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|constituency=Weston-super-Mare
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'''Weston-super-Mare''' is a seaside resort town in [[Somerset]]. It stands on the shore of the [[Bristol Channel]], 18 miles southwest of [[Bristol]], spanning the coast between the bounding high ground of [[Worlebury Hill]] and [[Bleadon Hill]]. It includes the suburbs of '''Oldmixon''', '''West Wick''' and Worle.
'''Weston-super-Mare''' is a seaside resort town in [[Somerset]]. It stands on the shore of the [[Bristol Channel]], 18 miles south-west of [[Bristol]], spanning the coast between the bounding high ground of [[Worlebury Hill]] and [[Bleadon Hill]]. It includes the suburbs of '''Oldmixon''', '''West Wick''' and [[Worle]].


Weston was still a small village until the 19th century when the railways came and the town blossomed into a seaside resort; growth which continued until the decline in seaside holidays in the latter half of the 20th century.
Weston was still a small village until the 19th century when the railways came and the town blossomed into a seaside resort; growth which continued until the decline in seaside holidays in the latter half of the 20th century.
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Owing to the large tidal range in the Bristol Channel, the low tide mark in Weston Bay is about a mile from the seafront. Although the beach itself is sandy, low tide uncovers areas of thick mud, hence the colloquial name, Weston-super-Mud.  These mudflats are very dangerous to walk in and are crossed by the mouth of the [[River Axe, Somerset|River Axe]]. Just to the north of the town is Sand Point, which is used to denote the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel. It is also the site of the Middle Hope biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. In the centre of the town is Ellenborough Park, another Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the range of plant species found there.
Owing to the large tidal range in the Bristol Channel, the low tide mark in Weston Bay is about a mile from the seafront. Although the beach itself is sandy, low tide uncovers areas of thick mud, hence the colloquial name, Weston-super-Mud.  These mudflats are very dangerous to walk in and are crossed by the mouth of the [[River Axe, Somerset|River Axe]]. Just to the north of the town is Sand Point, which is used to denote the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel. It is also the site of the Middle Hope biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. In the centre of the town is Ellenborough Park, another Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the range of plant species found there.


Weston is part of the Winterstoke Hundred.
Weston is part of the [[Winterstoke Hundred]].


[[File:Weston-super-Mare tidal range.jpg||right|thumb|250px|Low and high tides]]
[[File:Weston-super-Mare tidal range.jpg||right|thumb|250px|Low and high tides]]
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Weston's oldest structure is Worlebury Camp, on Worlebury Hill, dating from the Iron Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=4976|title=Worlebury Camp|publisher=Megalithic Portal|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlebury.co.uk/wra.html|title=Worlebury Residents' Association. |publisher=Worlebury Residents Association|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Castle Batch was a castle that once stood overlooking the town. The present site has an earthwork mound of 160 feet in diameter which is believed to be the remains of a motte.<ref>{{cite web|title=Castle Batch|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=192666|work=Pastscape national Monument Record|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref>
Weston's oldest structure is Worlebury Camp, on Worlebury Hill, dating from the Iron Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=4976|title=Worlebury Camp|publisher=Megalithic Portal|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worlebury.co.uk/wra.html|title=Worlebury Residents' Association. |publisher=Worlebury Residents Association|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Castle Batch was a castle that once stood overlooking the town. The present site has an earthwork mound of 160 feet in diameter which is believed to be the remains of a motte.<ref>{{cite web|title=Castle Batch|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=192666|work=Pastscape national Monument Record|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref>


The mediæval church of St John has been rebuilt,<ref name="IoEStJohn">{{IoE|33215|title=Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> but its ancient preaching cross survives. The former rectory is an early 19th century structure with later additions. Though it remains adjacent to the church it has not been a parsonage house since the end of the 19th century. Today it is known as Glebe House and is divided into flats.<ref>{{IoE|33216|title=Glebe House|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref>
The mediæval church of St John has been rebuilt,<ref name="IoEStJohn">{{NHLE|1129734|title=Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> but its ancient preaching cross survives. The former rectory is an early 19th century structure with later additions. Though it remains adjacent to the church it has not been a parsonage house since the end of the 19th century. Today it is known as Glebe House and is divided into flats.<ref>{{NHLE|1320674|title=Glebe House|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref>


