Rochdale Town Hall

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Rochdale Town Hall

Lancashire

Location
Location: 53°36’56"N, 2°9’34"W
History
Address: The Esplanade, Rochdale OL16 1AB
Built 1866-71
By: William Henry Crossland,
Alfred Waterhouse (clock tower only)
Victorian, Gothic Revival
Information

Rochdale Town Hall is a Victorian-era municipal building in Rochdale, Lancashire. It is "widely recognised as being one of the finest municipal buildings in the country",[1] and is recorded as a designated Grade-I listed building. The Town Hall functions as the ceremonial headquarters of Rochdale Council and houses local government departments, including the borough's civil registration office.

Built in the Gothic Revival style at a cost of £160,000 it was inaugurated on 27 September 1871. The architect, William Henry Crossland, was the winner of a competition held in 1864 to design a new Town Hall. It had a 240-ft clock tower topped by a wooden spire with a gilded statue of Saint George and the Dragon, both of which were destroyed by fire on 10 April 1883, leaving the building without a spire for four years. A new 190-ft stone clock tower and spire in the style of Manchester Town Hall was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, and erected in 1888.

Art critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the building as possessing a "rare picturesque beauty".[2] Its stained glass windows are credited as "the finest modern examples of their kind".[1] The building came to the attention of Adolf Hitler, who was said to have admired it so much that he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had the United Kingdom been defeated in the Second World War.[3]

History

Rochdale had developed into an increasingly large, populous, and prosperous urban mill town since the Industrial Revolution. Its newly built rail and canal network, and numerous factories, resulted in the town being "remarkable for many wealthy merchants".[4] In January 1856 the electorate of the Rochdale constituency petitioned the Privy Council for the grant of a charter of incorporation under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, to constitute the town as a municipal borough. This would give it limited political autonomy via an elected town council, comprising a mayor, aldermen, and councillors, to oversee local affairs.[5] The petition was successful and the charter was granted in September 1856.[6] The newly formed Rochdale Corporation suggested plans to build a town hall in which to conduct its business in May 1858.[7][8] The site of an abandoned 17th-century house known as The Wood was proposed. Six months later, in April 1860, Rochdale Corporation arranged to buy the site on the outskirts of the town centre for £4,730. However, plans were shelved due to lengthy negotiations and increasing land prices. In January 1864 the scheme resumed with a new budget of £20,000.[8]

The wood and surrounding area were cleared, but it is unknown what became of the dispossessed; there was no legal requirement for the authorities to rehouse the former inhabitants.[9] A design competition to find a "neat and elegant building" was held by the Rochdale Corporation,[10] who offered the winning architect a prize of £100 and a Maltese cross souvenir. From the 27 entries received, William Henry Crossland's was chosen.[7][11] The Rochdale-born Radical and Liberal statesman John Bright laid the foundation stone on 31 March 1866. Construction was complete by 1871 although the cost had, by then, increased beyond expectations from the projected £40,000[12] to £160,000.[7][13][14]

Plans for Rochdale Town Hall as published in The Builder in 1866
Rochdale Town Hall as it appeared in 1874, including its original 240-ft clock tower with wooden spire.

Between the setting of the foundation stone and the building's completion, revisions and additions were made to the original design. Money was "lavished" upon the decor and inventory, and the extra expenditure did not escape the ire of its critics.[7] The cost of the building increased year-on-year through a combination of mismanagement, overspending and "unauthorised work".[10] Public criticism of the high cost was aimed at Crossland and the Mayor of Rochdale, George Leach Ashworth, who oversaw the work.[8] Nevertheless, Rochdale Town Hall was ultimately celebrated as "a source of pride", and its completion prompted celebration and rejoicing;[7] it transformed a "derelict and marshy riverbank in to a huge romantic Gothic plaza".[9] The opening ceremony on 27 September 1871 was performed by Mayor Ashworth, who had been instrumental in the changes made to the building's design.[7]

