County Wexford

County Wexford Irish: Contae Loch Garman Republic of Ireland
Ballycarney on Slaney
[Interactive map]
Province:	Leinster
Area:	909 square miles
Population:	145,320
County seat:	Wexford

The County of Wexford is a shire at the south-eastern corner of Ireland. Located in the province of Leinster, it is named after the town of Wexford. In pre-Norman times it was part of the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnselaig, whose capital was at Ferns. The population of the county is 145,320 according to the 2011 census.

History

Enniscorthy Castle

Wexford town c.1800.

The county is rich in evidence of early human habitation. Portal tombs (sometimes called dolmens) exist at Ballybrittas (on Bree Hill) and at Newbawn — and date from the Neolithic period or earlier. Remains from the Bronze Age period are far more widespread. Early Irish tribes formed the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, an area that was slightly larger than the current County Wexford. The county was one of the earliest areas of Ireland to be Christianised, in the early 5th century. Later, from 819 onwards, the Vikings plundered many Christian sites in the county. Wexford town became a Viking settlement near the end of the 9th century.

Wexford was the site of the invasion of Ireland by Normans in 1169 at the behest of Dermot MacMurrough, King of Uí Cheinnsealaig and king of Leinster, which led to the subsequent colonisation of the country by the Anglo-Normans.

The native Irish began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under Art MacMurrough Kavanagh. Under Henry VIII the great religious houses were dissolved, 1536–41; in County Wexford this included Glascarrig Priory, Clonmines Priory, Tintern Abbey, and Dunbrody Abbey.

On 23 October 1641, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland, and County Wexford produced strong support for Confederate Ireland. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army arrived 1649 in the county and captured it. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. At Duncannon, in the south-west of the county, James II, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.

County Wexford was the most important area in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was fought, during which significant battles occurred at Vinegar Hill (Enniscorthy) and New Ross. The famous ballad Boolavogue was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. At Easter 1916, a small rebellion occurred at Enniscorthy town, on cue with that in Dublin. During World War II, German planes bombed Campile. In 1963 John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, visited the county and his ancestral home at Dunganstown, near New Ross.

Geography

Wexford is the 13th largest of Ireland's thirty-two counties in area and 14th largest in terms of population. It is the largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size, and fourth largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford, Kilkenny, Carlow and Wicklow.

Towns and villages

• County Town: Wexford
• Market Town: Gorey

• Adamstown
• Arthurstown
• Ballycanew
• Ballycullane
• Ballyedmond
• Ballyfad
• Ballygarrett
• Ballyhack
• Ballymitty
• Ballywilliam
• Bannow
• Blackwater
• Bree
• Bridgetown
• Broadway
• Bunclody
• Camolin
• Campile
• Castlebridge
• Castletown
• Cleariestown
• Clohamon
• Clonroche
• Coolgreany
• Courtown
• Craanford
• Crossabeg
• Cullenstown
• Curracloe
• Duncannon
• Duncormick
• Enniscorthy
• Ferns
• Fethard-on-Sea
• Foulkesmill
• Gorey
• Hollyfort
• Inch
• Killinierin
• Kilmore
• Kilmore Quay
• Kilmuckridge
• Kiltealy
• Monamolin
• Monaseed
• Murrintown
• Monageer
• Monbeg
• Newbawn
• New Ross
• Oulart
• Oylegate
• Poulpeasty
• Rathangan
• Rosslare
• Rosslare Harbour
• Raheen
• Rathnure
• Saltmills
• Taghmon
• Watch House Village
• Wellingtonbridge
• Wexford

County Wexford is known as Ireland's "sunny south-east" because, in general, the number of hours of sunshine received daily is higher than in the rest of the country. This has resulted in Wexford becoming one of the most popular places in Ireland in which to reside. The county has a mild, but changeable, oceanic climate with few extremes. The North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream, moderates winter temperatures. There is a meteorological station located at Rosslare Harbour. January and February are generally the coldest months, with temperatures ranging between 4–8°C on average. July and August are generally the warmest months, with temperatures ranging between 12–18°C on average. The prevailing winds are from the south-west. Precipitation falls throughout the year. Mean Annual Rainfall is between 800–1200 mm. Generally, the county receives less snow than more northerly parts of Ireland. Serious snowfalls are relatively rare, but can occur. The one exception is Mount Leinster, visible from a large portion of the county, which is frequently covered with snow during the winter months. Frost is frequent in winter months, less in coastal areas.