The Old Thatched Cottage restaurant on the seafront carries the date 1774; it is the surviving portion of a summer cottage built by the Revd. William Leeves of [[Wrington]].<ref name="briefhist">{{cite web | url=http://www.weston-super-mare.com/newhistory/newhistory.html | work=Weston-super-Mare | title=Brief history of Weston-super-Mare | accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>
The Old Thatched Cottage restaurant on the seafront carries the date 1774; it is the surviving portion of a summer cottage built by the Revd. William Leeves of [[Wrington]].<ref name="briefhist">{{cite web | url=http://www.weston-super-mare.com/newhistory/newhistory.html | work=Weston-super-Mare | title=Brief history of Weston-super-Mare | accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>
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Early in the 19th century, Weston was a small village of about 30 houses, located behind a line of sand dunes fronting the sea, which had been created as an early sea wall after the Bristol Channel floods of 1607.<ref name="somharbours"/> The Pigott family of [[Brockley, Somerset|Brockley]], who were the local Lords of the Manor, had a summer residence at Grove House. Weston owes its growth and prosperity to the Victorian era boom in seaside holidays. Construction of the first hotel in the village started in 1808; it was called "Reeves" (now the Royal Hotel).<ref name="somharbours">{{cite book |title=Somerset harbours, including the port of Bristol |last=Farr |first=Grahame Edgar |authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1954 |publisher=Christopher Johnson |location=London |isbn=|pages=76–79 }}</ref> Along with nearby [[Burnham-on-Sea]], Weston benefited from proximity to [[Bristol]], [[Bath]] and the growing towns of [[Glamorgan]]. The first attempt at an artificial harbour was made in the late 1820s at the islet of Knightstone and a slipway built from Anchor Head towards Birnbeck Island.<ref name="somharbours"/>
Early in the 19th century, Weston was a small village of about 30 houses, located behind a line of sand dunes fronting the sea, which had been created as an early sea wall after the Bristol Channel floods of 1607.<ref name="somharbours"/> The Pigott family of [[Brockley, Somerset|Brockley]], who were the local Lords of the Manor, had a summer residence at Grove House. Weston owes its growth and prosperity to the Victorian era boom in seaside holidays. Construction of the first hotel in the village started in 1808; it was called "Reeves" (now the Royal Hotel).<ref name="somharbours">{{cite book |title=Somerset harbours, including the port of Bristol |last=Farr |first=Grahame Edgar |authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1954 |publisher=Christopher Johnson |location=London |isbn=|pages=76–79 }}</ref> Along with nearby [[Burnham-on-Sea]], Weston benefited from proximity to [[Bristol]], [[Bath]] and the growing towns of [[Glamorgan]]. The first attempt at an artificial harbour was made in the late 1820s at the islet of Knightstone and a slipway built from Anchor Head towards Birnbeck Island.<ref name="somharbours"/>


Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his family lived in Weston, at Swiss Villa (eastern corner of Alexandra Parade and Swiss Road), while he was supervising the construction of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsonwestonsupermare.co.uk/Weston%20Facts|title=Weston Facts|publisher=Whats on Weston super Mare|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> With the opening of the railway in 1841, thousands of visitors came to the town from Bristol, the [[Midlands]] and further afield, on works outings and Bank Holidays. Also, mining families came across the Bristol Channel]] from [[Cardiff]] by paddle steamer. To cater for them, Birnbeck Pier was completed in 1867, offering in its heyday amusement arcades, tea rooms, funfair rides and a photographic studio. However, it is now in a derelict state and has been added to [[English Heritage]]'s [[Buildings at Risk Register]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/default.aspx?id=126&rt=0&pn=1&st=a&ctype=all&crit=Birnbeck+Pier|title=Birnbeck Pier|work=Heritage at Risk|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> but visitors can still admire its structure from behind barbed wire. It was designed by Eugenius Birch with ironwork by the Isia Foundry of [[Newport, Monmouthshire]]. It is a grade II* listed building.<ref>{{IoE|33180|Birnbeck Pier||accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref>
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his family lived in Weston, at Swiss Villa (eastern corner of Alexandra Parade and Swiss Road), while he was supervising the construction of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsonwestonsupermare.co.uk/Weston%20Facts|title=Weston Facts|publisher=Whats on Weston super Mare|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> With the opening of the railway in 1841, thousands of visitors came to the town from Bristol, the [[Midlands]] and further afield, on works outings and Bank Holidays. Also, mining families came across the Bristol Channel]] from [[Cardiff]] by paddle steamer. To cater for them, Birnbeck Pier was completed in 1867, offering in its heyday amusement arcades, tea rooms, funfair rides and a photographic studio. However, it is now in a derelict state and has been added to [[English Heritage]]'s [[Buildings at Risk Register]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/default.aspx?id=126&rt=0&pn=1&st=a&ctype=all&crit=Birnbeck+Pier|title=Birnbeck Pier|work=Heritage at Risk|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> but visitors can still admire its structure from behind barbed wire. It was designed by Eugenius Birch with ironwork by the Isia Foundry of [[Newport, Monmouthshire]]. It is a Grade-II* listed building.<ref>{{NHLE|1017271|Birnbeck Pier||accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref>


Large areas of land were released for development from the 1850s onwards. Large detached villas, for the middle classes, were built on the southern slopes of Worlebury Hill. Semi-detached and terraced housing was built on the low "moorland" behind the sea front in an area known as South Ward. Many of these houses have now been converted into bedsits. Most of the houses built in the Victorian era are built from stone and feature details made from Bath Stone, influenced by local architect Hans Price.
Large areas of land were released for development from the 1850s onwards. Large detached villas, for the middle classes, were built on the southern slopes of Worlebury Hill. Semi-detached and terraced housing was built on the low "moorland" behind the sea front in an area known as South Ward. Many of these houses have now been converted into bedsits. Most of the houses built in the Victorian era are built from stone and feature details made from Bath Stone, influenced by local architect Hans Price.
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===20th century===
===20th century===
Local traders, unhappy that visitors were not coming as far as the centre of the town, built a new pier closer to the main streets. Opened in 1904, and known as the Grand Pier, it was originally planned to be 1½ miles long.<ref>{{IoE|33217|Grand Pier|accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref> Further development occurred after First World War, with the Winter Gardens and Pavilion in 1927,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewintergardens.com/|title=History|publisher=Winter Gardens|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> the open air pool, with its arched concrete diving board,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/jul/17/architecture.watersportsholidays|title=Just add water|last=Rose|first=Steve|date=17 July 2006|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=24 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> and an airfield dating from the inter-war period. Art Deco influences can be seen in much of the town's architecture from this period.
Local traders, unhappy that visitors were not coming as far as the centre of the town, built a new pier closer to the main streets. Opened in 1904, and known as the Grand Pier, it was originally planned to be 1½ miles long.<ref>{{NHLE|1137759|Grand Pier|accessdate=2 December 2006}}</ref> Further development occurred after First World War, with the Winter Gardens and Pavilion in 1927,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewintergardens.com/|title=History|publisher=Winter Gardens|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> the open air pool, with its arched concrete diving board,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/jul/17/architecture.watersportsholidays|title=Just add water|last=Rose|first=Steve|date=17 July 2006|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=24 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> and an airfield dating from the inter-war period. Art Deco influences can be seen in much of the town's architecture from this period.


