Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal

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Steam crane at Mount Sion, on the Bury Arm

The Manchester Bolton and Bury Canal is a disused but partly navigable canal industrial in southern Lancashire, built to link Bolton and Bury with Manchester. The canal, when fully opened, was 15 miles 1 furlong long. It was accessed by way of a junction with the River Irwell in Salford. Seventeen locks were required to climb to the summit as it passed through Pendleton, heading northwest to Prestolee before it split northwest to Bolton and northeast to Bury. Between Bolton and Bury the canal was level and required no locks. Six aqueducts were built to allow the canal to cross the rivers Irwell and Tonge and several minor roads.

The canal was commissioned in 1791 by local landowners and businessmen and built between 1791 and 1808, during the Golden Age of canal building, at a cost of £127,700. Two Acts of Parliament allowed the company to raise £47,000, and £80,000 respectively. Originally designed for narrow gauge boats, during its construction the canal was altered into a broad gauge canal to allow an ultimately unrealised connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The canal company later converted into a railway company and built a railway line close to the canal's path, which required modifications to the Salford arm of the canal.

Most of the freight carried was coal from local collieries but, as the mines reached the end of their working lives sections of the canal fell into disuse and disrepair and it was officially abandoned in 1961. In 1987 a society was formed with the aim of restoring the canal for leisure use and, in 2006, restoration began in the area around the junction with the River Irwell in Salford. The canal is currently navigable as far as Oldfield Road, Salford.

History

Proposal

With economic recovery art the end of he American Revolutionary War, a proposal was brought forward for a canal to link three of Lancashire's major industrial towns: Manchester, Bolton and Bury. Matthew Fletcher surveyed the route in 1789ref>Tomlinson 1991, p. 31.</ref> but the first public notice came from Manchester on 4 September 1790.[1] After several additional proposals, Hugh Henshall was asked to survey the new proposed route of the canal[1] with a view to petitioning for a private Act of Parliament.

Opposition came from local industries along the route which used water power, which would be harmed were rivers diverted to feed thr new canal: this was an issue until Hugh Henshall's written report stated that his plan would not require water from the river in times of drought, but that floods and rivulets would supply his reservoirs. A protective clause was inserted in the draft Bil presented to Parliament at the instance of Sir Robert Peel.[2]

The total sum of investments is £47,700. £5 per £100 share was initially paid, with an additional £10 call made by 10 August 1791. Similar share calls were made at regular intervals over the following years.[3] The first dividend of 4% was paid in July 1812, with regular payments following thereafter.[4]

Work begins

On 13 May 1791 the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal Act 1791 was passed, allowing the company to raise £47,000, with shares of £100 and to acquire the necessary land.[5] The intention was that at Prestolee the route would divide into two branches (arms), with one branch towards Bolton and the other to Bury, but it would not, however, join the River Irwell.[6] The proprietors were entitled to take water from any brooks within 1000 yards of the canal, or within three miles of the canal summits at Bolton and Bury.[7]

With news of the planned Rochdale Canal link into Manchester, the company proposed to extend the canal from Bury through Littleborough, and to connect with the Rochdale Canal at Sladen. The new route, known as the Bury and Sladen Canal, was intended as a rival scheme to the proposed Rochdale link into Manchester. A survey was also carried out on a proposed extension from Sladen to Sowerby Bridge.[8] The company also considered links to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. These plans would have substantially increased the trans-Pennine traffic using the company's canal, and caused a potential loss of traffic and revenue on the nearby Bridgewater Canal. With this in mind, the owner of the Bridgewater Canal, the Duke of Bridgewater, agreed to allow the Rochdale Canal Company to connect to his canal at Manchester.[9] Despite the persistence of the canal company, the Rochdale Canal plan won the day and in 1797 the company abandoned the Bury and Sladen Canal plan.[10]

Map of the canal showing sections with/without water

After several years of construction, on 9 January 1794 an agreement was reached with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Company to create a link from the Bolton arm of the canal to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Red Moss, near Horwich. This agreement required significant design changes to allow the canal to carry the wider boats used on the broad gauge Leeds and Liverpool Canal,[5] which included a change to broad locks. Benjamin Outram was employed to inspect the works, and reported on the cost of this conversion as being £26,924.[11] Although the necessary changes were implemented, the route of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was altered and the link was not built. In the same year the Haslingden Canal link to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was proposed, from the Bury arm of the canal.[12][13] Although authorised by an Act of Parliament, it too was never built. The canal company remained hopeful of a link between the two canals, but all hope of this was lost when on 21 June 1819 an Act of Parliament was enacted to create a link between the Leigh extension of the Bridgewater Canal, and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.[14]

