Livingston

Livingston
West Lothian
The Almondvale Boulevard
Location
Grid reference:	NT054690
Location:	55°53’0"N, 3°30’57"W
Data
Population:	63,160  (2008 est.)
Post town:	Livingston
Postcode:	EH53, EH54
Dialling code:	01506
Local Government
Council:	West Lothian
Parliamentary constituency:	Livingston

Livingston is a town in West Lothian, a new town designated in 1962. Livingston is some 15 miles west of Edinburgh and 30 miles east of Glasgow; neighbouring it are the towns of Broxburn to the northeast and Bathgate to the northwest.

Livingston is the biggest town in West Lothian, and lies against the border with Midlothian. It was built around a collection of small villages, Livingston Village, Bellsquarry and Livingston Station (now part of Deans). It has a number of residential precincts or areas. These include Carmondean, Craigshill, Howden, Dedridge, Ladywell, Knightsridge, Murieston, Adambrae, Deans, Deer Park and Eliburn. The core locality of Livingston is defined by the General Register Office for Scotland (GRO) as including Uphall Station and Pumpherston.

The wider urban settlement area also includes Mid Calder and East Calder in Midlothian. Other neighbouring villages include Kirknewton, Polbeth and West Calder (all in Midlothian). The 2001 census showed the town had a locality population of 50,826 and an urban settlement population of 59,511.

Until 1963, Livingston was a village and the area surrounding it was open farmland. The ancient village is now called Livingston Village. The name for the new town was taken from this village and dates back to 12th century when a Flemish entrepreneur called De Leving was granted land in the area. He built a fortified tower (which is long since gone) and the village which grew up around it became known as Levingstoun, Layingston and eventually Livingston.

Livingston Village

A road in Livingston Village

Livingston Village is now a neighbourhood in Livingston but was once a village of itself, just named Livingston, and the village around which the new town was built. Notwithstanding the enormous growth of the new town around it, Livvingston Village retains much of its character and its older buildings.

The village is first mentioned in an early 12th Century charter as Villa Levingi ("Leving's town"). In 1128 David I granted the newly founded Abbey of Holyrood control of and the income from the church at Livingston in a charter that was witnessed by Turstani filii Levingi ("Thurstan Levingsson"). He built a fortified tower (the Peel of Livingston) which is long since gone and the settlement that grew up around it became known as Levingstoun, Layingston and eventually Livingston.

The Earls of Callendar and the Earls of Linlithgow bear the family name Livingston, and trace their lineage back through Thurstan of Levingston to his father Leving of Levingstoun. One genealogy traces it further back to a Baron de Leving who is believed to have accompanied St Margaret from her birthplace in Hungary to the court of Edward the Confessor in England and on to her exile in Scotland. Other sources regard Leving as a Flemish entrepreneur.

In 1898 Livingston had several houses a Church of Scotland Church, a United Free church and a School. A mile north of the village there was Livingston railway station which was in a settlement called Livingston Station but is now called Deans.

History

Before 1962

The area around Livingston was previously an important shale oil area the world's first oil boom occurred, in West Lothian. This was based on oil extracted from shale, and by 1870 over 3 million tons of shale were being mined each year in the area around Livingston. Output declined with the discovery of liquid oil reserves around the world in the early 1900s, but shale mining only finally ceased in 1962. The "bings" that characterise oil shale mining in West Lothian have largely been flattened.

In 1898 Livingston had several houses, a Church of Scotland church, a United Free church and a school. Around a mile north of Livingston there was a railway station in a settlement called Livingston Station which is now part of Deans.

The old part of Livingston is now called Livingston Village.

New Town

New Town architecture in Deans

Livingston was built under the New Towns Act of 1946, in part to ease overcrowding in Glasgow. Livingston was the fourth new town of five in the Central Lowlands: the others were East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld and Irvine.

Livingston was officially designated as a New Town on 16 April 1962.

Three villages (Livingston Village and Livingston Station in the old parish of Livingston and Bellsquarry in the parish of Mid Calder) and numerous farmsteads remain islands of old buildings within the new developments.

In 1984 Livingston gained a new railway station on the Shotts Line called Livingston South which was followed by Livingston North on the Edinburgh to Bathgate Line in 1986. These stations replaced the former Livingston and Newpark stations which had closed before the construction of the town.

In 1995 Livingston gained its professional football team, Livingston FC which was essentially the relocation of Meadowbank Thistle FC from Edinburgh.

Livingston Development Corporation

In order to build, manage and promote Livingston a quango organisation was formed, the Livingston Development Corporation.

The corporation guided Livingston until its mandate expired on 22 March 1997 and the town was transferred to West Lothian Council. The last major construction operation carried out by the LDC was the Almondvale Stadium, which was to become the home to the renamed Livingston FC. A new purpose built campus for West Lothian College and other major developments have also taken place in Livingston over the last 10 years. Construction in Livingston has continued under the management of West Lothian Council.