During Second World War evacuees were accommodated in the town; however the area was also home to war industries, such as aircraft and pump manufacture, and a Royal Air Force station at RAF Locking. The town was also on the return route of bombers targeting Bristol and was itself bombed by the Luftwaffe. The first bombs fell in June 1940, but the worst attacks were in January 1941 and in June 1942. Large areas of the town were destroyed, particularly Orchard Street and the Boulevard. On 3 and 4 January 1941, 17,000 incendiary bombs fell on the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/bombing%20in%20the%20Bristol%20area.htm|title=bombing in the Bristol area|publisher=Century of Flight|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> The Air Ministry set up a "Q-station" decoy at Bleadon in an attempt to divert the bombers to an unpopulated area. In the later part of the war, US Army troops were billeted in the area, but they were relocated in the run-up to the Normandy landings.
During Second World War evacuees were accommodated in the town; however the area was also home to war industries, such as aircraft and pump manufacture, and a Royal Air Force station at RAF Locking. The town was also on the return route of bombers targeting Bristol and was itself bombed by the Luftwaffe. The first bombs fell in June 1940, but the worst attacks were in January 1941 and in June 1942. Large areas of the town were destroyed, particularly Orchard Street and the Boulevard. On 3 and 4 January 1941, 17,000 incendiary bombs fell on the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/bombing%20in%20the%20Bristol%20area.htm|title=bombing in the Bristol area|publisher=Century of Flight|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref> The Air Ministry set up a "Q-station" decoy at Bleadon in an attempt to divert the bombers to an unpopulated area. In the later part of the war, US Army troops were billeted in the area, but they were relocated in the run-up to the Normandy landings.
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Residential areas outside the town centre include the Oldmixon, Coronation, and Bournville housing estates, built in the mid to late 20th century. Newer housing has since been built towards the east of the town in North Worle and Locking Castle, nearer to the M5 motorway.
Residential areas outside the town centre include the Oldmixon, Coronation, and Bournville housing estates, built in the mid to late 20th century. Newer housing has since been built towards the east of the town in North Worle and Locking Castle, nearer to the M5 motorway.


Weston-super-Mare has expanded to include the established villages of Milton, Worle, Uphill, Oldmixon, West Wick and Wick St. Lawrence, as well as new areas such as St Georges and Locking Castle.
Weston-super-Mare has expanded to include the established villages of Milton, Worle, Uphill, Oldmixon, West Wick and Wick St Lawrence, as well as new areas such as St Georges and Locking Castle.


In 1986, Weston General Hospital was opened on the edge of Uphill village, replacing the Queen Alexandra Memorial Hospital on The Boulevard, which was opened in 1928.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.waht.nhs.uk/About_the_Trust/history_facts.htm | title=History & Figures | accessdate=28 August 2007 | work=Weston Area Health NHS Trust}}</ref>
In 1986, Weston General Hospital was opened on the edge of Uphill village, replacing the Queen Alexandra Memorial Hospital on The Boulevard, which was opened in 1928.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.waht.nhs.uk/About_the_Trust/history_facts.htm | title=History & Figures | accessdate=28 August 2007 | work=Weston Area Health NHS Trust}}</ref>
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[[File:Knightstone.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Knightstone complex in 2010]]
[[File:Knightstone.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Knightstone complex in 2010]]
Knightstone Island historically housed a theatre, swimming pool and sauna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mendip.gov.uk/Documents/Regeneration/Heritage%20Conservation/Heritage%20Matters/Iss10.pdf|title=Heritage Matters|date=19 November 2008|publisher=Mendip District Council|accessdate=20 September 2010}}</ref> After years of disrepair and dereliction, the area has been redeveloped: during 2006/2007, luxury apartments and commercial outlets have been built on the site. Consideration has been taken due to the listed building status of much of the site.<ref>{{IoE|33207|title=Sauna and Solarium|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> Boat trips from here include the ''Waverley'' and ''Balmoral'' and trips to [[Steep Holm]] and [[Flat Holm]] islands as well as short trips around Weston Bay.<ref name="knightstone"/>
Knightstone Island historically housed a theatre, swimming pool and sauna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mendip.gov.uk/Documents/Regeneration/Heritage%20Conservation/Heritage%20Matters/Iss10.pdf|title=Heritage Matters|date=19 November 2008|publisher=Mendip District Council|accessdate=20 September 2010}}</ref> After years of disrepair and dereliction, the area has been redeveloped: during 2006/2007, luxury apartments and commercial outlets have been built on the site. Consideration has been taken due to the listed building status of much of the site.<ref>{{NHLE|1016935|title=Sauna and Solarium|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> Boat trips from here include the ''Waverley'' and ''Balmoral'' and trips to [[Steep Holm]] and [[Flat Holm]] islands as well as short trips around Weston Bay.<ref name="knightstone"/>