In 1882 or 1883[15] dry rot was found in the 240-ft-high spire. On the recommendation of Rochdale's Borough Surveyor, contractors were engaged to rebuild it.[7][8] The spire was to be demolished to clear the way for a replacement. It was rumoured that the workmen who were dismantling the top section of the wooden spire may have tried to speed up the dismantling process with matches and, at 9:20 am on 10 April 1883, a blaze was discovered. Despite the efforts of volunteers and the local fire brigade, 100 minutes after the discovery of the fire the entire spire, including a statue of Saint George and the Dragon, had been destroyed.[16] The cause of the fire was never established,[7] but Rochdale's fire service was criticised for taking longer to respond to the blaze than Oldham's, (based five miles south), despite the Rochdale Fire Brigade being based in the Town Hall.[8] Alfred Waterhouse was given the task of designing a 190-ft stone replacement.[8] His work on the clock tower, which was built between 1885 and 1887[8] about 15 yds further to the east than the original,[7] shows many similarities to Manchester Town Hall,[8] which he also designed.[17] The tower was opened in 1888;>[11] an inscribed plaque commemorates the fire of 1883.[8]

On 15 January 1931, at the height of the Great Depression in the United Kingdom, the Territorial Army was called to guard the Town Hall during a protest against unemployment and hunger.[18]

In May 1938, Rochdale-born actress, singer and comedian Gracie Fields was granted Honorary Freedom of the Borough for her contribution to entertainment. "When the ceremony was over, Gracie went onto the town hall balcony to receive the cheers and good wishes of the thousands of people who were packing the streets below."[19]

Although it is not fully understood how it came to his attention, Rochdale Town Hall was admired by Adolf Hitler.[20][21] It has been suggested a visit by Hitler in 1912–13 while staying with his half-brother Alois Hitler, Jr. in Liverpool, or military intelligence on Rochdale, or information from Nazi sympathiser William Joyce (who had lived in Oldham), brought the building to his attention. Hitler admired the architecture so much that it is believed he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had German-occupied Europe encompassed the United Kingdom. Rochdale was broadly avoided by German bombers during the Second World War.[20][21]

Features

Location

Rochdale Town Hall is the centrepiece of Rochdale, located in Town Hall Square to the south of The Esplanade and the River Roch.[7][22] The Parish Church of St Chad is situated by the wooded hillside behind the Town Hall.[22] In Town Hall Square, opposite the Town Hall, is a statue of John Bright, dated 1891, and the Rochdale War Memorial. Bright was a Rochdale-born orator, pacifist and Member of Parliament for Birmingham known for his campaigns to repeal the Corn Laws as well as his opposition to slavery in the United States and the Crimean War.[23] Touchstones Rochdale art gallery and local studies centre is across The Esplanade.[23]

Exterior and layout

Rochdale Town Hall in 1909

The frontage and principal entrance of the Town Hall face the River Roch,[24] and comprises a portico of three arches intersected by buttresses. Decorating the main entrance are stone crockets, gargoyles, and finials. Four gilded lions above a parapet around three sides of the portico bear shields carrying the coats of arms of Rochdale Council and the hundred of Salford.[7]

Rochdale Town Hall is 264 ft wide, 123 ft deep, and is faced with millstone grit quarried from Blackstone Edge and Todmorden.[7] Although now blackened by industrial pollution, the building has been described as a "rich example of domestic Gothic architecture".[7] Naturalistic carved foliage on the exterior recalls the style of Southwell Minster,[11] and the architecture is influenced by Perpendicular Period and mediæval town halls of continental Europe.[7] The building has been likened to Manchester Town Hall, Manchester Assize Courts, the Royal Courts of Justice, and St Pancras railway station, all products of the Gothic Revival architectural movement.[7] The stained-glass windows, some of which were designed by William Morris,[11] have been described as "the finest modern examples of their kind".[1] At each end of the frontage is an octagonal staircase.[24]

In the words of Nikolaus Pevsner, Rochdale Town Hall has "a splendidly craggy exterior of blackened stone".[14] The building has a roughly symmetrical E-shaped plan, and is broken down into three self-contained segments: a central Great Hall and transverse wings at each end, which have variously been used as debating chambers, corporation-rooms, trade and a public hall.[24] The south-east wing used to house the magistrates' courts, and the north-west wing the mayor's rooms. In the north-east is a tower. Access to the main entrance is through a central porte cochere.[25] The façade extends across 14 bays, of which the Great Hall accounts for seven. On both sides, the outermost bays rise to three storeys. They flank asymmetric round-headed arcades—two to the left and three to the right, all of single-storey height—which sit below plain mullioned windows, balconies and ornately decorated gables.[11]

