Somersetshire Coal Canal

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Disused locks near Combe Hay
Map of the Somerset Coal Canal

The Somersetshire Coal Canal was a narrow canal in Somerset, built around 1800 starting in basins at Paulton and Timsbury to nearby Camerton, over two aqueducts at Dunkerton, through a tunnel at Combe Hay, then via Midford and Monkton Combe to Limpley Stoke where it joined the Kennet and Avon Canal. This link gave the Somerset coalfield, (which at its peak contained 80 collieries), access east toward London. The longest arm was 10⅔ miles long with 23 locks. From Midford an arm also ran via Writhlington to Radstock, with a tunnel at Wellow.

A feature of the canal was the variety of methods used at Combe Hay to overcome height differences between the upper and lower reaches, initially by the use of caisson locks and when this failed an inclined plane trackway and then finally a flight of 22 conventional  locks.

The Radstock arm was never commercially successful and was replaced first with a tramway in 1815[1] and later incorporated into the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. The Paulton route flourished for nearly 100 years and was very profitable, carrying very high tonnages of coal for many decades; this canal helped carry the fuel that powered the nearby city of Bath.

By the 1880s coal production declined as the various pits either ran out of coal or were flooded and subsequently closed. In 1896 the main pump at Dunkerton which maintained the canal water level failed. The resultant lowering in level meant that only small loads could be transported. A factor which reduced revenue from the canal still further. The declining income meant that the canal company could not afford to pay for a replacement pump.

The canal became disused after 1898 and officially closed in 1902, being sold off to the various railway companies who were expanding their networks. The land bordering the canal route was then used for a few years to construct a railway. In October 2006 a grant was obtained from the Heritage Lottery Fund to carry out a technical study on one of the locks and its associated structures at Combe Hay.

In September 2014 restoration work began on the canal section from Paulton to Radford, with the aim of restoring the entire canal to navigation in the near future. The largest canal drydock in England has been revealed at Paulton; culverts and bridges nearby are being reinstated or rebuilt; and about ⅔ mile of canal from Paulton to Radford is likely to be in water by summer 2015.[2]

History

Background

House at Tucking Mill, next to the canal, reputedly lived in by William Smith, though this is disputed

In 1763 coal was discovered in Radstock and mining began in the area, however transport was a major problem because of the poor state of the roads. This cost and the potential for cheaper delivery of coal from south Wales via the Monmouthshire Canal[3] led to the proposal for a canal which could transport the coal to Bath and Wiltshire.[4] Initial surveys were conducted during 1793 by William Jessop and William Smith under the direction of John Rennie who presented the report on 14 October 1793 estimating the cost of construction of the canal at £80,000. Smith, who also worked at the Mearns Pit at High Littleton, made the original observations leading to his important stratification theory by observing the dips in the geological strata through which the canal was cut.[5][6] Smith became Surveyor to the company, but was dismissed in April 1799, apparently because he had used his position as surveyor to buy a local house at advantageous terms.[7] He then set himself up in a private practice in Bath but was re-engaged by the company in 1811, to provide advice when repairs became necessary to the canal bed.[8]

Derelict lock next to Caisson House, Combe Hay

The canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament entitled "An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal, with certain Railways and Stone Roads, from several Collieries in the county of Somerset, to communicate with the intended Kennet and Avon Canal, in the parish of Bradford, in the county of Wilts" of 1794,[3] and further detailed surveys were carried out by Robert Whitworth and John Sutcliffe, who was then appointed as chief engineer.

Construction

In May 1795 tenders were invited for the first section to be built from the meadows near Goosehard (or Gooseyard) near Paulton to Hopyard in the Parish of Camerton. In June 1795 a contractor, (Houghton & Son from Shropshire), started the terminus at Paulton meadows using local labour. This first section of the canal was completed on Monday 1 October 1798; the first load of coal along the canal was delivered to Bath via Dunkerton. Some 14 collieries at Timsbury & Paulton were connected to their respective basins in the meadow terminus by tramways. This involved the construction of three tramway bridges over the Cam brook. A further bridge at Upper Radford was required over the canal; at this point tramways connected the Withy Mills and Radford workings. The course of the Cam brook was modified at various places to protect the canal from erosion. In 1799 William Whitmore and his partner, Norton, offered to build a balance (or geometrical) lift without payment, on condition that if successful they were to have £17,300 and a royalty of 4 pence per ton of goods passed.[9]