The outdoor swimming pool that is located on the southern section of the sea front has not been occupied since 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Weston-super-Mare-Tropicana-demolition/article-1349917-detail/article.html|title=Weston-super-Mare Tropicana demolition|date=18 August 2009|work=Bristol Evening Post|publisher=This is Bristol|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> A private developer, Henry Boot, was selected to re-develop the site with a new ''Life Station'' leisure complex, which was planned to include a six lane, 27-yard swimming pool, water park, 96-bed hotel, restaurant, eight-screen cinema, 14 retail units, and a 20-lane bowling alley. The redevelopment was beset by delays and controversy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Council seeks Tropicana partner | publisher=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/4328925.stm | accessdate=8 January 2007 | date=8 March 2005}}</ref> A group of local residents challenged the council over its decision to appoint Henry Boot, asking to put forward their own proposals for the site.<ref>{{cite news | title=Group wants to buy derelict pool | publisher=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/6036173.stm | accessdate=8 January 2007 | date=10 October 2006}}</ref> In November 2009, the plans were finally abandoned,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8359769.stm | title=Cash crisis ends Tropicana plans | date=13 November 2009 | accessdate=19 November 2009 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> leaving the future of the site uncertain.  In 2010 the council invited submissions from developers for a new, less ambitious, scheme to redevelop the site with a swimming pool at its heart.  A decision on a new scheme is expected towards the end of 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-11141031|title=New plans for Weston-super-Mare's Tropicana site|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 November 2010|date=31 August 2010}}</ref> The local authority announced on 23 August 2011 that it was giving developers six months to propose plans for a smaller development otherwise they will arrange to demolish the Tropicana.<ref>{{cite news | title=Weston Tropicana could be demolished by spring |publisher=ITV The West Tonight|date=23 August 2011}}</ref>
The outdoor swimming pool that is located on the southern section of the sea front has not been occupied since 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Weston-super-Mare-Tropicana-demolition/article-1349917-detail/article.html|title=Weston-super-Mare Tropicana demolition|date=18 August 2009|work=Bristol Evening Post|publisher=This is Bristol|accessdate=21 March 2010}}</ref> A private developer, Henry Boot, was selected to re-develop the site with a new ''Life Station'' leisure complex, which was planned to include a six lane, 27-yard swimming pool, water park, 96-bed hotel, restaurant, eight-screen cinema, 14 retail units, and a 20-lane bowling alley. The redevelopment was beset by delays and controversy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Council seeks Tropicana partner | publisher=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/4328925.stm | accessdate=8 January 2007 | date=8 March 2005}}</ref> A group of local residents challenged the council over its decision to appoint Henry Boot, asking to put forward their own proposals for the site.<ref>{{cite news | title=Group wants to buy derelict pool | publisher=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/6036173.stm | accessdate=8 January 2007 | date=10 October 2006}}</ref> In November 2009, the plans were finally abandoned,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8359769.stm | title=Cash crisis ends Tropicana plans | date=13 November 2009 | accessdate=19 November 2009 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> leaving the future of the site uncertain.  In 2010 the council invited submissions from developers for a new, less ambitious, scheme to redevelop the site with a swimming pool at its heart.  A decision on a new scheme is expected towards the end of 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-11141031|title=New plans for Weston-super-Mare's Tropicana site|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 November 2010|date=31 August 2010}}</ref> The local authority announced on 23 August 2011 that it was giving developers six months to propose plans for a smaller development otherwise they will arrange to demolish the Tropicana.<ref>{{cite news | title=Weston Tropicana could be demolished by spring |publisher=ITV The West Tonight|date=23 August 2011}}</ref>
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Most of the town's churches and chapels are neo-Gothic 19th century structures. The Mediæval village church of St John the Baptist was completely demolished in 1824 to make way for a new and larger place of worship.<ref name="IoEStJohn"/>
Most of the town's churches and chapels are neo-Gothic 19th century structures. The Mediæval village church of St John the Baptist was completely demolished in 1824 to make way for a new and larger place of worship.<ref name="IoEStJohn"/>


All Saints Church was built between 1898 and 1902 to a design by George Frederick Bodley and completed by his pupil F.C. Eden in the 14th century style so favoured by Bodley. It is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{IoE|33175|Church of All Saints|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref>
All Saints Church was built between 1898 and 1902 to a design by George Frederick Bodley and completed by his pupil F.C. Eden in the 14th century style so favoured by Bodley. It is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{NHLE|1019310|Church of All Saints|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref>


There is a Greek Orthodox Church of St Andrew the Apostle in Grove Road, Milton,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellenicbookservice.com/Theology/orthodox%20churches.htm|title=Orthodox churches in the UK|publisher=The Hellenic Book Service|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> serving the town's large Greek-Cypriot population.
There is a Greek Orthodox Church of St Andrew the Apostle in Grove Road, Milton,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellenicbookservice.com/Theology/orthodox%20churches.htm|title=Orthodox churches in the UK|publisher=The Hellenic Book Service|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> serving the town's large Greek-Cypriot population.
==Outside links==
{{Commons category|Weston-super-Mare}}
*[http://www.weston-super-maretowncouncil.gov.uk/ Weston-super-Mare town council]
*[http://www.somersetcoast.com/ Official Weston-super-Mare tourism website]


