University College London

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University College London


UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

Middlesex

Cuncti adsint meritaeque
expectent praemia palmae

File:University College London -quadrant-11Sept2006 (1).jpg
The Wilkins Building and Main Quad
of University College
Principal:
Website: ucl.ac.uk
 
 
 
 
 
Location
Grid reference: TQ29588230
Location: 51°31’29"N, 0°8’1"W

University College London a public research university which is a member institution of the University of London: though part of the University of London, it has been entitled to the title “University” in its own right since 2023.

The college was established in 1826 as London University (though without university degree-awarding powers) by founders who were inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham. This was the first university institution to be established in London, and the first in Britain to be entirely secular, and to admit students regardless of their religion.[1] It was also, in 1878, among the first university colleges to admit women alongside men, two years after University College, Bristol, had done so.[2] Intended by its founders to be England's third university, politics forced it to accept the status of a college in 1836, when it received a royal charter and became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. It achieved de facto recognition as a university in the 1990s with the dgrant of degree-awarding powers and formal university status in 2023.

The college has grown through mergers, including with the Institute of Ophthalmology (in 1995), the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).

The college has its main campus in the Bloomsbury and St Pancras areas of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and has a second campus, ‘UCL East’, at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford in Essex. The college is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. University College London operates several museums and collections in a wide range of fields, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing. In 2023/24, University College London had a total income of £2.03 billion, of which £538.8 million was from research grants and contracts.[3] The university generates around £10 billion annually for the UK economy, primarily through the spread of its research and knowledge (£4 billion) and the impact of its own spending (£3 billion).[4]

History

1826 to 1836 – London University

File:The London University by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd 1827-28.JPG
The London University as imagined by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd in 1827–28

The College was founded on 11 February 1826 as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[5] It took the form of a joint stock company, with shares sold for £100 to proprietors, under the name of London University, although without legal recognition as a university or the associated right to award degrees.[6][7][8] London University's first warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university.[9]

File:Four founders of UCL.JPG
Henry Tonks' 1923 mural The Four Founders of UCL

Despite the commonly held belief that the philosopher Jeremy Bentham was the founder of the College, his direct involvement was limited to the purchase of share No. 633, at a cost of £100 paid in nine instalments between December 1826 and January 1830. In 1828, he did nominate a friend to sit on the council, and in 1827, attempted to have his disciple John Bowring appointed as the first professor of English or History, but on both occasions his candidates were unsuccessful.[10] However, Bentham is commonly regarded as the "spiritual father" of UCL, as his ideas on education and society were influential with the institution's founders, particularly James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).[11]

In 1828, the chair of political economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent.[12] In 1829, the university appointed the first professor of English in England, although the course concentrated on linguistics and the modern teaching of English – studying English literature – was introduced by King's College London in 1831.[13] In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School.[14] In 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in Britain.[15][16] Classes in medicine began at the opening of the college in 1828, and in 1834 University College Hospital (originally North London Hospital) opened as a teaching hospital for these classes, which were organised into a faculty of medicine in 1836.[17]

1836 to 1900 – University College, London

After almost a decade of attempting to win recognition as a university and the right to award degrees, including an Address to the Crown from the House of Commons, the proprietors of London University accepted the government's proposal to establish the University of London as an independent examining body, accepting the status of a college for their institution.[18] As a result, the proprietors of London University were incorporated by royal charter under the name University College, London on 28 November 1836. On the same day, the University of London was created by royal charter as a degree-awarding examining board for students from affiliated schools and colleges, with University College and King's College, London being named in the charter as the first two affiliates.[18][19] The first students from UCL and King's matriculated as undergraduates in 1838 and the first degrees were awarded to students of the two colleges in 1839.[20]

There had been an intention to establish a course in engineering at the college's opening but no professor was appointed until 1840 or 1841, after engineering courses had started at the University of Durham (1837) and King's College London (1838).[21][22] The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, following a bequest from Felix Slade.[23]