Districts of Livingston

The districts which make up Livingston include:

Beecraigs Reservoir

• Adambrae
• Almondvale
• Bellsquarry
• Carmondean
• Craigshill
• Deans
• Dedridge
• Deer Park
• Eliburn
• Howden
• Knightsridge
• Kirkton
• Ladywell
• Livingston Village
• Murieston

Employment

The area where Livingston now sits was historically dominated by oil shale mining, which is evident from the bings which still exist on much of the surrounding landscape. The designation of Livingston in the 1960s attracted new light industries to the area, with high technology and pharmaceutical companies moving into the town. Livingston formed a major hub in Scotland's Silicon Glen. Like most other areas this went into a slow decline with the closures of companies including Motorola and NEC. Several multi-national companies still have factories in the town and BSkyB has its main call centre in Livingston and is the largest private sector employer in West Lothian. Other large employers include those in the retail sector and the National Health Service.

Town centre and shopping

Livingston town centre sits on the southern edge of the Almond Valley. It is bounded by a ring road and has been purposely planned, distinguishing it from West Lothian's other town centres. Howden Park is located immediately north of the town centre.

Livingston is the sub-regional centre serving West Lothian. It features one of the largest indoor shopping and leisure complexes in Scotland, The Centre (formerly Almondvale Shopping Centre) and the Livingston Designer Outlet (formerly McArthurGlen Designer Outlet Centre).

The Centre was completed in its current guise on 16 October 2008. The total development has around 155 shops and eating establishments. The Centre has a winter garden, an outdoor restaurant area, and several famous chains, a multiplex cinema, a gym, bars, restaurants and cafés as well as around 100 outlet stores.

Livingston's town centre also contains a large number of offices. Private sector offices are also concentrated at the eastern and western edges of the centre and along the Almondvale Boulevard. Other facilities in the centre include hotels, a swimming pool and local authority gym, restaurants, pubs and Club Earth. Almondvale Football Stadium and West Lothian College are at the north-western edge of the town centre.

Sculpture, Livingston Square

Neighbourhood Shopping Centres are located at strategic points around the town. The first of these to be built was The Mall at Craigshill. This was followed by the Carmondean Centre in Deans and groupings of shops in Ladywell and Murieston.

Churches

Uniquely in Scotland, Livingston was from its formation designated an "Ecumenical Parish" in a joint initiative by the Church of Scotland, Scottish Episcopal Church, Methodist Church and the Congregational Union of Scotland (which subsequently united with the United Reformed Church). The Ecumenical Parish has six places of worship.

Apart from the Ecumenical Parish, Livingston Old Parish is a congregation solely within the Church of Scotland. There are also churches of other denominations, notably the Baptist Church (who have two congregations in Dedridge and Ladywell), the Free Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

Other religions

There is a mosque in the Craigshill area of the town called Livingston Mosque and Community Centre.

Media

The local newspapers covering Livingston are the West Lothian Herald and Post, which is a free newspaper published by The Scotsman and the West Lothian Courier. The Livingston Post newspaper ceased publication in the early 1990s.

Current local radio includes the local BBC station BBC Radio station is BBC Radio Scotland and Local Commercial radio includes Capital Scotland and 97.3 Forth One. Livingston also has a Hospital Radio station called Radio Grapevine which broadcasts to St John's Hospital.

Culture and recreation

Youth activities

Livingston has its own Air Training Corps squadron, 2535 (Livingston) Squadron (located in Craigshill) and Army Cadet Force unit (based at Dedridge). The town also has Cubs, Scouts, Boys Brigade, Brownies and Guides units, and other organisations such as the Youth Action Project (WLYAP), and Firefly Youth Theatre (formerly West Lothian Youth Theatre) also operate in the area.

The Livingston Skatepark opened in 1981, at a time when most commercial skateparks were closing and was one of the most important facilities in Britain during a critical period in the development of skateboarding. It is an example of a free, unsupervised facility which achieved international status. In 2004 it was visited by the stars of the television series Dirty Sanchez, who described it as "The Best Skatepark in the world, apart from the ones in Wales".

Sports

• Cricket: Livingston Cricket Club
• Rugby Union: Livingston Rugby Football Club
• Football:
  • Livingston FC
  • junior football club, Livingston United
• Swimming clubs:
  • Livingston & District Dolphins
  • The Aquanauts of Livingston
• Hockey: Livingston and West Lothian Hockey Club
• Athletics:
  • Livingston & District AAC
  • Lothian RC.

Livingston FC, known to locals as "Livi", "The Black and Ambers", or "The Lions", are the most notable sports team in the town. They were formed in 1995 on the relocation of Edinburgh-based side Meadowbank Thistle.

Outside links

• Livingstoni Community site for Livingston
• West Lothian Business Portal

References

Books

• Wills, E (1996) Livingston: the Making of a Scottish New Town
• Cowling, D (1997) An Essay for Today: the Scottish New Towns 1947-1997
• "The Disappointing New Towns of Great Britain
• "New Towns: Can They Be Given New Life?"
• "Building Towns for the future"