==References==
==References==
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*{{cite book|last=Crockford-Hawley|first=John|title=Weston-super-Mare: a History and Celebration of the Town|publisher=Frith Book Company|year=2004|isbn=978-1904938545}}
*{{cite book|last=Crockford-Hawley|first=John|title=Weston-super-Mare: a History and Celebration of the Town|publisher=Frith Book Company|year=2004|isbn=978-1904938545}}
*{{cite book|last=Crockford-Hawley|first=John|title=History of the Parish Church of All Saints, Weston-super-Mare|year=1990|isbn=978-1872732008}}
*{{cite book|last=Crockford-Hawley|first=John|title=History of the Parish Church of All Saints, Weston-super-Mare|year=1990|isbn=978-1872732008}}
==Outside links==
{{Commons category|Weston-super-Mare}}
*[http://www.weston-super-maretowncouncil.gov.uk/ Weston-super-Mare town council]
*[http://www.somersetcoast.com/ Official Weston-super-Mare tourism website]


[[Category:Seaside resorts in Somerset]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Somerset]]

Latest revision as of 11:12, 19 September 2019

Weston-super-Mare
Somerset

Weston-super-Mare beach from the Grand Pier
Location
Grid reference: ST320613
Location: 51°20’46"N, 2°58’37"W
Data
Population: 71,758  (2001)
Post town: Weston-super-Mare
Postcode: BS22–BS24
Dialling code: 01934
Local Government
Council: North Somerset
Parliamentary
constituency: 		Weston-super-Mare

Weston-super-Mare is a seaside resort town in Somerset. It stands on the shore of the Bristol Channel, 18 miles south-west of Bristol, spanning the coast between the bounding high ground of Worlebury Hill and Bleadon Hill. It includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle.

Weston was still a small village until the 19th century when the railways came and the town blossomed into a seaside resort; growth which continued until the decline in seaside holidays in the latter half of the 20th century.

Owing to the large tidal range in the Bristol Channel, the low tide mark in Weston Bay is about a mile from the seafront. Although the beach itself is sandy, low tide uncovers areas of thick mud, hence the colloquial name, Weston-super-Mud. These mudflats are very dangerous to walk in and are crossed by the mouth of the River Axe. Just to the north of the town is Sand Point, which is used to denote the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel. It is also the site of the Middle Hope biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. In the centre of the town is Ellenborough Park, another Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the range of plant species found there.

Weston is part of the Winterstoke Hundred.

Low and high tides

Name of the town

Weston is the Old English west tun; "west village", while the suffix super Mare is Latin for "upon sea" and was added to distinguish it from the many other villages named Weston.[1]

Until 1348 the parish was recorded as Weston-Juxta-Mare ("beside the sea"), a name changed by the Bishop of Bath and Wells. Between the 14th and 17th centuries the "super Mare" part of the name was not used, though in 1610 the village was recorded as Weston on the More.

History

Early history

Plan of Worlebury Camp

Weston's oldest structure is Worlebury Camp, on Worlebury Hill, dating from the Iron Age.[2][3] Castle Batch was a castle that once stood overlooking the town. The present site has an earthwork mound of 160 feet in diameter which is believed to be the remains of a motte.[4]

The mediæval church of St John has been rebuilt,[5] but its ancient preaching cross survives. The former rectory is an early 19th century structure with later additions. Though it remains adjacent to the church it has not been a parsonage house since the end of the 19th century. Today it is known as Glebe House and is divided into flats.[6]

The Old Thatched Cottage restaurant on the seafront carries the date 1774; it is the surviving portion of a summer cottage built by the Revd. William Leeves of Wrington.[7]

Birth of a new town

A view over Weston-super-Mare

Early in the 19th century, Weston was a small village of about 30 houses, located behind a line of sand dunes fronting the sea, which had been created as an early sea wall after the Bristol Channel floods of 1607.[8] The Pigott family of Brockley, who were the local Lords of the Manor, had a summer residence at Grove House. Weston owes its growth and prosperity to the Victorian era boom in seaside holidays. Construction of the first hotel in the village started in 1808; it was called "Reeves" (now the Royal Hotel).[8] Along with nearby Burnham-on-Sea, Weston benefited from proximity to Bristol, Bath and the growing towns of Glamorgan. The first attempt at an artificial harbour was made in the late 1820s at the islet of Knightstone and a slipway built from Anchor Head towards Birnbeck Island.[8]

Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his family lived in Weston, at Swiss Villa (eastern corner of Alexandra Parade and Swiss Road), while he was supervising the construction of the Bristol and Exeter Railway in the area.[9] With the opening of the railway in 1841, thousands of visitors came to the town from Bristol, the Midlands and further afield, on works outings and Bank Holidays. Also, mining families came across the Bristol Channel]] from Cardiff by paddle steamer. To cater for them, Birnbeck Pier was completed in 1867, offering in its heyday amusement arcades, tea rooms, funfair rides and a photographic studio. However, it is now in a derelict state and has been added to English Heritage's Buildings at Risk Register,[10] but visitors can still admire its structure from behind barbed wire. It was designed by Eugenius Birch with ironwork by the Isia Foundry of Newport, Monmouthshire. It is a Grade-II* listed building.[11]

Large areas of land were released for development from the 1850s onwards. Large detached villas, for the middle classes, were built on the southern slopes of Worlebury Hill. Semi-detached and terraced housing was built on the low "moorland" behind the sea front in an area known as South Ward. Many of these houses have now been converted into bedsits. Most of the houses built in the Victorian era are built from stone and feature details made from Bath Stone, influenced by local architect Hans Price.