Mountains and hills

Mount Leinster

Largely low-lying fertile land is the characteristic landscape of the county. The highest point in the county is Mount Leinster (2,610 ft,) in the Blackstairs Mountains in the north-west on the boundary with County Carlow.

Other high points:

• Black Rock Mountain, which is 1,965 ft high. It is located near the Wexford-Carlow border, within County Wexford.
• Croghan Mountain (or Croghan Kinsella) on the Wexford-Wicklow border - 1,988 ft high
• Annagh Hill 1,490 ft, near the Wicklow border
• Slieveboy at 1,378 ft high

Notable hills include: Carrigbyrne Hill, Camross (or Camaross) Hill (594 ft), Carrigmaistia (548 ft), Bree Hill (587 ft), Gibbet Hill, Vinegar Hill, Slievecoiltia and Forth Mountain (778 ft), and Tara Hill.

Bridge over the River Barrow at New Ross.

Rivers and lakes

The major rivers are the Slaney and the Barrow.

At 119 miles in length, the river Barrow is the second longest river on the island of Ireland.

Other smaller rivers of note are the Owenduff, Pollmounty, Corrock, Urrin, Boro, Owenavorragh, Sow and Bann rivers.

There are no significant fresh-water lakes in the county. Small seaside lakes or lagoons exist at two locations – one is called Lady's Island Lake and the other Tacumshin Lake.

Soil

Most, but not all, of the county was covered with the ice sheet during the last Ice age. As the ice retreated, County Wexford would have been one of the first areas to be covered with glacial drift (a mixture of boulders, clay, sand and gravel) that blanketed the existing bedrock. This has led to high quality soils, suitable for a wide range of agriculture. A very detailed soil survey of the county was published in 1964, as part of the 'National Soil Survey of Ireland'. It classifies each area of the county according to its specific soil type.

Most of the county is covered with soil called Brown earths, described as well-drained and having a wide use range. After that, Gleys (poorly to imperfectly drained with a limited use range) are the next major soil type, primarily located in the south-east of the county and east of Gorey (along the coast). Gleys are dotted elsewhere around the county in small areas, and where they occur they generally form bogland. The last major soil type is Brown Podzolics, located mainly near the edges of the Blackstairs Mountain range and around Bunclody and in the baronies of East Shelmalier and South Ballaghkeen. Though there are areas covered with other soil types, these are of limited extent.

Flora

Common species of tree include oak, ash, sycamore, alder, blackthorn, hawthorn, beech and birch. Less common (but plentiful) are wild cherry and Scots pine (also called Red Deal). Elm is now far less common, due to the devastating effects of Dutch elm disease. Gorse (or furze) is very common. A priority habitat in Wexford is the grey dune, on which many native wild flora grow, including Bee Orchid and Pyramidal Orchid. Despite the designation of much of this habitat as a Special Area of Conservation, it remains threatened by destruction for agricultural intensification. There is very little natural forest in the county. Most natural trees and vegetation grow on hedgerows.

Fauna

South-eastern Wexford is an important site for wild birds — the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland White-Fronted Geese each winter (roughly one third of the entire world's population), while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the Roseate Tern. Grey heron is also seen.

Throughout the county pheasant, wood pigeon and feral pigeons are widespread. Swans, wild duck, kingfisher, and owls (the long-eared owl, the short-eared owl, and the barn owl) are less common - but plentiful. Red grouse, once common, are now extremely scarce. The species has been in decline for some decades. Threats include habitat degradation, disease, predation and over-hunting. Red grouse in Ireland are now considered threatened. The corncrake, also once very common, is now almost never seen. Smaller birds—such as crows, swallows, robins, wrens and so on—are very common. The first magpies in Ireland were recorded by Robert Leigh, of Rosegarland, County Wexford, as having appeared in the County of Wexford about 1676. Land mammals include badger, rabbit, otter, hedgehog, red fox, mink, bats, squirrel (red and grey). Rat (brown and black), (It is nearly always the brown rat that is seen; however, the black rat is also occasionally seen in County Wexford. Neither is native to Ireland) and mice (the wood (or field) mouse and house mouse). Two types of hare—the Irish (or mountain) hare and the less common brown (or European) hare—are found. Hare is not nearly as common as Rabbit. The stoat (Mustela erminea hibernica) is also reasonably common. Locally the stoat is just as often incorrectly called a weasel.

