Godstow Abbey

Godstow Abbey
Oxfordshire
Godstow Abbey ruins
Location
Grid reference:	SP486090
Location:	51°46’42"N, 1°17’46"W
Village:	Godstow
Order:	Benedictine
History
Founder:	Edith Launceline
Information
Condition:	Ruins

Godstow Abbey stands in ruin by the River Thames at Godstow in Oxfordshire, to the north-west of Oxford.

History

Godstow Abbey was built on what was then an island between streams running into the River Thames. The site was given to the foundress Edith, widow of Sir William Launceline, in 1133 by John of St John and built in local limestone, and dedicated in honour of St Mary and St John the Baptist. It was created for a community of Benedictine nuns. With a further gift of land, the site was later enlarged.

The church was consecrated in 1139.

In 1176, the mistress of King Henry II, Rosamund Clifford ('the Fair Rosamund'), retired to the abbey, and died later that yeare. She was buried in its grounds. The abbey was again enlarged between 1176 and 1188 when the King gave the establishment £258 (which included £100 for the church), 40,000 shingles, 4,000 laths, and a large quantity of timber. He favoured the abbey because of his fair Rosamund and received patronal rights from the nuns.

In 1446 Alice Henley became the abbess and she served until 1470. She is remembered because a "poor brother and admirer" of the abbess created the "English Register". Its purpose was to explain the accounts, in English, to the nuns but it contained other descriptive material and today it illustrates "keeping and understanding records" in English in the 15th century.

Suppression of the Abbey

The last abbess was Lady Katherine Bulkeley, who had been elected in 1535 at the age of around 35. Katherine was one of three nuns whose promotion to the headship of rich nunneries in the mid-1530s had been engineered (or substantially supported) by Thomas Cromwell, King Henry VIII's chief adviser: all three had brothers who were closely allied to Cromwell, and all represented leading families in important localities. Katherine's brother, Sir Richard Bulkeley, was acting chamberlain for North Wales; and the Bulkeley family had long dominated Anglesey as constables of Beaumaris. Surviving letters from Katherine to Cromwell show her to have been a supporter of the reform of religious houses, while also sending him suitable gifts and delicacies. At the visitation of the monasteries of 1535, John Tregonwell commended the house, saying that all was well and in good order.

But in late October 1538, the abbey at Godstow was visited by Thomas Cromwell's suppression commissioner, Dr John London who demanded access to the (enclosed) nuns to question them; and pressurise them into leaving the religious life. What followed can be tracked in the letters that both Lady Katherine and John London then dispatched to Cromwell; the abbess alleging that Dr London and a body of his men had been applying threats of force against her and her sisters to compel her surrender of the house, and were now refusing to leave until she had done so. Dr London's rejoinder was that it was Lady Katherine who had assaulted him and his party in the proper execution of their commission; she being supported by Thomas Powell, rector of Godstow and "naturally a rough fellow". Cromwell's letter in reply was sent back via Sir Richard Bulkeley, clearly supporting Lady Katherine. In response, Lady Katherine assured Cromwell that "there is neither pope nor purgatory, image nor pilgrimage nor praying to dead saints used or regarded amongst us." But Cromwell was unable to stay the process of dissolution for ever; as it became clear that the King would not allow the continuation of any religious houses, however well run and reformed in religious life and practice. The abbey was suppressed in November 1539 under the Second Act of Dissolution; although Cromwell was able to ensure that Lady Katherine received a generous pension of fifty pounds a year.

The abbey was converted into Godstow House by George Owen. It was occupied by his family until 1645, when the building was badly damaged in the Civil War. After this damage, the building fell into disrepair and was used by the locals as a source of stone for their buildings.

Site

The site consisted of a guest house; a nunnery; an outer court containing a range of buildings; lodging for a priest; St Thomas's chapel, which appears to have been used as a church by the Abbey's servants; and the Abbey church, which contained cloisters along with associated buildings. The precincts were entered from the Wolvercote–Wytham road, which ran through the outer court. Here there was a two-storey main gatehouse with a large gate for carts and a second smaller one beside it for foot traffic.

George Price Boyce, the Victorian watercolour painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelite art movement, visited and painted the nunnery in 1862. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the ruined abbey was used for collecting livestock during the annual rounding up of animals on Port Meadow.

Rosamund Clifford's death and grave

The abbey was the final burial place of the famed beauty Rosamund Clifford (died c. 1176), a long-term mistress of King Henry II. Henry's liaison with Rosamund became known throughout court in 1174; it ended when she retired to the nunnery at Godstow in 1176, shortly before her death.

Henry and the Clifford family paid for her tomb in the choir of the convent's church at Godstow, and gave an endowment for it to be tended by the nuns. It became a popular local shrine until 1191, two years after Henry's death. Hugh of Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln, while visiting Godstow, noticed Rosamund's tomb right in front of the high altar. The tomb was laden with flowers and candles, demonstrating that the local people were still praying there. Calling Rosamund a harlot, the bishop ordered her remains removed from the church. Her tomb was moved outside the abbey church to the cemetery at the nuns' chapter house next to it, where it could still be visited; but it was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII.

Paul Hentzner, a German traveller who visited England c.1599, records that her faded tombstone inscription read in part:

... Adorent, Utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur.
("Let them adore ... and we pray that rest be given to you, Rosamund.")

Followed by a punning epitaph:

Hic jacet in tumba Rosamundi non Rosamunda
Non redolet sed olet, quae redolere solet.
("Here in the tomb lies a rose of the world, not a pure rose; She who used to smell sweet, still smells — but not sweet.")

Gallery

• 
  Godstow Abbey ruins from the east
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  Godstow Abbey ruins from the south
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  The window of Godstow Nunnery
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  Ruin of Godstow Abbey

References

Books

• A History of the County of Oxford - Volume 12 pp 311–313: Wootton Hundred (South) including Woodstock (Victoria County History)
• A History of the County of Oxford - Volume 2 pp 71–75: {{{2}}} (Victoria County History)
• Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (1939). City of Oxford. HMSO.