In 1885, the first transatlantic telegraph cable of the Commercial Cable Company was brought ashore and the company started a long association with the town, ending in 1962.[12]

Marconi, the inventor of wireless telegraphy, successfully transmitted radio signals across the Bristol Channel in the spring of 1897, from Penarth (near Cardiff) to Brean Down (just south west of Weston, on the other side of the River Axe).[13]

A second railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway, opened on 1 December 1897, connecting Weston to Clevedon.[14] The terminus station was at Ashcombe Road. The railway was extended to Portishead on 7 August 1907 but was closed in 1940.[14][15]

Building the town

The Mercury Office in Waterloo Street

Much of the character of the buildings in the town derives from the use of local stone, much of it from the Town Quarry. Notable among the architects working in the 19th century was Hans Price (1835–1912). Many examples of his work are still to be seen: the Town Hall, the Mercury Office, the Constitutional Club (originally the Lodge of St Kew), villas and numerous other domestic dwellings. The Odeon Cinema is notable for fully retaining its Art Deco features both internally and externally, and retaining its original theatre organ, a Compton from 1935.

20th century

Local traders, unhappy that visitors were not coming as far as the centre of the town, built a new pier closer to the main streets. Opened in 1904, and known as the Grand Pier, it was originally planned to be 1½ miles long.[16] Further development occurred after First World War, with the Winter Gardens and Pavilion in 1927,[17] the open air pool, with its arched concrete diving board,[18] and an airfield dating from the inter-war period. Art Deco influences can be seen in much of the town's architecture from this period.

During Second World War evacuees were accommodated in the town; however the area was also home to war industries, such as aircraft and pump manufacture, and a Royal Air Force station at RAF Locking. The town was also on the return route of bombers targeting Bristol and was itself bombed by the Luftwaffe. The first bombs fell in June 1940, but the worst attacks were in January 1941 and in June 1942. Large areas of the town were destroyed, particularly Orchard Street and the Boulevard. On 3 and 4 January 1941, 17,000 incendiary bombs fell on the town.[19] The Air Ministry set up a "Q-station" decoy at Bleadon in an attempt to divert the bombers to an unpopulated area. In the later part of the war, US Army troops were billeted in the area, but they were relocated in the run-up to the Normandy landings.

RAF Weston-super-Mare was opened in 1936 by No. 24 Group, with a single tarmac runway. It served as a flying candidates selection and initial training facility, and as a relief airport during Second World War, latterly as the Polish Air Force Staff College from April 1944 to April 1946.[20] After the war it served as a logistics supply station, with helicopter makers Westland Helicopters on site until closure in 1987.[21] Today there is an operational heliport on site used occasionally by the RAF Search and Rescue service. The former Westland site, which closed in 2002, houses the Helicopter Museum featuring examples of Westland aircraft. Pride of place is given to an immaculate Westland Wessex HCC Mk.4, formerly of the Queen's Flight.[22]

Residential areas outside the town centre include the Oldmixon, Coronation, and Bournville housing estates, built in the mid to late 20th century. Newer housing has since been built towards the east of the town in North Worle and Locking Castle, nearer to the M5 motorway.

Weston-super-Mare has expanded to include the established villages of Milton, Worle, Uphill, Oldmixon, West Wick and Wick St Lawrence, as well as new areas such as St Georges and Locking Castle.

In 1986, Weston General Hospital was opened on the edge of Uphill village, replacing the Queen Alexandra Memorial Hospital on The Boulevard, which was opened in 1928.[23]

21st century

On 28 July 2008, the pavilion at the end of the Grand Pier was completely destroyed by a fire. Eleven fire engines and 80 fire-fighters were unable to contain the blaze which is believed to have started in the north-east tower of the Pavilion.[24] A competition was held to design a new pavilion, begun in 2009, the opening delayed until 23 October 2010, with massive cost overruns. During the same period, a £34 million redevelopment of the promenade was carried out.

Economy

Birnbeck Pier
The SeaQuarium marine aquarium on the beach

Weston is a busy holiday resort, though declined from the days before cheap foreign travel. The town had become a centre of heavy industry too; helicopters were built here at the GKN Westland factory until its closure in 2002,[25] however the company still retains a design office under the name GKN Aerospace Engineering Services at the Winterstoke Road site.

Road transport links were improved with the M5 motorway running close by, and the town now supports light industries and distribution depots, including Lidl's distribution centre for its southern based stores, and is also a commuter town for Bristol.

Tourism

Weston-super-Mare is still a popular tourist destination, with attractions such as the long sandy beach, the Helicopter Museum,[26] Weston-super-Mare Museum, the Grand Pier, the SeaQuarium aquarium and the seasonal Wheel of Weston.[27]

In 2009 a survey by Visit England placed the pier at Weston amongst the top ten free attractions in the country.[28] On the Beach Lawns is a miniature railway operated by steam and diesel locomotives, and a putting green.