Only two types of seal are found on County Wexford's coast—Atlantic grey seals are very plentiful in coastal areas, but the slightly smaller common (or harbour) seal is less common, yet plentiful. The Small Tortoiseshell butterfly (reddish-orange colour, with black markings) is the most common species of butterfly in the county. Various types of moth are also common. The common frog is plentiful, and is the only type of frog found.

Culture

Since 1951, an opera festival, Wexford Festival Opera, takes place every year in the Theatre Royal in Wexford town and runs for several weeks. A new Opera House has recently replaced the old one on the same site, it is now called Wexford Opera House. The new theatre opened in 2008 and consists of two theatres, the O'Reilly theatre and the Jerome Hynes theatre.

There is a renowned singing tradition in County Wexford. Having an abundance of traditional songs, many of which relate to the rebellion of 1798, the county has for many years had a strong presence in the Irish traditional singing scene.

Beaches in Curracloe, County Wexford were used to film the opening scenes of the movie Saving Private Ryan, which depicted the D-day assault on Omaha Beach. The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds, was partly filmed in the village of Duncannon in 2000 — Duncannon Fort being used for one of the main scenes.

Places of interest

The scenic Bannow Drive, popular amongst tourists, is a signposted route through four Wexford villages: Duncormick, Cullenstown, Bannow and Wellingtonbridge.

Ballyteigue Burrow, located near Duncormick, is one the finest protected sand dune systems in Ireland. Rich in wildflowers, wildlife and butterflies, this 5½ mile coastal stretch is a protected nature reserve by the golden sands of Ballyteigue Bay, with spectacular scenery.

The Hook Peninsula is noted for its many beaches and spectacular scenery. It features the mediæval Hook Head lighthouse and the historic townland of Loftus Hall.

Popular beaches are located at Courtown, Curracloe, and Duncannon.

Other places of interest include:

• Ferns Castle and Abbey
• Enniscorthy Castle and Museum
• Vinegar Hill
• National 1798 Visitor Centre
• Boolavogue
• The Browne-Clayton Monument
• Oulart Hill
• Castleboro House
• The Seven 'Castles' of Clonmines
• Johnstown Castle
• Ballyteigue Castle
• Bannow Church (dates from 13th century)
• Selskar Abbey, Wexford town
• Irish National Heritage Park (Ferrycarrig)
• Tacumshin windmill (south-east County Wexford)
• St Mary's Church (New Ross)
• Dunbrody Abbey
• Tintern Abbey
• Slade Castle
• Ballyhack Castle
• J.F. Kennedy homestead and park
• Slieve Coilte
• Duncannon Fort

Economy

Agriculture

Cattle near Ballylough

The economy is chiefly agricultural. Cattle, sheep, pig rearing and some horse breeding are the main types of husbandry practiced. Poultry rearing, once popular, has very much declined. Wheat, barley, rapeseed, and oats are grown, as are potatoes. Sugar beet is no longer grown due to the withdrawal of European Union subsidies. The numbers involved in farming have been declining for many years and many of the seasonal workers are now eastern Europeans. Mushrooms are also grown indoors. Tomatoes are grown under glass, for example at Campile. Wexford strawberries are famous and can be bought in shops and wayside stalls throughout the summer. Every year, near the end of June, a 'Strawberry Fair' Festival takes place in the town of Enniscorthy, and a Strawberry Queen is crowned. Dairy farming forms an important part of the agricultural industry. Locally produced milk is on sale in many supermarkets. Cheddar is an award-winning brand, and Carrigbyrne, a full-flavoured soft cheese, is produced near New Ross.

Forestry

Evergreen tree species are extensively cultivated, especially in more recent years—Norway Spruce and Sitka Spruce are the most common varieties planted. These are generally sown on poorer quality soils (mainly in bogs and on hills or mountainsides). A small amount of deciduous trees are also planted, though these require better soils.