Significant parts of the canal were completed by 1796, including the stretch up to Bury in October of that year.[6] With the completion of the Bolton arm in the following year,[15] much of the canal opened for business. The connection to Fletcher's Canal was completed in 1800, but with the failure of the scheme to connect the Bolton arm of the canal to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the canal remained isolated from any other navigable waterway. One proposed remedy involved the construction of an aqueduct over the River Irwell in Manchester, to connect directly to the Rochdale Canal between Castlefield and Piccadilly.[16] A bill was proposed in 1799 but after strong objections from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company[16] they eventually gave up and subsequently, over the following seven years, the canal company purchased enough land to build a canal link directly to the Irwell.

A connection to the Rochdale Canal was eventually built in 1839 via the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, which was funded in part by the proprietors of the MB&B canal.[17]

Traffic

Most of the traffic along the canal transported coal from the many collieries that existed along its length, such as Outwood Colliery and Ladyshore Colliery. Some of these pits were linked to the canal by road, and some by short tramlines.[18][19] In the late 19th century as much as 650,000 tons of coal and 43,000 tons of other materials[20] including night soil[21] and fruit[22] were transported annually. The canal also enabled the transport of salt from Cheshire to the many bleach and dye works in its area – hence the name of Salt Wharf on the Bolton arm of the canal. Tolls were easily calculated as milestones were placed along the towpath at ¼ mile intervals. This was important as journeys were often quite short, the collieries being so close to industry along the canal's length.[23]

Ladyshore Colliery in 1968

The boats used to transport coal were short and narrow, and each contained a row of boxes used for carrying coal. Each box had a base of two halves, hinged and held closed with chains. These boxes would be lifted out of the boats, positioned by crane over a bunker or cart and emptied by releasing the chains on the base. This design helped keep the canal competitive, as it increased the speed with which loading and unloading of the boats could be performed.[24]

The canal would often freeze in winter, so an icebreaker was used to ensure the canal remained navigable during the cold weather. Named "Sarah Lansdale"[25] and owned by James Crompton Paperworks, it was towed by a team of horses while the crew stood astride the deck, secured to the handrails, rocking the boat from side to side and breaking the ice in the process. Often, ice would be encountered that was so thick the boat would rise up onto the surface of the ice.[26] This boat did once reside at the boat museum in Ellesmere Port Dock[25] but was later destroyed by fire.

Food and drink was made available to those using the canal in several places including Margaret Barlow's Tea Gardens, Kilcoby Cottage and Rhodes Lock. A camping ground was also available at Kilcoby Cottage.[27] The nearby Giant's Seat House was for some time the home of the canal manager.[28]

The canal also carried packet services, with passengers facing a three-hour journey between Bolton and Manchester.[29] The first passenger boat to Bolton was launched in 1796 from the Windsor Castle public house, and in 1798 a new packet boat was built for the use of the company.[30][31] Fares were initially fixed by the canal company (although from 1805 contracted-out) and based upon the service required; a passenger using the state cabin from Bolton to Manchester would be charged one shilling six pence, and a single shilling on the return journey.[31] Passengers would change boats at Prestolee to avoid delays at the lock flight and also to save water,[7] and a purpose-built covered walkway the length of the road was constructed for their benefit.[32][33][34] Another passenger service ran along the two arms from Bolton to Bury, and over 60,000 passengers per year travelled on the canal; between July 1833 and June 1834, 21,060 made the journey from Bolton to Manchester, 21,212 people travelled from Manchester to Bolton, and 20,818 intermediary passengers hopped on and off the boats en route.[35] In 1834 the Bolton to Manchester service earned £1,177 and the Bolton to Bury service earned £75.[35] The service was quite luxurious compared to some packet boat services: central heating was provided in winter and drinks were served on board. This caused a tragedy in 1818, however, when a party of twenty drunken passengers managed to capsize the boat and a number of passengers, including two children, were drowned.[29][35]