In 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, the College admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine (with the exception of courses on public health and hygiene).[24][25] UCL's admission of women in 1878 came almost three decades after Bedford College became the first institution to offer university-level education for women in Britain, and the establishment of the University of London's General Examination for Women in 1868.[26][27]

The Ladies' Educational Association held classes for women from 1868, taught by professors from UCL but independently of the college. From 1871 to 1872 these were held inside the college building, although still independently of the college. From 1872, some professors, particularly Edward Poynter of the Slade, started to admit women to their classes.[28] The full opening on the faculties of arts, science and law in 1878 came two years after the admission of women alongside men at the University of Bristol from its foundation (as University College Bristol) in 1876.[29] The first woman to officially enrol in architecture at UCL was Gertrude Leverkus in 1915,[30] although Ethel and Bessie Charles had been allowed to audit classes in the 1890s.[31] Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First First World Warn 1917, although limitations were placed on their numbers after the war ended.[32]

A new royal charter granted to the University of London in 1858 effectively removed the affiliation of colleges to the university. Dissatisfaction from the colleges and the desire for a "teaching university" in London led to royal commissions that reported in 1888 and 1892 and the reconstitution of the university under the University of London Act 1898.[18]

1900 to 1976 – University of London, University College

Following the University of London's reconstitution in 1909, transforming it from an examining board to a federal university with constituent "schools", University College London, became a school of the University of London. While most of the colleges that became schools of the university retained their autonomy, UCL chose to be merged into the university in 1907 under the University College London (Transfer) Act 1905 and surrendered its legal independence in return for gaining a greater say in the running of the university.[18] Its formal name became University of London, University College, although for most informal and external purposes the name "University College, London" (or the initialism UCL) was still used.

File:The Cruciform Building - geograph.org.uk - 727084.jpg
The Cruciform Building

1900 also saw the decision to appoint a salaried head of the college. The first incumbent was Carey Foster, who served as Principal (as the post was originally titled) from 1900 to 1904. He was succeeded by Gregory Foster (no relation), and in 1906 the title was changed to Provost to avoid confusion with the principal of the University of London. Gregory Foster remained in post until 1929.[33][34][35] In 1906, the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital.[36] UCL opened the first department and chair of chemical engineering in the UK, funded by the Ramsay Memorial Fund, in 1923.[37]

In 1904, Francis Galton donated £1,000 to the University of London for a eugenics laboratory; this transferred to UCL in 1907 with Karl Pearson as its director.[38] UCL apologised for its "fundamental role in the development, propagation and legitimisation of eugenics" in 2021.[39]

In 1911, University College London received an anonymous donation of £30,000 for a building for its school of architecture. In 1919 the donor consented to being named as Herbert Bartlett and the school was renamed in his honour.[40]

The college sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, including the complete destruction of the Great Hall, the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory and the Ramsay Laboratory. Fires gutted the library and destroyed much of the main building, including the dome; it was not until 1954 that the main building was fully restored. The departments were dispersed across the country to Aberystwyth, Bangor, Cambridge, Oxford, Rothamsted near Harpenden and Sheffield, with the administration at Stanstead Bury near Ware.[41] The college's first student newspaper, Pi, was founded in 1946.[42] The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated from Manchester to UCL in 1959.[43] The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1967.[44]

The college's senior common room, the Housman Room, remained men-only until 1969. After two unsuccessful attempts, a motion was passed that ended segregation by sex at UCL. This was achieved by Brian Woledge (Fielden Professor of French at UCL from 1939 to 1971) and David Colquhoun, at that time a young lecturer in pharmacology.[45]

1976 to 2005 – University College London

File:Portico and steps, University College, London - geograph.org.uk - 364428.jpg
The Wilkins Building in 1956
File:Wilkins Building 1, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg
And in 2014

In 1976, a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although still without the power to award its own degrees.[46][47] Under this charter the college became formally known as University College London. This name abandoned the comma used in its earlier name of University College, London.

