River Fal
The River Fal flows to the south coast of Cornwall, exclusively in that county. It gives a name to the town of Falmouth and its mouth is a broad, sheltered harbour, Carrick Roads, and one of the best and most capacious in the kingdom.
The river rises at Pentevale (Cornish: Penfenten Fala, meaning head spring of the Fal) on Goss Moor (between St. Columb and Roche) and it reaches the English Channel at Falmouth. On or near the banks of the Fal are the castles of Pendennis and St Mawes as well as Trelissick Garden. The River Fal separates the Roseland peninsula from the rest of Cornwall. Like most of its kind on the south coast of Cornwall and Devon, the Fal estuary is a classic ria, or drowned river valley.
The Fal estuary from Tregony to the Truro River was originally called Hafaraell (Cornish: Havarel, meaning fallow place).
Name
The river is known in the Cornish language as the Fala, but the origin and meaning of the name are unknown. The earliest occurrences of the name are in documents of the years 969 and 1049. Falmouth, a town which was named Smithwick until the 17th century, is named after the River Fal.[1] The word Fal in Cornish may refer to a prince, or on the other hand to a spade or shovel.[2]
History
The river mouth and Falmouth harbour served as an anchorage in the immediate years after the Second World War for scores of laid-up Royal Navy vessels (including battleships, carriers, and cruisers) awaiting sale for scrap. Its size and depth of water made it ideal for this use.
The River Fal suffered a severe, high profile pollution accident in February 1992, when a nearby tin mine was flooded. The river turned red and an extensive cleaning-up operation was needed to decontaminate the water.[1] During times of reduced global trade, ships are mothballed in the upper parts of the estuary of the River Fal.[3] The ships, using the Fal estuary due to its depth and protection from the elements,[3] keep a skeleton crew for ship maintenance.[4] A large number of ships were moored in the estuary during the late-2000s financial crisis, as falling global trade meant a smaller demand for trade ships. Falmouth Harbour authority charges companies for usage of the river, until the ships are either reactivated, scrapped or sold.[4]
Geography and hydrology
The catchment of the Fal is predominantly Devonian slates, shales and grits, with granite in the upper reaches. Land use is mainly agricultural with some woodland.[5]
Tributaries of the River Fal include the River Truro, River Kennal, River Penryn and River Carnon. Several tidal creeks discharge into the River Fal including Mylor Creek, Pill Creek, Penpol Creek and Restronguet Creek. The river flows through the Carrick Roads, a large ria that creates a natural harbour. The waterway is navigable between Falmouth and Truro. The river is crossed by the King Harry Ferry, a vehicular chain ferry that links the villages of Feock and Philleigh approximately equidistant between Truro and Falmouth.
Wildlife and conservation
Five Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) have been designated along the River Fal. The river rises on Goss Moor which is both a National Nature Reserve and part of a SSSI. The wetland habitats and western dry heath communities were formed, since the Bronze Age, by the mining of the alluvial tin deposits.[6] South Terras Mine SSSI is also a Geological Conservation Review (GCR) site of national importance and was once a commercial uranium mine.
The Crowhill Valley SSSI between Grampound and St Stephen is an ancient woodland dominated by sessile oak on the slopes, and of willow and alder carr on the floodplain which has a rich ground flora. The species list includes many ancient woodland indicators including lichens such as Parmelia endochlora.[7]
[File:River Fal - geograph.org.uk - 945826.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Yachts on the Fal beside Trelisick]] The Upper Fal Estuary and Woods SSSI is mostly within the tidal area of the river between Tregony and Turnaware Point and includes mudflats, salt marsh and ancient woodland. The mudflats support nationally important numbers of Black-tailed Godwit as well as large populations of wintering waders and wildfowl such as Curlew and Golden Plover. A series of transition zones occur from the salt marsh to scrub, where young trees attempt to grow despite the threat of the highest tides, to ancient woodland on the higher slopes. These zones and the estuary itself are important for otter.[8] The lowest part of the Fal along with the Helford River is designated as the Fal and Helford Special Area of Conservation under the Habitats Directive for the shallow bays and inlets, sandbanks and mudflats, and for its salt marshes. Part of the area is also designated as an Important Plant Area and a SSSI (Lower Fal & Helford Intertidal) for the relatively undisturbed transitions from tidal mud through saltmarsh and scrub to woodland.[9][10][11]
Towns and villages on the Fal
Towns and village beside the river include:
Outside links
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References
- ↑ Ekwall, E. (1940) The Concise Dictionary of English Place-names; 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 165
- ↑ Robert Williams, ed., Lexicon cornu-britannicum: a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall (London, 1865).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bushill, Alex (8 May 2009). "Ships shelter from economic storm". BBC News (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8038471.stm. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Increase in lay-ups as slump continues". Falmouth Packet. Newsquest. http://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/fpboating/inport/4232973.Increase_in_lay_ups_as_slump_continues/. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ↑ "Fal at Tregony". Natural Environment Research Council. http://www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa/webdata/048003/g.html. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ↑ "Goss Moor NNR". http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1006062.aspx. Natural England.
- ↑ "Crowhill Valley SSSI". Natural England. http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000641.pdf. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ↑ "Upper Fal Estuary and Woods". Natural England. http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/2000127.pdf. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ↑ "Fal and Helford". Joint Nature Conservation Committee. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0013112. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ↑ "Fal and Helford". Plantlife. http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/important_plant_areas/fal_and_helford. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ↑ "Lower Fal & Helford Intertidal". Natural England. http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/2000174.pdf. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
Coordinates: 50°15′N 4°57′W / 50.25°N 4.95°W