Harold's Cross

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Harold's Cross
County Dublin

Memorial cross at Harold's Cross Park
Location
Grid reference: O137320
Location: 53°19’35"N, 6°17’41"W
Data
Postcode: D6 / D12
Local Government
Council: Dublin

Harold's Cross is an urban village and inner suburb in County Dublin, on the south side of the cityscape. The River Poddle runs through it, and it holds both a major cemetery, Mount Jerome, and Our Lady's Hospice.

Location

Harold's Cross is situated north of Terenure and Rathgar, west of Rathmines, east of Crumlin and Kimmage, and directly south from the Grand Canal at Clanbrassil Street.

The Poddle

The River Poddle runs south to north through the area. At the southern end of the district, the river's course splits at the centuries-old "Tongue" or "Stone Boat" with part of its flow diverted into the "City Watercourse" culvert, while the main line continues overground, passing through ponds. The Poddle goes underground between Mount Argus and Mount Jerome, then flows along the cemetery boundary, including the Islamic plot, before going into culvert at Greenmount, heading for the Grand Canal.

Name

There are a number of competing explanations for the name of Harold's Cross, which has been extant for a very long time, and indeed whether there was an eponymous Harold, or whether the name referred to a class or group of "Haralds." Debating the question is considered a good way to start an argument in the area, since there is no clear or contemporaneously recorded answer (though many authoritatively stated, though significantly different, explanations since the 19th century), and there is at least some tenuous justification to each.

One explanation of the origin of the name is that it is derived from the name given to a gallows, which had been placed where the current Harold's Cross Park is situated; however, gallows in mediæval times were primarily used to support weighing scales for markets and toll/tax collection and less for executions (see the discussion below.) It is the case that Harold's Cross was an execution ground for the city of Dublin up to the 18th century, but it also was a key entry point to the greater city where tolls might have been collected. In the 14th century a gallows there was maintained by the Archbishop.[1]

Another explanation is that Harold's Cross stands on lands which formed, like those of Rathmines, part of the Manor of St. Sepulchre, and its name is said to have originated in a cross which marked the boundary of the lands of the Archbishop of Dublin, and warned the Harolds (or Haralds/Harrals/Harrels), the wild guardians of the border of the Pale near Whitechurch that they must not encroach beyond that point.[2] The De Meones family, who gave their name to Rathmines, also owned lands at Harold's Cross in the fourteenth century.[3]

Yet another explanation is that it is derived from a stone cross that marked the boundary of lands held by the Danish Viking[4] Harold family of Rathfarnham in the early Middle Ages, reputedly located at what is now the five-road Kenilworth junction on Harold's Cross Road.

A variation on these explanations is derived from the traditional use of gallows as public weighing scales (and not just a means of public execution) and suggests that the cross was used to weigh certain goods entering or exiting the city of Dublin by this boundary, so as to charge a tax or tariff, or that a fee was charged by weight for goods crossing a ford over one of the watercourses that predated the Grand Canal by one or more of the families, groups or individuals described as controlling the area above.

Amenities and features

Harold's Cross has a number of pubs, shops, cafes, an active credit union, and other businesses.

Harold's Cross Park, a small and well-maintained city park, occupies the site of the original village green, and contains a playground, water feature and coffee kiosk.

Historically a number of large houses were constructed, mostly with the appendage of 'Mount' to reflect the parish's elevation, and their names are remembered today but no longer as houses: Mount Argus (church and monastery), Mount Jerome (cemetery), Greenmount House (the Hospice), Mount Harold (the Catholic Church) and Mount Drummond and Mount Tallant (housing developments).[5]

The memorial cross at Harold's Cross park was sculpted by local sculptor and stonemason Joseph Courtney.

In 1804 the sisters of the order of St. Clare[6] moved to the village to run a female orphanage (named after San Damiano), founded the previous year. This is now the Saint Clare's Convent and Primary School,[7] and is the oldest Catholic school in the Archdiocese of Dublin.[8] Beside the convent is the national headquarters for the Secular Franciscan Order.

Mount Jerome Cemetery

At one side of Harold's Cross is Mount Jerome Cemetery, as mentioned in Joyce's Ulysses, originally one of the residences of an extensive family named Shaw.[9] It is considered Dublin's most gothic cemetery and there lie such lumunaries as Thomas Davis, George Russell (AE), and Oscar Wilde's father, William Wilde, and mother, in addition to members of the Guinness family and deceased members of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The remains of French Huguenots once buried in St Peter's Churchyard, Peter's Row (now the location of the Dublin YMCA), which was demolished in the 1980s, are interred here.[10] Other famous graves include those of mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and playwright John Millington Synge. The cemetery was operated from 1837 to 1984 by a private company and now belongs to the Massey family.[11]

The creation of the cemetery at Mount Jerome in 1836 by the Protestant Church of Ireland was to counteract the popularity of burials, even among people of their own fraternity at that time, for the new Glasnevin Cemetery opened in 1832. Initially Mount Jerome was an exclusively Protestant cemetery but was later opened up to Roman Catholic burials. There is now also a distinct Islamic plot, to the right near the entrance.

