Wollaton Hall

Wollaton Hall
Nottinghamshire
Wollaton Hall in the snow, November 2010
Location
Grid reference:	SK53213924
Location:	52°56’52"N, 1°12’35"W
City:	Nottingham
History
	Built 1580 – 1588
For:	Sir Francis Willoughby by Robert Smythson
	Country house
Information
Owned by:	Nottingham City Council

Wollaton Hall is an Elizabethan country house of the 1580s standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton Park in Nottingham. The house is now Nottingham Natural History Museum, with Nottingham Industrial Museum in the outbuildings. It is owned by the City Council.

The surrounding parkland has a herd of deer and is regularly used for large-scale outdoor events such as rock concerts, sporting events and festivals.

The Hall is a Grade I listed building.

Wollaton and the Willoughbys

Wollaton is a classic prodigy house, "the architectural sensation of its age", though its builder was not a leading courtier and its construction stretched the resources he mainly obtained from coalmining; the original family home was at the bottom of the hill. Though much re-modelled inside, the "startlingly bold" exterior remains largely intact.

Wollaton Hall was built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed to be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who had by then completed Longleat, and was to go on to design Hardwick Hall. The general plan of Wollaton is comparable to these, and was widely adopted for other houses, but the exuberant decoration of Wollaton is distinctive, and it is possible that Willoughby played some part in creating it. The style is an advanced Elizabethan with early Jacobean elements.

On 21 June 1603, during the progress south of the new King James I, Sir Percival Willoughby hosted at Wollaton the Queen and her children Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth.

Description

The screen in the hall

Oblique view of the main facade

The building consists of a central block dominated by a hall three storeys high, with a stone screen at one end and galleries at either end, with the "Prospect Room" above that. From this there are extensive views of the park and surrounding country. There are towers at each corner, projecting out from this top floor. At each corner of the house is a square pavilion of three storeys, with decorative features rising above the roof line. Much of the basement storey is cut from the rock the house sits on.

The floor plan has been said to derive from Serlio's drawing (in Book III of his Five Books of Architecture) of Giuliano da Majano's Villa Poggio Reale near Naples of the late 15th century, with elevations derived from Hans Vredeman de Vries. The architectural historian Mark Girouard has suggested that the design is in fact derived from Nikolaus de Lyra's reconstruction, and Josephus's description, of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, with a more direct inspiration being the mid-16th century Mount Edgcumbe in Cornwall, which Smythson knew.

The building is of Ancaster stone from Lincolnshire. It is said to have been paid for with coal from the Wollaton pits owned by Willoughby; the labourers were also paid this way. Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos recorded in 1702 that the master masons, and some of the statuary, were brought from Italy. The decorative gondola mooring rings carved in stone on the exterior walls offer some evidence of this, as do other architectural features. There are also obvious French and Dutch influences. The exterior and hall have extensive and busy carved decoration, featuring strapwork and a profusion of decorative forms. The window tracery of the upper floors in the central block and the general busyness of the decoration look back to the Middle Ages,

Later history

The house was unused for about four decades before 1687, following a fire in 1642, and then re-occupied and given the first of several campaigns of re-modelling of the interiors. Paintings on the ceilings of the two main staircases and round the walls of one are attributed to Sir James Thornhill and perhaps also Louis Laguerre, carried out around 1700. Re-modelling was carried out by Wyatville in 1801 and continued intermittently until the 1830s. The hall remains essentially in its original Elizabethan state, with a "fake hammerbeam" wood ceiling of the 1580s, in fact supported by horizontal beams above, but given large and un-needed hammerbeams for decoration. The slightly earlier roofs of the great halls at Theobalds and Longleat were similar.

Wollaton Hall and grounds, 1697, by Jan Siberechts

The gallery of the main hall contains Nottinghamshire's oldest pipe organ, thought to date from the end of the 17th century, possibly by the builder Gerard Smith. It is still blown by hand. Beneath the hall are many cellars and passages, and a well and associated reservoir tank, in which some accounts report that an admiral of the Willoughby family took a daily bath.

The Willoughbys were noted for the number of explorers they produced, most famously Sir Hugh Willoughby who died in the Arctic in 1554 attempting a North East passage to Cathay. Willoughby's Land, a failed colony on the South American mainland was named after him.

Oblique view from the rear

Wollaton Hall in the late 18th-century after a drawing by Thomas Sandby

In 1881, the house was still owned by the head of the Willoughby family, Digby Willoughby, 9th Baron Middleton, but by then it was "too near the smoke and busy activity of a large manufacturing town... now only removed from the borough by a narrow slip of country", so that the previous head of the family, Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton, had begun to let the house to tenants and in 1881 it was vacant.

The hall was bought by Nottingham Council in 1925, and opened as a museum in 1926. In 2005 it was closed for a two-year refurbishment and re-opened in April 2007. The prospect room at the top of the house, and the kitchens in the basement, were opened up for the public to visit, though this must be done on one of the escorted tours. The latter can be booked on the day, lasts about an hour, and a small charge is made.

The park

Wollaton Hall Park is Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

On film

• The Dark Knight Rises key scenes filmed in 2011 outside Wollaton Hall.

The Hall was featured in the film as Wayne Manor. (The Hall coincidentally is five miles north of Gotham, through which Gotham City indirectly got its name.)

Wollaton Hall Park, by Hendrik Frans de Cort c. 1795

Nottingham Natural History Museum

Wollaton Hall seen from inside the north entrance to the park on Wollaton Road.

Since Wollaton Hall opened to the public in 1926, it has been home to the city's natural history museum.

On display are some of the items from the three quarters of a million specimens that make up its zoology, geology, and botany collections. These are housed in six main galleries:

• Natural Connections Gallery
• Bird Gallery
• Insect Gallery
• Mineral Gallery
• Africa Gallery
• Natural History Matters Gallery

The Museum started life as an interest group at the Nottingham Mechanics' Institution; it is now owned by the Council.

Outside links

("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Wollaton Hall)

• Nottingham City Council Site
• Wollaton Hall, by Lady Middleton, from Other famous homes of Great Britain and their stories, edited by A H Malan (Putnam's, 1902), Nottinghamshire History
• Photographs of Wollaton Hall from Nottingham21
• Information, photos and slide show of Wollaton Hall & Park from Rise Park Nottingham

References

• Airs, Malcolm, The Buildings of Britain, A Guide and Gazetteer, Tudor and Jacobean, 1982, Barrie & Jenkins (London), ISBN 0091478316
• Jenkins, Simon, 'England's Thousand Best Houses' (2003) ISBN 0-7139-9596-3