River Irthing
The River Irthing is a river in Cumberland and a major tributary of the River Eden, forming the county boundary with Northumberland for 15 miles from its origin (at the union of two fellside burns) and Gilsland.
The name of the river is recorded as Ard or Arden in early references.[1]
It is thought that before the last glacial maximum the Irthing flowed into the South Tyne valley through the watershed near Greenhead, now known as the Tyne Gap. This section of the valley is now blocked by a filling of glacial till, diverting the river south west, but the old course has been detected by drilling and echo-sounding.[2] The rapidly eroding cliffs threatening the southern edge of Birdoswald Roman Fort and the fact that the Roman bridge abutment at Willowford is now 144 feet[3] from the river testify to the instability of the local landscape as it continues to recover from glacial alteration.
The river rises on Paddaburn Moor in Kielder Forest and skirts the eastern edge of Butterburn Flow raised bog. Remains of numerous mediaeval shielings have been found along the banks of these upper reaches,[4] some of which have been given ancient monument status.
For two miles above the village of Gilsland the river flows through the Irthing Gorge,[5] flanked by mainly sandstone crags. Within the upper section of this gorge lies the spectacular waterfall known as Crammel Linn, falling 25 feet.
Peregrine falcons and ravens nest near the waterfall and derelict military structures, probably pump-houses supplying water for the Blue Streak rocket site at RAF Spadeadam, can be seen just upstream. Further downstream, in the grounds of Gilsland Spa hotel, the crags develop into high cliffs. The cliff face below the hotel gives rise to the famous sulphurous spring after which the hotel is named and also a chalybeate spring and a petrifying seep.
Hadrian's Wall crossed the river on a bridge at Willowford, half a mile east of Birdoswald. From that point the course of the river as it turns west is lined with other Roman sites associated with the Roman Stanegate road and Hadrian's Wall. A stretch of wall 1,000 yards long, including two turrets and the impressive bridge remains, runs alongside the River Irthing at Willowford, linked by a new footbridge to Birdoswald Roman Fort.[6] This crossing of the River Irthing marked a significant transition in the construction of Hadrian's Wall, emphasising the greater availability of building stone to the east.
Heading westwards and passing Brampton the Irthing receives the waters of the River Gelt, and soon after meets the River Eden near Warwick Bridge, just north of Wetheral.
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- Location map: 54.917 -2.8
References
- ↑ Edmund Gosse, 1756, The Life of John Buncle, Esq., J. Noon, London
- ↑ Lunn, A.G., 1988, Glacial drift thickness in the Tyne Gap, Northumberland : Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria 55(1) p.20-27
- ↑ Measured by W. Higgs 5 August 2012
- ↑ Ramm, McDowell & Mercer, 1970, Shielings and Bastles, HMSO
- ↑ Irthing Gorge: The Woodland Trust
- ↑ Willowford Wall Turrets and bridge - Hadrian's Wall