In 1993, a reorganisation of the University of London meant that UCL and other colleges gained direct access to government funding and the right to confer University of London degrees themselves. This led to UCL being regarded as a de facto university in its own right.[48][49]

Mergers were a major feature of this period of UCL's history. In 1986, the college merged with the Institute of Archaeology.[50] In 1988, UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School.[50] Middlesex and University College hospitals, together with the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, formed the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust in 1994.[51]

Mergers continued in the 1990s, with the Institute of Child Health joining in 1995, the School of Podiatry in 1996[52] and the Institute of Neurology in 1997.[50][53] In 1998, UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999, UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies[54][55] and the Eastman Dental Institute.[50]

From 2005

File:The UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies.jpg
The School of Slavonic and East European Studies building

University College London was granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers in 2005,[56] and all UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees.[57]

The college continued to grow through mergers with smaller colleges in the University of London. On 1 January 2012 the School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with University College London, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.[58][59] UCL and the Institute of Education formed a strategic alliance in October 2012,[60] followed by a full merger in December 2014.[61][62][63][64]

File:Student Centre in the afternoon, University College London.jpg
New Student Centre on Gordon Street

Following the passing of the University of London Act 2018, which allowed member institutions to become universities in their own right while remaining part of the University of London, UCL applied for university status in 2019.[65] The application was approved by the Office for Students in 2022 and a supplemental charter was sealed on 17 April 2023, granting university status to University College London.[66]

The Bloomsbury site

University College London is primarily based in Bloomsbury in Middlesex. The main campus is located around Gower Street, with many other departments close by in Bloomsbury.[67] Many health institutes are located close to associated hospitals, including the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Queen Square,[68] the UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children,[67] and the UCL Eastman Dental Institute and Eastman Dental Hospital.[69]

Historic UCL buildings in Bloomsbury include the grade I listed UCL Main Building, including the original Wilkins building designed by William Wilkins,[70] and, directly opposite on Gower Street, the early 20th century grade II listed Cruciform Building, the last major building designed by Alfred Waterhouse.[71][72] Nearby are the grade II listed Kathleen Lonsdale Building, UCL's first purpose-built chemistry laboratory,[73] and the grade II listed Rockefeller Building.[74] Elsewhere in Bloomsbury is the 1970s grade II* Institute of Education building by Denys Lasdun and Partners.[75] Much of the estate falls within the Bloomsbury Conservation Area.[76] Important contemporary buildings include the School of Slavonic and East European Studies building (RIBA Award winner 2006)[77] and the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour building (LEAF Award for best façade design and engineering and overall winner 2016).[78]

Museums

File:Flaxman Gallery, UCL.JPG
The Flaxman Gallery

UCL is responsible for several museums and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences, including:[79]

  • Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: Founded in 1892 by a donation from Amelia Edwards of several hundred Egyptian items, the museum now contains around 80,000 items and covers the history of the Nile valley from prehistoric times through to the Islamic period. It is named after William Flinders Petrie, the first Edwards Professor at UCL, who excavated dozens of sites in his career and sold his collection to the college in 1913.[80] The Petrie Museum is a designated collection under the Arts Council England Designation Scheme for "pre-eminent collections held in museums, libraries and archives across England".[81]
  • UCL Art Museum: the art collection originated as a teaching and research collection for the Slade, and contains works by women artists dating back to the 1890s. A series of plaster casts of full-size details of sculptures by John Flaxman is located inside the library under the dome of the UCL Main Building.[82] It was announced in 2024 that this would be closed to allow the area to become a flexible event space, with the objects placed in storage until a new gallery could be provided elsewhere.[83]
  • Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: Established in 1827 by Robert Edmund Grant, UCL's first professor of comparative anatomy and zoology, for teaching purposes. Grant bequeathed his collection of 10,000 specimens to UCL upon his death. With other additions, the museum now contains around 68,000 specimens, including dodo bones and a rare quagga skeleton.[84]
 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about University College London)