Several fatal incidents combined with general passenger concern caused the canal company to improve passenger safety; in 1802 a wall was built at the wharf at Oldfield Lane in Salford and in 1833 a gas lamp was installed at Ringley Wharf.[32]

A parcel service was also offered, although this proved unpopular as it was unreliable.[36]

Railway proposal

In March 1829 the idea of building a branch railway line from the Oldfield Road terminus in Salford to the new Liverpool and Manchester Railway was mooted, but nothing was built. In 1830 the canal company, led by chairman Sir John Tobin, began to promote a proposal to build a railway along the line of the canal, from Salford to Bolton. The shareholders then on 23 August 1831 obtained an Act of Parliament to become the "Company of Proprietors of the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal Navigation and Railway Company".[37] Due mainly to the objections of local mine owners who would have lost access to the canal and supplies, and would not have had branch railways built for them, the company agreed to an amending bill which would keep the canal and allow the new railway to be constructed alongside it.[38][39] Due to technical and financial constraints the branch to Bury was never built.[40] The canal therefore survived, although locks 4 and 5 in Salford were moved and combined into a two-rise staircase, with a second tunnel built underneath the line[41][42] which became known as the Manchester and Bolton Railway.

The line opened on 28 May 1838,[43] and the company had purchased eight locomotives. Between the opening date and 9 January 1839 the railway carried 228,799 passengers – far more than had been carried on the canal. Shortly thereafter, passenger services on the canal ceased and the boats were sold off. In 1846 the company was taken over by the Manchester and Leeds Railway,[44] which itself became the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) the following year. In 1890 the L&YR widened the line through Salford. Locks 4, 5 and 6 were moved slightly to the north and the tunnel under the railway was replaced by a bridge (although it is still referred to as a tunnel).[45]

Decline

By 1924 the Bolton arm had experienced a significant fall in traffic, although until the 1930s, when colliery closures reduced traffic even further, coal trade remained brisk.[37] By 1935 Fletcher's Canal had fallen into disuse. Burst banks alongside the Irwell and Croal rivers (caused largely by subsidence from mining activities) were common. A major breach occurred in 1936 and was never repaired. 10.45 acres of land around this breach was purchased from the British Transport Commission by Cream's Paper Mill, who subsequently built over part of the canal.[46]

On 2 March 1937 the London, Midland and Scottish Railway held a Special General Meeting during which they proposed to abandon the canal from Clifton Aqueduct to Bailey Bridge, from Bailey Bridge to Bury, and the entire Bolton arm from Nob End Locks to Bolton.[47] The proposal was not carried[48] but four years later, under the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Act of 1941, they abandoned seven miles of the canal, including a section from Prestolee to Clifton and the entire Bolton arm.[49]

In 1939, during the Second World War, the Ministry of Transport ordered a half-mile section in Agecroft piped, to hide it from the air and so reduce the risk of the German bombers' using the canal to locate the adjacent Magnesium Elektron Company's site.[37]

Although it continued to generate revenue from the sale of water, tolls produced only a small proportion of the canal's income. In 1946, against expenses of £12,500, it earned a total of £7,296, of which only £471 was from tolls.[50] In 1951 total income was £8,815 against a total expenditure of £9,574.[51] In the same year, the canal carried 3,933 tons of coal and no other materials.[52]

A British Transport Commission report of 1955 included the canal in its list of "Waterways having insufficient commercial prospects to justify their retention for navigation".[53] Following an Act of Parliament, in 1961 the canal was abandoned.[37][54] A single coal delivery service between Sion Street and Bury Moors continued until 1968, but this was the last commercial traffic to use the canal.