The Paddle Steamer Waverley and MV Balmoral offer day trips from Knightstone Island to various destinations along the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary.[29]

The Art Deco Tropicana, once a very popular lido on the beach, has suffered years of neglect. It closed to the public in 2000, and despite a number of attempts to reopen it, its future lies in the balance.[30]

'International HeliDays', in association with the Helicopter Museum, are staged at the beach lawns over a long weekend around the end of July, when up to 75 helicopters from Europe fly in for a static display. There are frequent Helicopter Air Experience flights from the Museum heliport. There is also an annual display by the Red Arrows.[31]

Since the 1970s the number of visitors staying in the town has decreased. In 1995 there were 4 million visitors but by 2005 this had risen to 5.3 million. Surveys showed that the largest percentage of visitors (22%) were from Birmingham and the Black Country. Weston was found to attract two distinct groups: "grey tourists" over the age of 60 and families with young children.

Sights of the town

The Grand Pier's pavilion

The Grand Pier is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the town. It previously housed funfair style attractions, a go-kart track, cafes, a fudge factory, and a host of arcade games, underwent a £34 million re-development after a fire in 2008 destroyed the main pavilion.[32] After a harsh winter which delayed progress, the new pier pavilion reopened on 23 October 2010.[33]

Weston's first pier, Birnbeck Pier, standing on a small island to the north of the bay is currently closed to the public. The current owners, Manchester-based company Urban Splash bought the pier in 2006 but to date no firm plans are in place for developmen, and the Pier's future is uncertain.[34] The pier houses Weston-super-Mare lifeboat station.

The Knightstone complex in 2010

Knightstone Island historically housed a theatre, swimming pool and sauna.[35] After years of disrepair and dereliction, the area has been redeveloped: during 2006/2007, luxury apartments and commercial outlets have been built on the site. Consideration has been taken due to the listed building status of much of the site.[36] Boat trips from here include the Waverley and Balmoral and trips to Steep Holm and Flat Holm islands as well as short trips around Weston Bay.[29]

The outdoor swimming pool that is located on the southern section of the sea front has not been occupied since 2000.[37] A private developer, Henry Boot, was selected to re-develop the site with a new Life Station leisure complex, which was planned to include a six lane, 27-yard swimming pool, water park, 96-bed hotel, restaurant, eight-screen cinema, 14 retail units, and a 20-lane bowling alley. The redevelopment was beset by delays and controversy.[38] A group of local residents challenged the council over its decision to appoint Henry Boot, asking to put forward their own proposals for the site.[39] In November 2009, the plans were finally abandoned,[40] leaving the future of the site uncertain. In 2010 the council invited submissions from developers for a new, less ambitious, scheme to redevelop the site with a swimming pool at its heart. A decision on a new scheme is expected towards the end of 2010.[41] The local authority announced on 23 August 2011 that it was giving developers six months to propose plans for a smaller development otherwise they will arrange to demolish the Tropicana.[42]

Churches

Most of the town's churches and chapels are neo-Gothic 19th century structures. The Mediæval village church of St John the Baptist was completely demolished in 1824 to make way for a new and larger place of worship.[5]

All Saints Church was built between 1898 and 1902 to a design by George Frederick Bodley and completed by his pupil F.C. Eden in the 14th century style so favoured by Bodley. It is a Grade II* listed building.[43]

There is a Greek Orthodox Church of St Andrew the Apostle in Grove Road, Milton,[44] serving the town's large Greek-Cypriot population.

Outside links

 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about Weston-super-Mare)