References

  1. ↑ Harte, Negley; North, John (2004). The World of UCL 1828–2004. London: UCL. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-1-84472-025-5. 
  2. ↑ Georgia Oman (28 January 2020). "Suffrage, Arson, and the University of Bristol". Doing History in Public. https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2020/01/28/suffrage-arson-and-the-university-of-bristol/. 
  3. ↑ "Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2024". University College London. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/sites/finance/files/ucl-2024-annual-report-financial-statements-final.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Richard Adams (27 June 2022). "University College London generates £10bn a year for UK, says report". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/27/university-college-london-generates-10bn-a-year-for-uk-says-report. 
  5. ↑ Harte, North, and Brewis 2018, pp. 16–20
  6. ↑ Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (2018). The World of UCL. UCL Press. pp. 13–23. 
  7. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=encyclopaedia }}
  8. ↑ Penman, Colin (27 February 2017). "The youth of our middling rich: how egalitarian were UCL's founders? – UCL Lunch Hour Lecture". UCL Lunch Hour Lectures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMnaY3g7etQ. Template:Cbignore
  9. ↑ Morrell, Jack (2005). John Phillips and the Business of Victorian Science. Ashgate Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-84014-239-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq1VPHtxG00C&q=Leonard+Horner+first+warden. 
  10. ↑ Harte, Negley (1998). "The owner of share no. 633: Jeremy Bentham and University College London". in Fuller, Catherine. The Old Radical: representations of Jeremy Bentham. London: University College London. pp. 5–8. 
  11. ↑ "Bentham and UCL". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/who/bentham_ucl. 
  12. ↑ Paul Monroe, ed (1911). A Cyclopedia of Education: Volume Two. Macmillan Publishers. p. 388. ISBN 9780598945396. https://books.google.com/books?id=oQZXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA388. 
  13. ↑ Barry, Peter (2002). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7190-6268-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=SNy26bx7L5UC&q=English. 
  14. ↑ Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (2018). World of UCL. UCL Press. p. 51. https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/108685. 
  15. ↑ Steel, Robert W. (8 October 1987). "The beginning and the end". in Steel, Robert W.. British Geography 1918–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521247900. https://books.google.com/books?id=9NSDx4DxfVcC&pg=PA2. 
  16. ↑ R. Gerard Ward (December 1960). "Captain Alexander Maconochie, R. N., K. H., 1787-1860". The Geographical Journal 126 (4): 459–468. doi:10.2307/1793383. Bibcode: 1960GeogJ.126..459W. 
  17. ↑ Wilson, Stanley Gordon (1923). "University College Hospital Medical School". The University of London and its Colleges: "constituting, the most wonderful aggregation of institutions to be found anywhere in the world". London: University Tutorial Press. p. 129. https://books.google.com/books?id=AnAxAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912). University of London. 1912. pp. 7–24. https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7. 
  19. ↑ Huber, Victor Aimé (1843). "The English Universities: From the German". William Pickering. https://books.google.com/books?id=TZtRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA564. 
  20. ↑ A History of the County of Middlesex - Volume 1 pp 315-344: The University of London: The University (Victoria County History)
  21. ↑ Anna Guagnini (15 July 1993). Worlds apart: academic instruction and professional qualifications in the training of mechanical engineers in England, 1850–1915. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–21. ISBN 9780521381536. https://books.google.com/books?id=7x8AieWYGbEC&pg=PA17. 
  22. ↑ Matthew Andrews (June 2018). Universities in the Age of Reform, 1800–1870: Durham, London and King's College. Springer International. pp. 167–173. 
  23. ↑ Chilvers, Ian (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press. p. 655. ISBN 978-0-19-860476-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=WYaRX58a0_IC. 
  24. ↑ Harte, N. B. (1986). The University of London, 1836–1986: An Illustrated History. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-485-12052-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=PysucrsTkWAC. 
  25. ↑ Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick (15 August 1897). "The Place of University Education in the Life of Women. An address delivered at the Women's Institute on November 23rd, 1897". Transactions of the Women's Institute (London) 1. 
