocturne series achieved notoriety in 1877, when influential critic John Ruskin visited an exhibition of the series at the Grosvenor Gallery. He wrote of the painting Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket, that Whistler was "asking two hundred guineas for flinging a pot of paint in the public's face". Whistler sued for libel, the case reaching the courts in 1878.[21]]</ref> The judge in the case caused laughter in the court when, referring to Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge, he asked Whistler "Which part of the picture is the bridge?"; the case ended with Whistler awarded token damages of one farthing.[22]
In 1905, Nocturne: Blue and Gold became the first significant acquisition by the newly formed National Art Collections Fund, and is now in Tate Britain.[23]
Takeover and municipal ownership
A more modern and convenient competing bridge opened nearby at Chelsea Bridge in 1858,[24] and usage of Battersea Bridge fell sharply.[9][25] There were serious public concerns about the safety of the bridge by this time, after an 1844 incident in which a woman was murdered on the bridge in view of one of the toll collectors, who did not intervene because both parties had paid their fares.[26]
The new Albert Bridge opened in 1873, less than five hundred yards from Battersea Bridge.[27] Mindful of the impact the new bridge would have on older bridge's financial viability, the 1864 Act of Parliament authorising the Albert Bridge compelled the Albert Bridge Company to purchase Battersea Bridge at the time of the new bridge's opening and to compensate the owners of Battersea Bridge with £3,000 a year until the new bridge opened,[10] and so Battersea Bridge was bought outright by the Albert Bridge Company in 1873. By this time the bridge was in extremely poor condition, and there were many calls from local residents for it to be demolished. As an interim measure, the Albert Bridge's architect Rowland Mason Ordish strengthened the foundations of the bridge with concrete while debate continued as to its future.[13]
The Metropolis Toll Bridges Act was passed in 1877, which allowed the Metropolitan Board of Works to buy all London bridges between Hammersmith and Waterloo Bridges and free them from tolls,[28] and accordingly in 1879 the Board bought Albert and Battersea bridges for a combined cost of £170,000 and the tolls were removed from both bridges.[29]
Inspections by the Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, Sir Joseph Bazalgette, following the purchase found that Battersea Bridge was in such poor condition that it was unable to be repaired safely.[30] In 1883 it was restricted to pedestrian traffic only, and in 1885 it was demolished to make way for a new bridge designed by Bazalgette.[7]
New Battersea Bridge
The contract to build the new bridge was awarded to John Mowlem & Co,[7] and in June 1887 the Duke of Clarence laid a ceremonial foundation stone in the southern abutment and construction work began.[13] Bazalgette's design incorporated five arches with cast iron griders, on granite piers which in turn rest on concrete foundations. The roadway itself is twenty-four feet wide, and eight-foot wide footpaths are cantilevered on either side of the bridge, giving the bridge a total width of forty feet.[7] The balustrade is a distinctive Moorish-style lattice.[31] Construction work was overseen by Bazalgette's son Edward, and cost a total of £143,000.
On 21 July 1890, the bridge was officially opened by future Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, then chairman of the newly formed London County Council. The new bridge was officially named 'Battersea Bridge'.[7] Although the road was narrow, trams operated on it from the outset. Initially these were horse-drawn, but from 22 June 1911 electric trams were introduced.[11]
Collisions
Although the five spans of the current bridge are far wider than the nineteen spans of the original bridge, Battersea Bridge's location on a sharp bend in the river still presents a hazard to navigation:
- In 1948, the MV Delta jammed under the bridge, and its master Hendrikus Oostring suffered broken arms and needed to be rescued from the smashed wheelhouse.
- On 23 March 1950, the collier John Hopkinson collided with the central pier, causing serious structural damage, leaving the tram tracks as the only element holding the bridge together. The London County Council was concerned that the entire structure would collapse and closed the bridge until January 1951.[32]
- On 21 September 2005, the James Prior, a 200-ton barge, collided with the bridge, causing serious structural damage costing over £500,000 to repair.[33][34] The bridge was closed to all motor vehicles other than buses while repairs were carried out, causing severe traffic congestion; it eventually reopened on 16 January 2006.[35]
Restoration
At only 40 feet wide, Bazalgette's bridge is now London's narrowest surviving road bridge over the Thames,[7] and in 2004 was the fifth least-used Thames bridge in London.[36] In 1983 the bridge was designated a Grade II listed structure.[37]
In 1992 English Heritage oversaw a project to renovate the bridge, which for some years had been painted blue and red. Paint samples were analysed and photographs from the time of opening consulted, and the bridge was restored to its original appearance. The main body of the bridge was painted in dark green, with the spandrels decorated in gilding. The lamp standards, which had been removed during the Second World War, were replaced with replicas copied from the surviving posts at the ends of the bridge.[13] A statue of Whistler by Nicholas Dimbleby was erected at the north end of the bridge in 2005.[22]
2006 Thames whale
Shortly after its reopening following the collision with the James Prior, the bridge briefly attained national prominence on 20 January 2006 when a bottlenose whale 19 feet long became stranded at Battersea Bridge. A rescue operation was mounted, and large crowds flocked to the bridge. The whale was successfully transferred to a barge, but she died while being transported back to the sea to be released.[38]
A year after the whale's death, its skeleton was put on public display in the offices of The Guardian newspaper.[39] Today it resides at the Natural History Museum.[40]
Outside links
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Battersea Bridge) |
References
- ↑ Roberts 2005, p. 61.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cookson 2006, p. 117.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Cookson 2006, p. 118.