The view up a huge clock tower from the ground upwards. The ornate, angular tower is made of stone and appears a light-taupe colour. It fills the middle part of the image. The top of the tower has a large beige clockface, and above that, a stone spire. In the background is the sky which appears mostly as vivid azure but partly with white clouds.
The clock tower was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, the architect of Manchester Town Hall.

Clock tower

The present clock tower, which has a stone spire, was built to replace the one destroyed in the 1883 fire. It was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in a similar style to one of his earlier works, the clock tower of Manchester Town Hall. The first stone was laid by Thomas Schofield JP, Alderman and Rochdale Borough Councillor, on 19 October 1885 and the tower was declared complete on 20 June 1887, the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. It contains five bells which ring on the hour and at 15-minute intervals. The design of the original tower was more elaborate and 50 ft higher than its successor, which is 190 ft tall.[7]

The tower rises from a plinth and has four stages including the gable-headed clock stage, which is also decorated with pinnacles. A small stone spire completes the composition.[11]

Interior

Entrance Hall
Etching of the Grand staircase by William Henry Crossland, 1871

Murals in the former council chamber depict the inventions that drove the Industrial Revolution,[26] and the Great Hall is adorned with a large fresco of the signing of Magna Carta by artist Henry Holiday, although the painting is dirty.[2] Responsibility for the decoration of the interior was given to Heaton, Butler and Bayne, who incorporated floor tiles that were manufactured by Mintons and decorated with the local insignia and the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom.[27] The stone Grand Staircase, which leads from the vestibule to the Great Hall, is decorated with stained glass; such glass windows decorate most of the Town Hall and are considered to be the finest example of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne.[28][29] The mediæval-style Great Hall, described by Pevsner as a room of "great splendour and simplicity",[29] has a hammerbeam roof flanked by statues of angels, in a design that resembles Westminster Hall.[1]

Heritage status and function

Rochdale Town Hall during the winter of 2009–2010

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The Town Hall was listed at Grade I on 25 October 1951.[11] Such buildings are defined as being of "exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important".[30]

Although the majority of local government functions take place in Rochdale's Municipal Offices building, Rochdale Town Hall continues to be used for cultural and ceremonial functions. For instance it is used for the mayoralty,[31] civil registry,[32][33][34] and for formal naturalisation in British Citizenship ceremonies.[35][36]