Features

Nob End Locks in operation

There are several notable features along the canal, including Prestolee Aqueduct and Clifton Aqueduct, both of which are Grade II listed structures.[55][56] Nob End Locks (sometimes referred to as Prestolee Locks) sit at the junction of the three arms of the canal at Nob End. They comprise two sets of three staircase locks, separated by a passing basin. These locks served to lower the level of the canal by 64 feet over a distance of 600 feet. The upper staircase is still visible, but most of the lower staircase was filled in at some point in the 1950s, and much of the stonework was removed.[57]

A major breach of the canal along the Bury arm revealed the scale of the engineering used in the construction of the retaining wall. Railway rails, which were used to increase the strength of the walls, are still clearly visible at the site of the breach.[58]

The Mount Sion steam crane (a depiction of which is used as the logo of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal Society) sits rusting and unused at Mount Sion, on the Bury arm. One of the earliest surviving cranes in England, it was built some time about 1875–1884 for Mount Sion Bleach Works by Thomas Smith & Sons of Rodley and was used to unload coal boxes from barges into the yard below the canal.[58] It was Grade II listed in 2011.[59]

Design and construction

Reinforcements along the Bury Arm

The canal was originally supplied by the River Irwell in Bury, at the Weddell Brook tributary. This proved insufficient for local industry and in 1842 Elton Reservoir at Bury[60] was built to become the canal's principal supply.[37] Although the Bury and Bolton arms are on one level, the Salford arm used seventeen broad locks, including some in staircases (Nob End, for example), to descend 190 feet over 8 miles from the summit level to the lowest point at Salford.[61] Robert Fulton had proposed an inclined plane at Nob End, but this design was rejected.[62][63]

The connection with Fletcher's Canal near Clifton Aqueduct was made by a single lock[17] 90 feet long by 21 feet wide, with a drop of 18 inches.[62]

Although the canal was originally designed to be a narrow canal with narrow locks for boats 7 feet wide, in 1794 an agreement was reached with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal company to create a link near Red Moss near Horwich, so broad locks were built to accommodate the 14-foot wide boats using that canal.[5] This meant removing some of the narrow locks that had already been built.[61] An extension to the original canal feeder was built at Weddell Brook in Bury, alongside the River Irwell. The route of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was changed, however, and the planned link never materialised. The design changes to the canal were not completely without merit, since they allowed two narrowboats to use each lock simultaneously, saving passage time and water.

Much of the Bury arm of the canal runs alongside the River Irwell through the Irwell Valley, and eventually required the construction of huge retaining walls to prevent the canal bank from sliding down the hill.[58] Similar strengthening, although on a smaller scale, was required on the Bolton arm where it ran alongside the River Croal.[64] Through these sections the towpath is normally on the side of the canal closest to the river.

Prestolee Aqueduct

Six aqueducts were required to allow the canal to cross the River Irwell, the River Tonge and four roads. On the Bolton arm these were Hall Lane Aqueduct, Fogg's Aqueduct and the larger Damside Aqueduct, all of which have since been demolished. Hall Lane Aqueduct was damaged by mining subsidence and replaced in 1884–1885. It was demolished in 1950.[65] The Salford arm flowed over Prestolee Aqueduct, then Clifton Aqueduct, and finally the smaller Lumn's Lane Aqueduct (since demolished).

Many bridges were also constructed, along the length of the canal. Most were of small design allowing access to farmland, although many are wide enough for a horse and cart. In places where the canal crossed important thoroughfares, such as Water Street in Radcliffe, Radcliffe Road in Darcy Lever and Agecroft Road in Pendlebury, larger bridges were constructed.

Cranes were used along the many wharfs on the canal to offload cargo. One of these, a steam crane at Mount Sion, still exists (albeit in poor condition). At Bury Wharf a traversing steam crane positioned between the two arms of the terminus would offload cargo to be loaded into waiting lorries[26] and a similar system was used at Radcliffe Wharf.

The canal today

The canal north of Agecroft Road, in water
The 1936 breach at Nob End

Almost 60% of the canal's original length is no longer in water. Bury Wharf is now covered by an industrial estate. A car park has been built on top of the canal, near Daisyfield Viaduct, but from there on the towpath remains accessible. The canal, in water but overgrown with weeds, is culverted under Water Street in Radcliffe. It continues in water up to a dam at Ladyshore, following which the foundations of a demolished paper mill, built in 1956, may be found.[46]