The design of the caisson lock at Combe Hay was not a success, on 15 February 1798 the first descent failed. Mr. Weldon (the inventor), made one successful descent on 7 June and said "I will undertake to pass 1,500 tons of goods through the lock in 12 hrs". Tenders were invited on 28 June for further constructions. Two more attempts to use the caisson lock took place on 11 April & 2 May (only the latter was successful). By 22 August 1799 the second rebuilding of the caisson had been abandoned. It was replaced by three locks and an inclined plane trackway, but the trackway was not successful either, and the company proposed to raise more money to finance the building of a flight of 19 locks to replace it, the use of which would incur an additional toll of one shilling per ton on all traffic.[3] This was vigorously opposed by the owners of the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Wilts and Berks Canal, on the grounds that the price of coal to their customers would be too high. After negotiation, the company obtained a new Act of Parliament on 30 April 1802, which authorised the formation of a separate body called "The Lock Fund of the Somerset Coal Canal Company", with powers to raise the sum of £45,000. The money was raised by the Kennet and Avon, the Wilts and Berks and the Somerset Coal Canal each contributing £15,000, and the one shilling surcharge was to be levied until the capital had been repaid, after which it would cease.[10] The act set the tonnage rates to be charged:

Somerset Coal Canal at Dundas Aqueduct
Tonnage rates on the Somerset Coal Canal in 1805[11]
Cargo Rate
For all Coal, Coke, &c 2½d per Ton, per Mile.
For all Iron, Lead, Ores, Cinders, &c 4d ditto. ditto.
For all Stones, Tiles, Bricks, Slate, Timber, &c 3d ditto. ditto.
For all Cattle, Sheep, Swine and other Beasts 4d ditto. ditto.
For all other Goods 4d ditto. ditto.
For every Horse or Ass Travelling on the Railway 1d each.
For every Cow or other Neat Cattle ditto ½d ditto. ditto.
For Sheep, Swine and Calves ditto 5d per Score.

Fractions of a Mile to pay for Half a Mile, and of a Ton as a Quarter of a Ton; Rates for Wharfage to be determined by the Company. In addition to the above Rates, One Shilling per Ton is paid on all Goods to the Lock Fund, which also receives Three Farthings per Ton from the Coal Canal company.[11] The boats were weighed at Midford where a Weigh house was constructed in 1831. The boats would be floated into a one-ended lock, the gate closed and the water drained. This left the boat resting on a cradle suspended by angled rods attached to a beam which took the weight of the boat. One-pound weights were then added to a pan with one pound being equivalent to one hundredweight until the system was in equilibrium and the weight was recorded. The weigh house at Midford was one of only four known to have been built in England and Wales.[3]

Operation

The canal opened in 1805[3] and was used for passenger traffic as well as coal. In 1814 the Benedictine monks who came to Downside Abbey are said to have used the canal for the last stage of their journey.[12] Another cargo carried by the canal was limestone from Combe Down.[13] The peak level of cargo carried was in 1838 at 138,403 tons[14] resulting in over £17,000 of tolls being paid. Cargoes of over 100,000 tons were common until the 1870s when the decline in output of coal from the various Somerset coalpits, along with competition from the railways, dramatically reduced the canal's profitability. When the main pump at Dunkerton failed it was not replaced and there was not sufficient water for continual operation of the locks. The canal went into liquidation in 1894; it closed in 1898 and was finally abandoned in 1904 when it was sold to the Great Western Railway for £2,000,[15] and used as a branch of the Bristol and North Somerset Railway. The closure caused problems across the Somerset coalfield especially to the pits along the Paulton branch, which had relied on the canal for transportation.[16]

The Radstock branch

When the Radstock branch was constructed, it was intended to link it to the main line of the Paulton branch at Midford, which was at a lower level at this point. The Lock Fund created in 1802 was to have paid for the construction of the locks, but because there was little regular traffic on the branch, the company built one lock, an aqueduct over the Midford Brook, and a short tramway to bridge the gap.[10] This contributed to the economic failure of the branch, and its replacement by a tramway in 1815.[17] The tramway was laid along the former canal's towpath. It was single-line with passing places every 600 yds, and was originally laid using cast iron plates on stone block sleepers, but was relaid using wrought iron plates.[3]

Engineers and surveyors

Portrait of male with white hair wearing a white cravat and blue jacket.
Portrait of John Rennie, 1810, by Sir Henry Raeburn
William Smith
  • William Bennet (d. 1826)
  • John Hodgkinson
  • Benjamin Outram (1764–1805)
  • John Rennie (1761–1821)
  • William Smith (1769–1839)
  • John Sutcliffe
  • Robert Weldon](?1754–1810)
  • Robert Whitworth (d. 1799)