  26. ↑ Philip Carter (28 January 2018). "The first women at university: remembering 'the London Nine'". Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/first-women-university-remembering-london-nine. 
  27. ↑ "Oh Pioneers! Remembering the London Nine". https://www.london.ac.uk/news-and-opinion/leading-women/oh-pioneers-remembering-london-nine. 
  28. ↑ Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (2018). World of UCL. UCL Press. p. 89. https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/108685. 
  29. ↑ "History of the University". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/history/. 
  30. ↑ "Gertrude Leverkus at the Bartlett". The Bartlett History Project. 17 February 2014. https://bartletthistoryproject.tumblr.com/post/76946019895/gertrude-leverkus-at-the-bartlett. 
  31. ↑ "Ethel & Bessie Charles". The Bartlett History Project. 3 March 2014. https://bartletthistoryproject.tumblr.com/post/78428614670/ethel-bessie-charles. 
  32. ↑ Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina (30 July 2014). Women in Twentieth-Century Britain: Social, Cultural and Political Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87692-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LcAeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120. 
  33. ↑ Harte and North 2004, pp. 160–61.
  34. ↑ "Foster, Sir Gregory: Papers". UCL. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/foster-gregory. 
  35. ↑ "Former Provosts". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/provost/former-provosts. 
  36. ↑ Merrington, W (1976). University College Hospital and its Medical School: A History. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-46500-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=VbV1QgAACAAJ. 
  37. ↑ " History. UCL Chemical Engineering has a long and distinguished history as a world-leading research department – the first of its kind in the UK. Find out more about some key figures and dates in our history". 19 July 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/chemical-engineering/about/history. 
  38. ↑ Template:Cite report
  39. ↑ "University College London apologises for role in promoting eugenics". 7 January 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/07/university-college-london-apologises-for-role-in-promoting-eugenics. 
  40. ↑ "The life of Henry Bartlett". UCL The Bartlett. 2019. https://bartlett100.com/article/the-life-of-herbert-henry-bartlett.html. 
  41. ↑ Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (2018). The World of UCL. UCL Press. pp. 201–210. 
  42. ↑ "What is Pi Media". https://uclpimedia.com/whatispimedia. 
  43. ↑ "About". 24 April 2019. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/institute-jewish-studies/about-0. 
  44. ↑ Massie, Harrie; Robins, M. (2009). History of British Space Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-521-12338-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=bqQsjc3BwZkC. 
  45. ↑ Negley Harte; John North; Georgina Brewis (2018). The World of UCL. UCL Press. pp. 241–244. 
  46. ↑ "Landmarks". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/history/landmarks. 
  47. ↑ "Royal Charter granted 17 November 1976". http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ras/acs/governance/documents/charter-and-statutes. 
  48. ↑ Rebecca Smithers; Donald MacLeod (10 December 2005). "College vote brings break-up of university a step nearer". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/10/highereducation.administration. "Over the past 10 years the university has become an increasingly loose federation of independent institutions that are universities in their own right and receive their grants directly from the Higher Education Funding Council for England, although they still hand out degrees on behalf of the central university." 
  49. ↑ Grant, Malcolm (March 2005). "The future of the University of London: a discussion paper from the Provost of UCL". pp. 3–6. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/images/Uni-Lon.pdf. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 MacLeod, Donald (22 October 2002). "The merger and the man". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/oct/22/highereducation.universitymergers. 
  51. ↑ Healthcare, Kable (25 March 2011). "University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust – NHS hospital trust profile". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2011/mar/25/university-college-london-hospitals-nhs-foundation-trust-profile. 
  52. ↑ "UCL steps up to world class". Times Higher Education. 6 September 1996. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=99328&sectioncode=26. 
  53. ↑ "Medicine in the capital". Times Higher Education. 14 February 1997. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=102036&sectioncode=26. 
  54. ↑ "Slavonic school to stay put after UCL merger". Times Higher Education. 5 March 1999. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=145289&sectioncode=26. 