The breach which occurred in 1936 was never repaired and presents a significant gap in the canal's route. On the Salford arm, although in good condition, the top three locks at Prestolee are derelict; the bottom three have been removed. The canal is in water from the bottom of the lock flight through to Ringley Locks. Ringley Bridge is infilled, as is the canal through Ringley Village and Giants Seat Locks. Kilcoby Bridge is missing and from there the canal is inaccessible until it reaches the M60 motorway. Overgrown, Rhodes Lock is still in reasonable condition. One or more electricity pylons straddle the infilled canal between Rhodes Lock and the motorway, which has been built over the line of the canal. A sludge lagoon built during the motorway's construction blocks a short section toward Clifton Aqueduct. The canal does not take water again until beyond Clifton Aqueduct, where a short 900-foot length exists between the former Pilkington factory and the Enersys factory.[66] Lumn's Lane Aqueduct is missing but the canal is in water between there and Holland Street. Beyond this point the canal is infilled and in parts built over, especially through Pendleton. Its junction with the River Irwell in Salford has recently been restored and made navigable.

The Bolton arm of the canal is interrupted by the absence of Hall Lane Aqueduct at Little Lever, which was demolished in 1950 to make way for the widening of Hall Lane.[67] In Darcy Lever, Damside Aqueduct, which crossed Radcliffe Road and the Tonge River, is also missing, having been demolished in June 1965. The route of St Peter's Way has almost entirely destroyed a significant section of the canal as it heads into the centre of Bolton[68] and Church Wharf no longer exists. The last section of the Bolton arm of the canal still in water is currently used for fishing.[69]

In the local authority's local plan, the entire route of the canal is protected from any adverse development that would prevent its restoration.

Restoration

Aerial view of Nob End locks showing the first Bolton bridge dug out and a dam being built across the Bury arm

To help secure the canal's future, in 1987 the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal Society was formed. Despite the aforementioned problems, on 21 October 2005 British Waterways announced funding from European Objective Two Funding, the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWDA) and Salford City Council for a restoration scheme at the newly named Middlewood Locks in Salford,[70] which began in September 2006. Restoration was halted briefly by the discovery of what was initially thought to be a Second World War bomb[71] but which proved to be a wartime American mortar with no explosive content. Pilings for the tunnel under the Manchester to Preston Line were completed in 2008.[72] The missing Irwell towpath bridge, known as Bloody Bridge, which once crossed the canal's entrance, was replaced with an arched timber structure incorporating elements of the old lock 1.[73] Much of the canal's existing masonry has been re-used and, where possible, the original washwalls were grouted and pointed.[74] The original river locks 1 and 2 were replaced by a single deep lock.

Completion was scheduled for the end of July 2008[74] and marked with an opening ceremony on 19 September that year, during which the new Margaret Fletcher tunnel under the Manchester Inner Ring Road was formally named.[75][76][77][78] Full restoration of the canal could create up to 6,000 jobs and add an annual £6M to the local economy.[79] The total cost is estimated at £60M.[80] The next planned major restoration may be along Salford Crescent.[81][82]

Local volunteers under the guidance of the Manchester Bolton and Bury Canal Society have for years worked on sections of the canal, removing overgrowth and tidying up its general appearance.[80] A new pedestrian footbridge, designed by artist Liam Curtin, was opened at Nob End Locks in April 2013. Made entirely out of scaled-up pieces of Meccano, it was built by society volunteers and other members of the public at a cost of about £90,000.[83] Toward the end of 2015, work began to restore water to the top lock at Nob End. Infill beneath the first bridge on the canal's Bolton arm was excavated, exposing the towpath for the first time in decades.[84]