Hospice

In Harold's cross stands Dublin's first hospice, Our Lady's Hospice, Harold's Cross. This palliative care facility was founded in 1879 in a house called Our Lady's Mount (formerly Greenmount), which was previously the Mother House of the Religious Sisters of Charity. Mary Aikenhead, founder of the Sisters of Charity order, lived in Our Lady's Mount from 1845 onwards. She bought a large Georgian house at Greenmount from a famous abolitionist family called Webb who were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), after she offered more than a rival bid from Mount Jerome cemetery. A new Hospice building was commenced in 1886, and many more buildings followed.[12]

History

Much of the local industry during the 19th century revolved around the old mills which were located on the River Poddle and associated channels. A paper mill was located at Mount Argus where there was a small rural village at that time, and also a flour mill was near what are now the gates of Mount Jerome cemetery. During the 20th century the old mill at Mount Argus, disused at this stage, was adopted by the local Scout Troop the 45th Mount Argus as a boxing club, as a result of which the Troop became commonly known as "the fighting 45th" Troop in Dublin Scouting circles. The Troop was founded by Rev. Fr. Cronin C.P. of Mount Argus church.[13]

Harold's Cross Green was a key meeting point for members of the Society of United Irishmen just before the 1798 Rebellion, rebels such as Thomas Cloney and Myles Byrne meet the commander Robert Emmet to discuss tactics for pending uprising.

Irish Nationalist leader Robert Emmet was captured near Harold's Cross. He lived for a period in a house in Harold's Cross so he could be near his sweetheart Sarah Curran of Rathfarnham. He led an abortive rebellion against British rule in 1803 and was captured, tried and executed.

The father of Patrick Pearse (Pádraic Mac Piarais), James, was a stonemason for Mount Argus Church. The Pearse family had a long association with the Passionists and Mount Argus. Both Patrick and Willie Pearse came for confessions on the day of the Easter Rising. Mrs Pearse and Patrick himself also taught Irish language lessons in the community Scout Hall next to the church.[14] The 1916 rebels, who had a training ground in nearby Kimmage, are said to have paid a visit to Mount Argus Church to pray just before taking part in the 1916 Easter Rising.

O'Connor's Jewellers on Harold's Cross Road is noted for being the victim of one of the two famous robberies carried out by the notorious Dublin criminal Martin Cahill, "The General" (who is also buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery).

There was a well-established community of Quakers in Harold's Cross that operated a number of industries in the locality including cotton, paper and flour milling during the 19th century. They also ran a number of orphanages locally.[15] Among these industries was the Greenmount Spinning manufacturing powered by the River Poddle, owned by the well-known Pim family. James Pim was commonly known as the "Quaker father of Irish railways.[16][17]

Quaker brothers Thomas Pim and Robert Goodbody decided to relocate Goodbody Tobacco manufacturing to Greenville near Harolds Cross after a disastrous fire in their Tullamore premises in 1886; as a result most of their employees were also relocated to the area, where red brick terrace housing was built in the area by the Dublin Artizans' Dwellings Company, in which the Pim family were prominent members.[18][19]

Outside links

References

  1. ↑ Somerville-Large, Peter (1988). Dublin: The First Thousand Years. Belfast: The Appletree Press. pp. 68. ISBN 0-86281-206-2. 
  2. ↑ Ball: Harold's Cross
  3. ↑ Ball, F. Elrington: 'History of Dublin' Vol.2 1903 Alexander Thom and Co. p.100
  4. ↑ Mc Cormack John, A Story of Dublin, Mentor Books 2000, ISBN 1-84210-072-6
  5. ↑ Our Lady of the Rosary Parish
  6. ↑ History of the Sisters of St Clare
  7. ↑ Lewis, Samuel: A Topographical Guide to Ireland. 1837
  8. ↑ Saint Clares Primary School
  9. ↑ Langtry, Joe and Nikki Carter, eds. Mount Jerome: A Victorian Cemetery. Staybro Printing Ltd., Dublin 1997.
  10. ↑ St. Peter's Churchyard Excavation Report Template:Webarchive
  11. ↑ Igoe, Vivien. Dublin Burial Grounds & Graveyards. Wolfhound Press, 2001. p. 172
  12. ↑ "Mary Aikenhead, Sisters of Charity". Our lady's Hospice. http://www.olh.ie/6-about-us/38-our-heritage/52-mary-aikenhead.html/. 
  13. ↑ "History of 45th Mount Argus Scout's". 45thScouts.ie. http://www.45thscouts.ie/grouphistory.htm. 
  14. ↑ "Mount Argus 1856-2006". pfcp.wordpress.com. http://pfcp.wordpress.com/2006/08/15/mount-argus-1856-2006/. 
  15. ↑ Eric Byrne, Proprosed Addition to the record of Protected Structures, Dublin City council Template:Webarchive
  16. ↑ "Quaker Heritage". http://www.mountmellickdevelopment.com/museum-page9839.html. 
  17. ↑ Quakers history, Monkstown Quakers and the Railways
  18. ↑ The Irish Establishment 1879-1914, Fergus Campbell
  19. ↑ When Tullamore had a Tobacco Industry, By Michael Byrne, offalyhistory
  • 'Harold's Cross (3rd edition, 2004), by local historian, Joe Curtis
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