  55. ↑ "Language school keeps name in UCL merger". Times Higher Education. 30 July 1999. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=147400&sectioncode=26. 
  56. ↑ Polly Curtis (27 September 2005). "College granted degree-awarding powers". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/sep/27/highereducation.uk3. 
  57. ↑ "UCL unveils new academic dress". 26 March 2008. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2008/mar/ucl-unveils-new-academic-dress. 
  58. ↑ "School of Pharmacy to merge with UCL". Times Higher Education. 13 May 2011. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=416145. 
  59. ↑ School of Pharmacy merges with UCL. University College London (1 January 2012). Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  60. ↑ "Bloomsbury institutions enter 'strategic partnership'". Times Higher Education. 2 October 2012. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=421371. 
  61. ↑ "UCL set to merge with Institute of Education". Times Higher Education. 5 February 2014. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/ucl-set-to-merge-with-institute-of-education/2011121.article. 
  62. ↑ "Institute of Education will bring 'healthy dowry' to UCL marriage". Times Higher Education. 13 February 2014. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/institute-of-education-will-bring-healthy-dowry-to-ucl-marriage/2011259.article. 
  63. ↑ "UCL and IoE confirm merger date". Times Higher Education. 25 November 2014. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/ucl-and-ioe-confirm-merger-date/2017200.article. 
  64. ↑ "UCL and IoE merger: a marriage of like minds?". Times Higher Education. 4 December 2014. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/ucl-and-ioe-merger-a-marriage-of-like-minds/2017298.article. 
  65. ↑ "UCL statement on University of London Act 2018". 11 March 2019. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2019/mar/ucl-statement-university-london-act-2018. 
  66. ↑ "Council minutes". 19 June 2023. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/governance-compliance/sites/governance_compliance/files/council-190623.pdf. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Campus location maps, University College London". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/location/maps. 
  68. ↑ Jeremy Laurance (20 March 2008). "Britain's best hospitals: A patients' guide". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/britains-best-hospitals-a-patients-guide-798352.html. 
  69. ↑ "Our facilities". UCL. 19 April 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/eastman/about-us/our-facilities. 
  70. ↑ National Heritage List 1113056: University College (University of London) and attached railings to north and south wings (Grade I listing)
  71. ↑ "Cruciform tiles". UCL. 8 January 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lifesciences-faculty/alumni/cruciform-tiles. 
  72. ↑ National Heritage List 1113059: University College Hospital general block only and attached railings (Grade II listing)
  73. ↑ National Heritage List 1322169: University College chemistry laboratory and attached railings and wall (Grade II listing)
  74. ↑ National Heritage List 1113060: University College Hospital Medical School, nurses home 1907 building and attached railings (Grade II listing)
  75. ↑ National Heritage List 1246932: Institute of Education, Clore Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and accommodation for University College (Grade II listing)
  76. ↑ "Bloomsbury Conservation Area". 23 December 2019. https://bloomsburyconservation.org.uk/conservation-areas/bloomsbury-conservation-area/. 
  77. ↑ "UCL SSEES wins architectural award". 23 June 2006. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2006/jun/ucl-ssees-wins-architectural-award. 
  78. ↑ John Hill (18 October 2016). "LEAF Awards 2016 Winners". World-Architects. https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/leaf-awards-2016-winners. 
  79. ↑ UCL Museums & Collections: University College London
  80. ↑ "About the Petrie Museum". https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/node/21/about. 
  81. ↑ "Designated Collections". https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/publication/designated-outstanding-collections. 
  82. ↑ "About UCL Art Museum". https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/node/25/about. 
  83. ↑ Dalya Alberge (27 October 2024). "University College London staff voice concern over 'dismantling' of Art Museum". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/oct/27/university-college-london-art-museum-redevelopment-ucl-staff-concern. 
  84. ↑ "About the Grant Museum of Zoology". https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/node/7/about. 


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