Mining

Silver was once mined at Clonmines—primarily in Tudor times. Lead was mined at Caim, 1818-c1850—this mine also contains zinc; the two are usually found together. Copper ore (Malachite) is found at Kerloge, just south of the town of Wexford. Iron is found in small quantities at Courtown Harbour. The county is not noted for mineral reserves. No significant mining activity is currently practised, with the exception of quarrying for stone. In 2007, a significant oil find was made 60 kilometres off Hook Head in Co Wexford.

Energy

Ballywater Wind Farm, near Kilmuckridge - the largest wind farm in County Wexford (consisting of 21 wind turbines).

Carnsore Point made the national headlines in the late 1970s after a proposal was made to build a nuclear energy plant there; the plans were abandoned after extensive protests from the public, due to environmental and health concerns. A wind farm has now been built on the site, featuring 14 wind turbines generating electricity. It was completed in November 2002 and was the first wind farm on the east coast of Ireland. Wind farms now exist at a few other locations in the county, such as Ballywater Wind Farm, at Cahore (near Kilmuckridge), on the county's east coast, and Richfield wind farm, located in the south-east of the county.

Great Island Power Station opened in 1967 and was operated by the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) until it was sold to Endesa in January 2009. It is an electricity-generating station fuelled by heavy fuel oil and rated at 240 MW. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Barrow and Suir, near Campile. Before its sale, the station was scheduled to close by 2010. Endesa propose building a 430 MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) gas fired plant on the site. The project would need a new 28 mile gas pipeline from the existing transmission network at at Baunlusk, 3¾ miles south of Kilkenny City.

Transport

• Road: Recent years have seen a major upgrading of the county's main roads.

• Bus: Wexford and Dublin are also linked by Bus Éireann route 2, while route 5 operates Waterford-New Ross-Enniscorthy-Dublin. There are numerous local bus routes radiating from Wexford town to places such as Kilmore Quay, Lady's Island, Kilmuckridge etc...

• Rail: The Rosslare–Dublin railway line runs through the county, serving Rosslare Europort, Rosslare Strand, Wexford, Enniscorthy and Gorey. Four trains run in each direction daily (three at weekends), with additional commuter services from Gorey. The Rosslare–Limerick railway line which traverses the southern part of the county is now mothballed but being maintained (it served stations at Bridgetown, Wellington Bridge, Ballycullane and Campile).

• Ferry: Rosslare Europort, located at Rosslare Harbour, operates a busy Ferry service. There are regular sailings to Great Britain (Pembroke and Fishguard in Pembrokeshire) and France (Cherbourg and in the summer months to Roscoff) for passengers and vehicles. There is also ferry service in operation between Ballyhack and Passage East (County Waterford), crossing the Barrow estuary.

Demographics

In 2011 the county had a total population of 145,320 people. Of these, 62.1% (89,709 people) lived in rural areas and 37.9% (55,611 people) lived in urban areas. 34.3% of the county's population (49,889 people) were aged under 25 years and 12.6% of its population (18,367 people) were aged over 65 years. 87.9% of the county's population stated their religion as Roman Catholic and 4.2% stated they had no religion. Other religions made up the remainder. Between 2002 and 2006, the population of County Wexford increased by 13% (15,153 people). and between 2006 and 2011 the population increased by another 10% (13,524 people).

References

Books

• Byrne, Francis J. Irish Kings and High Kings. Dublin, 1973–2001
• Carlyle, Thomas. "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches". Vol. 1. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845
• Cambrensis, Giraldus. Expugnatio Hibernica - The Conquest of Ireland. Dublin: R.I.A., 1978
• Colfer, Billy. The County of Wexford. County Wexford: Foillsitheoirí Cois Sláine, n.d. - 1980 or 1981.
• Furlong, Nicholas. A History of County Wexford. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan, 2003. ISBN 0-7171-3461-X
• Furlong, Nicholas and John Hayes. County Wexford in the Rare Oul' Times Vol. IV. 1910-1924. Wexford: Old Distillery Press, 2005. ISBN 0-9512812-3-2
• Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi). Discovery Series 77 - Co Wexford (part). Scale 1: 50,000. Dublin: OSI, Phoenix Park, 1997. ISBN 0-904996-71-9
• The Times Atlas of the World – Reference Edition. London: Times Books, 1995-2002. ISBN 0-00-712400-7
• Whelan, K.(ed) & W. Nolan (assoc. ed.). Wexford: History and Society. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1987

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