Martin's Cave
| Martin's Cave | |
| Gibraltar | |
|---|---|
 Inside Martin's Cave | |
| Length: | 114 feet |
| Access: | No |
Martin's Cave is a cave in Gibraltar. It opens on the eastern cliffs of the Rock of Gibraltar, below its summit at O'Hara's Battery. It is an ancient sea cave, though now found 700 feet above the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is only accessible because Martin's Path was built to reach it in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, it is dangerous and the entrance is barred.
Geography
As with all of the numerous caves of Gibraltar, Martin's cave is of limestone. Formed before the arrival of mankind, its creation, and that of other caves in its vicinity, is attributed to the cracks and fissures within formations of the rock along which erosion occurred. Its extreme length from the entrance is 114 feet, while its greatest breadth is 73.16 feet. There is only one outlet from within the cave.[1]
History
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The cave was said to have been discovered in 1821 by a soldier named Martin, after whom it was named.[1] According to an 1829 account, the soldier had been "wandering about the summit of the Rock somewhat inebriated" and was absent from that evening's muster. He was feared to have fallen over the precipice and to have been dashed to pieces on the rocks below. Three days after disappearing, however, he reappeared with torn and dirty clothes and a haggard appearance. He had indeed fallen but had landed on a narrow ledge in front of the entrance to the cave, before being rescued.[2]
At the time, reaching the cave was very difficult. The Royal Engineers carved a small approach path above the precipice to facilitate access, known as Martin's Path.[1] A visitor described the perilous journey to get to the cave a few years after it was discovered:
The path which we are obliged to traverse in order to get to it, is one of considerable difficulty and danger. We left our horses in charge of a servant half a mile from the cave, and proceeded along a narrow ledge, formed by art and with much labor, about three feet wide, until we reached the desired spot ... The south end and all the eastern side of Gibraltar is – or rather had been deemed, inaccessible, as it rises perpendicularly from the sea, and presents to the eye no ledges or asperities to encourage one to ascend or descent it, no matter what might be his inducement.[2]
In the 1860s, Captain Frederick Brome, the governor of Gibraltar's military prison, sought permission from the Governor of Gibraltar to explore Martin's Cave, as well as St. Michael's Cave, Fig Tree Cave and Poca Roca Cave, with the objective of finding archaeological evidence of the past use of the caves. The Governor readily agreed to the proposal. A ten-member team of prisoners began the explorations, with Martin's Cave being the first to be explored.[1] Excavations commenced on 23 June 1868, and continued until 22 July.
There were no discernible traces of any previous attempts at detailed exploration, and no inscription earlier than 1822 could be discovered in the cave.[1] Parts of a human lower jaw, and two bushels of bones belonging to ox, goat, sheep, and rabbit were found; there were also several bird and fish bones. Other finds included two bushels of broken pottery, of which 57 pieces were ornamented; 61 handles and pots; 6 stone axes and 70 flint knives; a portion of an armlet and anklet; and 10 pounds of sea shells.[3] A small, brightly coloured, enamelled copper plate was also found, which appears to have had a design upon it of a bird with an open bill in the coils of a serpent. Similar works of art, consisting of fragments of pottery, flint and stone implements were unearthed.[3] The two swords both just over a yard long dating to the 12th or 13th century were also unearthed.[4][5]
The British Museum has seven items in its collection donated by Captain Brome. Six of these are the two swords, a scabbard, two buckles and a plaque which were all originally found in Martin's Cave.[6]
During the Second World War, Gibraltar's caves were extended and exploited by the military including and Martin's Cave was used to house electric generators. The generators were removed but the holes that were drilled in the roof of the cave still have cables as evidence of the caves industrial use.[7] A nearby battery was created too, known as Martin's Battery.
The cave is briefly lit by natural light just after sunrise. Due to past vandalism, the entrance to the cave is kept behind a padlocked gate. The entrance today is not far from the Mediterranean Steps, a popular nature trail.[7]
Bats
The cave has been home to large groups of bats in the past. Despite the cave's entrance being covered by grills the cave was entered by youths who set off fireworks to disturb the bats.[8] In November 1966, the cave was surveyed by the Gibraltar Cave Research Group; a painted sign on the cave's wall mentions this.[4] An estimated 5000 Schreibers' bats Miniopterus schreibersii and 1000 large mouse-eared bats Myotis myotis were there in the 60s. There were no bats in 2002, despite it being an offence to interfere with bat populations in caves in Gibraltar.[8]
Outside links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology (1869). Transactions of the third session which opened at Norwich on the 20th August and closed in London on the 28th August 1868. London: Longmans, Green, and co.. pp. 113, 134, 136-. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-RoAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Sketch: St Martin's Cave". The Critic: A Weekly Review of Literature, Fine Arts, and the Drama, Volume 1. New York: Critic Press. 21 February 1829. p. 272.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Report on recent explorations in the Gibraltar caves, by Capt. Fred. Brome". Report of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1868. p. 56. https://books.google.com/books?id=ou9JAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Exciting Caves". Gibraltar Information. http://www.gibraltarinformation.com/gibraltar-caves.html. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ↑ Nicolle, David (25 January 2001). The Moors: The Islamic West 7th-15th Centuries AD. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-85532-964-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=bRh058YPYSkC&pg=PA37. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ↑ "Collection database search". British Museum. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?searchTerm=frederick&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_results_provenance.aspx&personId=90386&personAssociation=90386-3-9&termDisplay=Brome%2C+Frederick+%28Donated+by%29&sortby=. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Crone, Jim. "Martin's Cave". DiscoverGibraltar.com. http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Perez, Charles E. (2005). Upper Rock Nature Reserve. Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. http://www.gonhs.org/documents/UpperRockNatureReserveManagementActionPlan.pdf.
- British Association for the Advancement of Science report (1868)