References

  1. ↑ Mugglestone, Lynda (2006). The Oxford history of English. Oxford University Press. pp. 336. ISBN 9780199249312. http://books.google.com/?id=UcM7sN3idSgC&pg=PA336&dq=weston-super-mare+name+history&cd=2#v=onepage&q=weston-super-mare%20name%20history. 
  2. ↑ "Worlebury Camp". Megalithic Portal. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=4976. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  3. ↑ "Worlebury Residents' Association.". Worlebury Residents Association. http://www.worlebury.co.uk/wra.html. Retrieved 1 April 2010. 
  4. ↑ "Castle Batch". Pastscape national Monument Record. English Heritage. http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=192666. Retrieved 22 July 2011. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 National Heritage List 1129734: Weston-super-Mare
  6. ↑ National Heritage List 1320674: Weston-super-Mare
  7. ↑ "Brief history of Weston-super-Mare". Weston-super-Mare. http://www.weston-super-mare.com/newhistory/newhistory.html. Retrieved 29 November 2009. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Farr, Grahame Edgar (1954). Somerset harbours, including the port of Bristol. London: Christopher Johnson. pp. 76–79. 
  9. ↑ "Weston Facts". Whats on Weston super Mare. http://www.whatsonwestonsupermare.co.uk/Weston%20Facts. Retrieved 20 March 2010. 
  10. ↑ "Birnbeck Pier". Heritage at Risk. English Heritage. http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/default.aspx?id=126&rt=0&pn=1&st=a&ctype=all&crit=Birnbeck+Pier. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  11. ↑ National Heritage List 1017271: Birnbeck Pier
  12. ↑ "The Commercial Cable Company, early development as told by the president and others". John Crellin. http://www.cial.org.uk/cable13.htm. Retrieved 20 March 2010. 
  13. ↑ Phillips, Barrie (1996). "Marconi — the Father of Radio". Supplement to Histalec News NO.3. South Western Electricity Historical Society. http://www.swehs.co.uk/archives/news03su.pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2010. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Maggs, Colin G. (1990). The Weston Clevedon & Portishead Light Railway: The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-388-5.
  15. ↑ Holland, Julian (2007). Amazing and Extraordinary Railway Facts. David & Charles. pp. 19. ISBN 9780715325827. http://books.google.com/?id=cP2XN4vSz3IC. 
  16. ↑ National Heritage List 1137759: Grand Pier
  17. ↑ "History". Winter Gardens. http://www.thewintergardens.com/. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  18. ↑ Rose, Steve (17 July 2006). "Just add water". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/jul/17/architecture.watersportsholidays. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  19. ↑ "bombing in the Bristol area". Century of Flight. http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/bombing%20in%20the%20Bristol%20area.htm. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  20. ↑ "RAF Weston-super-Mare". rafweb.org. http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-W.htm#Weston-super-Mare. Retrieved 12 July 2009. 
  21. ↑ "RAF Weston-super-Mare". controltowers.co.uk. http://www.controltowers.co.uk/W-Z/Weston_Super_Mare.htm. Retrieved 12 July 2009. 
  22. ↑ "Westland Wessex". flugzeuginfo.net. http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/acdata_php/acdata_wessex_en.php. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  23. ↑ "History & Figures". Weston Area Health NHS Trust. http://www.waht.nhs.uk/About_the_Trust/history_facts.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2007. 
  24. ↑ "Huge fire destroys historic pier". BBC News. 28 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7528165.stm. Retrieved 29 November 2009. 
  25. ↑ "GKN confirms Westland sale talks". BBC News. 20 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/3733361.stm. 
  26. ↑ "Helicopter Museum". Culture24. http://www.culture24.org.uk/sw000160. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  27. ↑ "Wheel of Weston". North Somerset Council. http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Leisure/Tourism/The+Wheel+of+Weston/. Retrieved 7 November 2010. 
  28. ↑ "England visitor numbers 'rising'". BBC News. 29 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8225517.stm. Retrieved 1 April 2010. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Knightstone". Ports and Harbours of the UK. http://www.ports.org.uk/port.asp?id=828. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  30. ↑ . http://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/content/twm/Tropicana/story.aspx?brand=Westonmercury&category=Tropicana&tBrand=westonmercury&tCategory=Tropicana&itemid=WeED08%20Jun%202010%2018%3A25%3A45%3A773. 
  31. ↑ "Crowds turn out for Red Arrows at Weston-super-Mare". Western Daily Press (This is Western daily Press). 28 August 2008. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/wdp/news/Crowds-turn-Red-Arrows-Weston-super-Mare/article-292959-detail/article.html. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  32. ↑ "Pier blaze 'probably electrical'". BBC News. 22 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7684080.stm. Retrieved 23 October 2008. 
  33. ↑ "Weston-super-Mare pier reopens two years after fire". BBC News. 23 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11612399. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 
  34. ↑ "In the dark over pier future". The Weston Mercury. 3 September 2010. http://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/content/twm/news/story.aspx?brand=Westonmercury&category=news&tBrand=westonmercury&tCategory=znews&itemid=WeED01%20Sep%202010%2016%3A02%3A00%3A607. Retrieved 6 September 2010. 
  35. ↑ "Heritage Matters". Mendip District Council. 19 November 2008. http://www.mendip.gov.uk/Documents/Regeneration/Heritage%20Conservation/Heritage%20Matters/Iss10.pdf. Retrieved 20 September 2010. 
  36. ↑ National Heritage List 1016935: Weston-super-Mare
  37. ↑ "Weston-super-Mare Tropicana demolition". Bristol Evening Post (This is Bristol). 18 August 2009. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Weston-super-Mare-Tropicana-demolition/article-1349917-detail/article.html. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  38. ↑ "Council seeks Tropicana partner". BBC News. 8 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/4328925.stm. Retrieved 8 January 2007. 
  39. ↑ "Group wants to buy derelict pool". BBC News. 10 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/6036173.stm. Retrieved 8 January 2007. 
  40. ↑ "Cash crisis ends Tropicana plans". BBC News. 13 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8359769.stm. Retrieved 19 November 2009. 
  41. ↑ "New plans for Weston-super-Mare's Tropicana site". BBC. 31 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-11141031. Retrieved 7 November 2010. 
  42. ↑ "Weston Tropicana could be demolished by spring". ITV The West Tonight. 23 August 2011. 
  43. ↑ National Heritage List 1019310: Church of All Saints
  44. ↑ "Orthodox churches in the UK". The Hellenic Book Service. http://www.hellenicbookservice.com/Theology/orthodox%20churches.htm. Retrieved 20 March 2010. 

Books

  • Beisly, Philip (1996). Northmarsh of Somerset. Weston-super-Mare: Weston Heritage Centre. ISBN 978-0951036822. 
  • Beisly, Philip (1988). Weston-super-Mare: A History and Guide. Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0862994402. 
  • Beisly, Philip (2001). Weston-super-Mare Past. Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-1860771743. 
  • Poole, Sharon (2002). Weston-super-Mare. Tempus History & Guide. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752426310. 
  • Crockford-Hawley, John (2004). Weston-super-Mare: a History and Celebration of the Town. Frith Book Company. ISBN 978-1904938545. 
  • Crockford-Hawley, John (1990). History of the Parish Church of All Saints, Weston-super-Mare. ISBN 978-1872732008. 
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