Data from Jim Shead's Waterways Information.[9]

Combe Hay and the caisson lock

The fall over the route is 135 ft, which meant problems with supplying adequate water. The Cam brook was an inadequate source of water above Camerton, and the mills along it had water rights. Each narrow boat travelling through the series of locks (22 of them each 6 ft-deep) with a 25-ton load of coal caused 85 tons of water to be discharged into the brook below the locks. As a result, the canal was designed with all 22 locks in one flight near Combe Hay and a pumping engine to raise water from the Cam  this was the first canal to entirely depend on pumping.

A potential solution to the water supply problem was the use of caisson locks as proposed by Robert Weldon, three of which could replace the 22 conventional locks, because it wasted no water, however the technology had only been tried in a one-third scale prototype. Each lock was 80 ft long and 60 ft deep and contained a closed wooden box which could take a barge. This box moved up and down in the 60 ft deep pool of water, which never left the lock. The box was demonstrated to the Prince Regent (later George IV), but had engineering problems and was never successful commercially or built elsewhere.

It was temporarily replaced with an inclined plane by Benjamin Outram who had successfully installed inclined planes at the Peak Forest Canal in Derbyshire, whilst 22 locks and a Boulton & Watt Steam Pumping Station, capable of lifting 5,000 tons of water in 12 hours, were built to the latest design with metal plate clad wooden gates.[18][19][20]

Outlet view of spillway drain 25 ft long and 10 ft wide
Internal view of spillway drain about 66 ft in length

Construction. The two images show a recently uncovered (2009–10) Spillway / Drain (c1796) at Upper Midford, a location where a caisson to take the canal from the 180 ft level to the 134 ft level at Midford Aqueduct was proposed.

Each caisson would have had such a drain for maintenance purposes over the exit arch made to the same dimensions. The following extract from the Bath Herald newspaper provides the details of the chosen sites.

"14 Jun 1798 Travel: Somerset coal canal – caisson cisterns to be formed at Combe Hay & nr. Midford. Sealed proposals reqd. on embanking & excavation with the masonry; or each separately – send to sub-committee, Waldegrave Arms, Radstock 20 Jul Plans & specs. on appl."

Paulton and Timsbury basins

Large conical black mound with trees in the foreground
The spoil tip in Paulton, referred to locally as "The Batch"

located between the villages of Paulton and Timsbury was the terminus of the northern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal and was a central point for at least 15 collieries around Paulton, Timsbury and High Littleton, which were connected to the canal by tramroads. Timsbury basin was some 600ft to the west of Paulton basin.

On the northern side of Timsbury basin was the terminus for the tramroads which served Old Grove, Prior's, Tyning and Hayeswood pits, with a branch line to Amesbury and Mearns pits. Parts of this line were still in use in 1873, probably all carrying horse-drawn wagons of coal. Tramroads on the southern side of the Paulton basin served Brittens, Littleborrok, Paulton Ham, Paulton Hill, Simons Hill terminating at Salisbury Colliery. In addition the Paulton Foundry used this line. The entire line was disused by 1871 as were the collieries it served.[16]

The area has been designated as an 'area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance' under section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.[21]

Coming of the railway

White caravan on grassy bridge, surrounded by small trees and shrubs
Aqueduct on the Somerset Coal Canal at Dunkerton

The first railway to affect the canal was the Bristol and North Somerset Railway's Frome to Radstock line completed in 1854 which took traffic away from the tramway. It finally closed in 1874 with the Somerset and Dorset Railway's extension to Bath, built along its route from Radstock to Midford. Another branch line was constructed in 1882 from Hallatrow to Camerton, running alongside the canal for the last mile and a half of its route.[3]

The Great Western Railway built a railway line (the Bristol and North Somerset Railway) over some parts of the canal route from Limpley Stoke to Camerton, where it joined the existing 1882 branch line from Hallatrow to Camerton. This opened in 1910 for passenger and goods traffic, closed for the First World War, re-opened after the war but ran for passengers only for two more years in the mid-1920s and finally closed to all traffic in the 1950s. The line was used in the 1950s Ealing comedy film The Titfield Thunderbolt.[22][23]

Today

The route of the canal lies in a largely agricultural area dotted with small villages and minor roads. There are several stetches of the Paulton and Timsbury basins branch of the canal that are easily visible, and various stretches and features have been surveyed during 2014. Full restoration of the entire length from Paulton to Dundas is being explored.[24] Four locks on the original canal route at Combe Hay have been buried; one by a 20ft railway embankment, and three overfilled by 10 - 20ft with building waste since the 1960s. It may no longer be feasible to reinstate the original locks 16, 17, 18 and 19 structures for this section.