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council N.D., p. 43.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 59.
  3. ↑ "Preserving the Rochdale Reichstag". BBC. 2009-09-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8256000/8256689.stm. Retrieved 2016-08-24. 
  4. ↑ Godman 2005, p. 7.
  5. ↑ London Gazette: no. 21845, p. 365, 1 February 1856.
  6. ↑ "Rochdale's Charter of Incorporation (and letters)". link4life.org. http://www.link4life.org/discover/local-history-online/rochdale/rochdale-s-charter-of-incorporation-and-letters. Retrieved 9 July 2008. 
  7. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Public Monuments and Sculpture Association (16 June 2003), Rochdale Town Hall, pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk, http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/MR/MR-ROC06.htm, retrieved 21 January 2010 
  8. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cunningham 1981, p. 175.
  9. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Garrard 1983, p. 81.
  10. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 National Heritage List 1084275: Town Hall, Rochdale
  11. ↑ "Rochdale Town Hall: Laying of the cornerstone by Mr. Bright M.P.", The Leeds Mercury: 2, 2 April 1866 
  12. ↑ Godman 2005, p. 10.
  13. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 594.
  14. ↑ Rochdale Boroughwide Community Trust, Rochdale Town Hall, link4life.org, http://www.link4life.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=c.showPage&pageID=739, retrieved 17 January 2010  gives the year as 1882 whereas "The 1880s", Rochdale Observer (rochdaleobserver.co.uk), 13 June 2003, http://www.rochdaleobserver.co.uk/news/s/333/333151_the_1880s.html, retrieved 16 January 2010  states 1883.
  15. ↑ "The 1880s", Rochdale Observer (M.E.N. Media), 11 June 2003, http://menmedia.co.uk/rochdaleobserver/news/s/333151_the_1880s.html, retrieved 16 January 2010 
  16. ↑ Cunningham, Colin (2004), "Waterhouse, Alfred (1830–1905)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press), http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36758, retrieved 25 July 2011 
  17. ↑ Marwick 2000, p. 110.
  18. ↑ Moules 1983, pp. 77–78.
  19. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Amazing windows always a glass act", Rochdale Observer (M.E.N. Media), 7 October 2006, http://menmedia.co.uk/rochdaleobserver/news/s/518474_amazing_windows_always_a_glass_act.html, retrieved 22 December 2007 
  20. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Preserving the Rochdale Reichstag", BBC News, 15 September 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8256000/8256689.stm, retrieved 16 January 2010 
  21. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hardy 2005, p. 50.
  22. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Northwest Regional Development Agency (August 2006) (PDF), Rochdale Heritage Trail, industrialpowerhouse.co.uk, http://www.industrialpowerhouse.co.uk/xsdbimgs/Rochdale_Heritage_Trail(1).pdf, retrieved 21 January 2010 
  23. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Great Britain Historical GIS Project (2004), "Descriptive Gazetteer Entry for ROCHDALE", A vision of Britain through time (University of Portsmouth), http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=948030&word=NULL, retrieved 18 January 2010 
  24. ↑ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, pp. 594–595.
  25. ↑ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 46.
  26. ↑ Fawcett 1998, p. 135.
  27. ↑ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 71.
  28. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 595.
  29. ↑ "Listed Buildings". Historic England. http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/what-is-designation/listed-buildings/. Retrieved 4 April 2015. 
  30. ↑ Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Mayor Information, rochdale.gov.uk, http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/councillor_and_democracy_infor/mayor_information.aspx, retrieved 22 January 2010 
  31. ↑ Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Copy certificates for births, deaths and marriages, rochdale.gov.uk, http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/community_and_living/births,_deaths,_marriages_and/copy_certificates.aspx, retrieved 22 January 2010 
  32. ↑ Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Family History, rochdale.gov.uk, http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/community_and_living/births,_deaths,_marriages_and/family_history.aspx, retrieved 22 January 2010 
  33. ↑ Greater Manchester County Records Office, Register Offices in Greater Manchester, gmcro.co.uk, archived from the original on 4 June 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20080604223909/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/family_history/register_offices.htm, retrieved 22 January 2010 
  34. ↑ Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Citizenship Ceremonies, rochdale.gov.uk, http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/community_and_living/births,_deaths,_marriages_and/citizenship_ceremonies.aspx, retrieved 22 January 2010 
  35. ↑ Byrne, Michael (26 April 2004), "New citizens are proud to be Brits", Rochdale Observer (M.E.N. Media), http://menmedia.co.uk/rochdaleobserver/news/s/334558_new_citizens_are_proud_to_be_brits.html, retrieved 22 January 2010 

Bibliography

  • Cunningham, Colin (1981), Victorian and Edwardian Town Halls, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7100-0723-0 
  • Fawcett, Jane (1998), Historic Floors: Their History and Conservation, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-7506-2765-8 
  • Garrard, John (1983), Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns, 1830–80, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-0897-9 
  • Godman, Pam (2005), Rochdale, Nonsuch Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84588-173-3 
  • Hardy, Clive (2005), Greater Manchester: Photographic Memories, The Francis Firth Collection, ISBN 978-1-85937-266-1 
  • Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004) [1969], The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10583-5 
  • Marwick, Arthur (2000), History of the Modern British Isles, 1914–1999: Circumstances, Events, and Outcomes, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19522-1 
  • Moules, Joan (1983), Our Gracie: The Life of Dame Gracie Field, Robert Hale, ISBN 0-7090-1010-9 
  • Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, Metropolitan Rochdale Official Guide, Ed. J. Burrow & Co. 

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