Outside links

 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tomlinson 1991, p. 28.
  2. ↑ Tomlinson 1991, p. 32.
  3. ↑ Tomlinson 1991, p. 51.
  4. ↑ Tomlinson 1991, p. 62.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Priestley 1831, p. 435.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 National Monuments Record: No. 44233 – Manchester Bolton and Bury Canal
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Corbett 1974, p. 79
  8. ↑ Skempton 2002, p. 51.
  9. ↑ Pickering 1807, p. 663.
  10. ↑ Tomlinson 1991, pp. 34–35.
  11. ↑ Hadfield & Biddle 1970, p. 250.
  12. ↑ Hadfield & Biddle 1970, pp. 259–261.
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  44. ↑ Backtrack Volume 17 - www.steamindex.com
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  51. ↑ Palmer (chairman) 1955, pp. 100–101.
  52. ↑ Palmer (chairman) 1955, p. 124.
  53. ↑ Palmer (chairman) 1955, p. 70.
  54. ↑ The Times newspaper: Parliamentary Notices in Parliament, Session 1960–1961, The Times, 2 December 1960, http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?toDate=1985-12-31&fromDate=1960-01-01&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=10&sortBy=default&offset=0&viewName=&addFilters=&removeFilters=&addCat=&queryKeywords=bolton+canal&sectionId=1040&currPgSmartSet=1&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1960-12-02-04&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1960-12-02-04-001&xmlpath=&pubId=17&totalResults=369&addRefineFilters=&removeRefineFilters=&addRefineCat=&next_Page=false&prev_Page=false&date_dd_From=1&date_mm_From=01&date_yyyy_From=1960&date_dd_to_range=31&date_mm_to_range=12&date_yyyy_to_range=1985&date_dd_from_precise=1&date_mm_from_precise=01&date_yyyy_from_precise=1960&isDateSearch=false&dateSearchType=range&refineQuerykeywordText=  Retrieved on 1 July 2008
  55. ↑ National Heritage List 1162420: Prestolee Aqueduct
  56. ↑ National Heritage List 1162680: Clifton Aqueduct
  57. ↑ Hindle 1998, p. 3.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Hindle 1998, p. 4.
  59. ↑ National Heritage List 1242921: Mount Sion Steam Crane, Adjacent to the Manchester Bolton and Bury Canal
  60. ↑ Waterways, Issue 214, The Inland Waterways Association, p. 14, http://www.waterways.org.uk/iwa_publications/waterways_magazine 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Priestley 1831, p. 437.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Owen 1988, p. 54.
  63. ↑ Corbett 1974, pp. 79–80.
  64. ↑ Waterson 1985, p. 15.
  65. ↑ Hindle 1998, p. 5.
  66. ↑ Edwards 2007, p. 161.
  67. ↑ Farnworth/Moses Gate — ben200525671.jpg, The Bolton News, http://boltonnews.newsprints.co.uk/view/2014396/ben200525671_jpg, retrieved 13 June 2016 
  68. ↑ The Bolton Arm, Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal Society, http://www.mbbcs.org.uk/canal/bolton.htm, retrieved 1 July 2008 
  69. ↑ Bolton Canal, www.waterscape.com, archived from the original on 6 July 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20080706165257/http://www.waterscape.com/things-to-do/fishing/fisheries/5832/bolton-canal, retrieved 10 August 2008 
  70. ↑ Full Steam Ahead For Canal Restoration In Salford, British Waterways, http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/newsroom/all-press-releases/display/id/1738, retrieved 27 June 2008 
  71. ↑ Littlewood 2007, p. 5
  72. ↑ Littlewood, Fran, Middlewood Progress, mbbcs.org.uk, http://www.mbbcs.org.uk/news/bwreport.htm, retrieved 27 June 2008 
  73. ↑ Littlewood 2008, pp. 5–8.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Littlewood 2008, p. 5.
  75. ↑ Restoration Report, Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal Society, http://www.mbbcs.org.uk/news/restoration.htm, retrieved 28 June 2008 
  76. ↑ Middlewood Locks Project, archived from the original on January 7, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090107033000/http://www.chrismarleycivils.co.uk/projectmiddlewoodlocks.html, retrieved 28 June 2008 
  77. ↑ Fletcher 2008, p. 3.
  78. ↑ "Boats return to 'hidden canal'", Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media), 24 September 2008, http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1068731_boats_return_to_hidden_canal, retrieved 1 October 2008 
  79. ↑ "Canal may be re-born", BBC News, 28 May 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2012284.stm, retrieved 27 June 2008 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Qureshi, Yakub (2 August 2007), "Army gives canal clean-cut look", Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media), http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1012602_army_gives_canal_cleancut_look.html, retrieved 27 June 2008 
  81. ↑ Puttnam, Nik (March 2008), Memorandum submitted by Central Salford Urban Regeneration Company, HANSARD, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmenvfru/438/438we117.htm, retrieved 7 October 2008 
  82. ↑ Parry 2007, p. 6.
  83. ↑ 'Meccano-style' bridge opens in Bolton, bbc.co.uk, 6 April 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-22051441, retrieved 22 April 2013 
  84. ↑ Hindle 2015, pp. 3–19
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