- ↑ Gaunt 1975, p. 57.
- ↑ Matthews 2008, p. 54.
- ↑ Matthews 2008, p. 92.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Pay, Lloyd & Waldegrave 2009, p. 74.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Matthews 2008, p. 65.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Roberts 2005, p. 62.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Davenport 2006, p. 72.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Davenport 2006, p. 73.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 119.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Matthews 2008, p. 67.
- ↑ Matthews 2008, p. 80.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cookson 2006, p. 120.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 145.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 146.
- ↑ Glueck, Grace: [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/13/arts/art-review-english-watercolor-landscapes-of-a-feather.html Art Review; English Watercolor Landscapes Of a Feather], New York Times 13 December 2002
- ↑ museums.fivecolleges.edu
- ↑ Tim Hilton: 'Art Sold down the river' – The Independent 21 February 1993
- ↑ Steiner, Wendy: 'A Pot of Paint: Aesthetics on Trial in Whistler v. Ruskin': Art in America, January 1993
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cookson 2006, p. 122.
- ↑ Susan Moore: 'Guardian of the nation's treasures': The Spectator 1 November 2003
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 132.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 115.
- ↑ Roberts 2005, p. 63.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 126.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 147.
- ↑ 'The Freeing of the Bridges': The Times 28 June 1880, page 12
- ↑ Roberts 2005, p. 64.
- ↑ Roberts 2005, p. 65.
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 124.
- ↑ 'Bridge closed after barge crash' BBC News, 21 September 2005
- ↑ Nick Hall: 'Bridge crash master cleared': Motor Boats Monthly 31 January 2008
- ↑ 'Bridge damaged by barge reopens' - BBC News 15 January 2006
- ↑ Cookson 2006, p. 316.
- ↑ National Heritage List 1080752: Battersea Bridge
- ↑ Stephen Dowling: 'Londoners flock to doomed rescue' - BBC News 21 January 2006
- ↑ Robin McKie: 'See Thames whale in our free exhibition' - The Observer 21 January 2007
- ↑ Matthews 2008, p. 70.
- 'Battersea', The Environs of London – A History of the County of Middlesex - Volume pp 26–48: {{{2}}} (Victoria County History)
Books
- Cookson, Brian: 'Crossing the River' (Mainstream, 2006) ISBN 978-1-84018-976-6
- Davenport, Neil: 'Thames Bridges: From Dartford to the Source' (Silver Link Publishing, 2006) ISBN 978-1-85794-229-3
- Matthews, Peter: 'London's Bridges' (Shire, 2008) ISBN 978-0-7478-0679-0
- Ian Pay, Sampson Lloyd and Keith Waldegrave: 'London's Bridges: Crossing the Royal River' Artists' and Photographers' Press, 2009) ISBN 978-1-904332-90-9
- Quinn, Tom: London's Strangest Tales (Anova Books, 2008) ISBN 978-1-86105-976-5
- Roberts, Chris: 'Cross River Traffic' (Granta, 2005) ISBN 978-1-86207-800-0
- Smith, Denis: 'Civil Engineering Heritage London and the Thames Valley' (Thomas Telford, 2001) ISBN 978-0-7277-2876-0
- Tilly, Graham: 'Conservation of Bridges' (Taylor & Francis, 2002) ISBN 978-0-419-25910-7
- Loobet, Patrick: 'Battersea Past' (Historical Publications Ltd 2002) pp 48-49, ISBN 978-0-948667-76-3
| Bridges and crossings on the River Thames | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fulham Railway Bridge | Wandsworth Bridge | Battersea Railway Bridge | Battersea Bridge | Albert Bridge | Chelsea Bridge | Grosvenor Bridge |