At Upper Midford the canal is blocked entirely at the Accommodation bridge [1] by the 40ft high embankment of the railway that crosses it.[2] Most of the canal features along the entire route are on private land but the towpath survives in places as a right of way, while the later railway between Midford to Wellow has been surfaced to form part of National Cycle Route 24. It has been proposed that a statue, commissioned by Sustrans, of William Smith, the father of British Geology, will be sited next to the path on the line of the canal commemorating his work as its surveyor and his recognition of the significance of rock strata.[25]

The canal today: moorings on the only navigable section of the canal, near its junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal. This stretch at Brassknocker, some 220 yards long, is used for moorings, a café, and boat and cycle hire.

Restoration works

Limpley Stoke

The quarter-mile stretch at Brassknocker Basin where the canal joins the Kennet and Avon at Dundas Aqueduct was restored during the 1980s and is now a thriving marina with moorings. Excavations of the old stop lock (at the junction with the Kennet and Avon canal) showed that this had originally been a broad (14 ft) lock that at some point was narrowed to 7 ft by moving the lock wall.[3]

Excavated canal dry dock and restored entrance arch at Paulton Basin, on the Somerset Coal Canal.
The restored canal bed at Upper Midford to the west of the recently uncovered Georgian spillway drain.

Paulton and Timsbury basins

Work started in 2013 to reveal and excavate the drydock next to the eastern Paulton Basin. This drydock appears to be the largest drydock anywhere on the canal system in England, being about 30 ft wide and 83 ft long, large enough for three full-length narrowboats to be worked on at the same time.[26]

The drainage culvert at the south-east corner of the drydock was rebuilt in December 2013, and the drydock itself completely excavated in April 2014. The entrance to the drydock, at the western end, was surmounted by a bridge, partially demolished in 2002 but rebuilt during 2014.[26]

Withy Mills

Excavations began in May, 2014 at Terminus Bridge; the arch was missing and the abutments were found to be in poor condition; an earth bund between the abutments carried the public footpath and stopped the water draining from the Paulton and Timsbury Basins. A new earth bund was installed about 80 feet west of Terminus Bridge to stop the water and allow work to continue on the bridge.[27]

During excavations a drainage culvert was discovered about 22 yards west of Terminus bridge.[28] Work resumed in September and November 2014 to batter and reshape the canal embankments. Excess topsoil was removed and the towpath reinstated on the stretch to the east from Terminus bridge for about 220 yards. On the same stretch a retaining wall was discovered in the south embankment continuing for about 110 yards, possibly built as a repair to a weak section of canal banking. Vertical infills of white clay have been used along this wall.

Grant to study history of the canal

The canal has been studied for many years with exploration and restoration work being undertaken in Wellow and elsewhere. Particular effort, so far unsuccessful, has been put into trying to find the site of the second and third caisson locks at Combe Hay. In October 2006 a grant of £20,000 was obtained from the Heritage Lottery Fund, by the Somersetshire Coal Canal Society in association with Bath & North East Somerset Council and the Avon Industrial Buildings Trust to carry out a technical study on one of the locks and associated structures at Combe Hay.[29][30] Many of the locks and associated workings are listed buildings.[31][32]

Route and points of interest

References

  1. ↑ Dunning, Robert (1983). A History of Somerset. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-461-6. 
  2. ↑ "Restoration". Somerset Coal Canal Society. http://www.coalcanal.org/restoration.php. Retrieved 21 November 2014. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Halse, Roger; Castens, Simon (2000). The Somersetshire Coal Canal: A Pictorial Journey. Bath: Millstream Books. ISBN 0-948975-58-X. 
  4. ↑ Clew, Kenneth R. (1970). The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4792-6. 
  5. ↑ Simon Winchester, The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology, (2001), New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-14-028039-1
  6. ↑ Torrens, H. S. (2004). "Smith, William (1769–1839)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25932. 
  7. ↑ Clew (1970: 38)
  8. ↑ Clew (1970: 74)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "History of Somerset Coal Canal". Jim Shead's Waterways Information. http://www.jim-shead.com/waterways/History.php?wpage=SMRS. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 L. J. Dalby (2000) The Wilts and Berks Canal, Oakwood Press, ISBN 0-85361-562-4
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Priestley, Joseph (1831). Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain. http://www.jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=PNRC0581#PNRCSMRS. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  12. ↑ Coysh, A.W.; Mason, E.J.; Waite, V. (1977). The Mendips. London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 0-7091-6426-2. 
  13. ↑ Patch, Harry; Van Emden, Richard (2007). The Last Fighting Tommy. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7475-9115-3. 
  14. ↑ Collier, Peter (1986). Colliers Way: The Somerset Coalfield. Ex Libris Press. ISBN 978-0-948578-05-2. 
  15. ↑ Russell, Ronald (1991). The Country Canal. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-9169-0. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Down, C.G.; Warrington, A. J. (2005). The history of the Somerset coalfield. Radstock: Radstock Museum. ISBN 0-9551684-0-6. 
  17. ↑ Priestley, Joseph (1831). Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain P580. http://www.jim-shead.com/waterways/sdoc.php?wpage=PNRC0581#PNRCSMRS. Retrieved 9 December 2007. 
  18. ↑ "The Somerset Coal Canal". Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution. http://www.brlsi.org/proceed03/transport200201.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  19. ↑ "History of the Caisson Lock on the Somersetshire Coal Canal". The Somersetshire Coal Canal (Society). http://rtjhomepages.users.btopenworld.com/caishist.html. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  20. ↑ "Canals and Canal projects". Aspects of Somerset History. http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Canals.htm. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  21. ↑ "Paulton conservation area character appraisal". Bath and North East Somerset Planning. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/environmentandplanning/Conservation/conservationareas/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 10 December 2006. 
  22. ↑ Castens, Simon (2002). On the Trail of The Titfield Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt Books. ISBN 0-9538771-0-8. 
  23. ↑ Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (June 1996). Frome to Bristol including the Camerton Branch and the "Titfield Thunderbolt". Middleton Press. ISBN 1-873793-77-4. 
  24. ↑ "Area 12 Cam and Wellow Brook Valleys". BANES Rural Landscapes. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051126063519/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rlarea12.htm. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  25. ↑ "Bristol and Somerset". SUSTRANS. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060818135215/http://www.sustrans.org.uk/default.asp?county=1090921346000. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Norbury, S. G. (17 June 2015). "Boats to use coal canal in Paulton for the first time 117 years". Somerset Guardian. http://www.somersetguardian.co.uk/Boats-use-coal-canal-Paulton-time-117-years/story-26714670-detail/story.html. Retrieved 8 October 2015. 
  27. ↑ "Local Canal to reopen in Big History Year". Midsomer Norton, Radstock & District Jounral. 17 June 2015. http://www.mnrjournal-somerset.co.uk/article.cfm?id=192&headline=Local%20Canal%20to%20reopen%20in%20Big%20History%20Year&searchyear=2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015. 
  28. ↑ "Restoration". Somerset Coal Canal Society. http://www.coalcanal.org/restoration.php. Retrieved 8 October 2015. 
  29. ↑ "Grant unlocks Canal's secret history". BANES News Inform 32. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/media/news/2006/October/Pages/grantunlockscanalssecrethistory.aspx. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  30. ↑ "Canal lock restoration under way". BBC News, Somerset. 9 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/6033059.stm. Retrieved 9 October 2006. 
  31. ↑ "Flight of 10 locks". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32448. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 
  32. ↑ "Remains of the Basin at the bottom of the Inclined Plane". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32449. Retrieved 6 October 2006. 

Bibliography

  • Allsop, Niall (1993). The Somersetshire Coal Canal Rediscovered: A Walker's Guide. Bath: Millstream Books. ISBN 0-948975-35-0. 
  • Clew, Kenneth R (1970). The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways. Bran's Head Books. ISBN 0-905220-67-6. 
  • Cornwell, John (2005). Collieries of Somerset and Bristol. Landmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84306-170-8. 
  • Halse, Roger; Castens, Simon (2000). The Somersetshire Coal Canal: A Pictorial Journey. Bath: Millstream Books. ISBN 0-948975-58-X. 
  • Handley, Chris (2006). Transport & Industrial Development in the Somerset Coalfield. Radstock: Radstock, Midsomer Norton and District Museum Society. 
  • Chapman, Mike (2000). The Timsbury Book – Timsbury & the Somersetshire coal canal. Timsbury: Timsbury Parish Council Millennium Committee. ISBN 0-9526225-5-6. 

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