Haldon Hills

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The A380 on the top of Haldon

The Haldon Hills are a ridge of high ground in south-eastern Devon, between the River Exe and the River Teign, separating the basins of those two rivers. Haldon runs northwards from Teignmouth, on the coast, for about fifteen miles until it dwindles away north-west of Exeter at the River Yeo, just south of Crediton.

The highest points of the Haldon Hills, at just over 820 feet), are to the south-west of Exeter.

The southernmost part of the hills is known as Little Haldon; it is partially separated from the main bulk of the hills by a gap formed by the valleys of the Dawlish Water to the east and the valley at Rixdale to the west.[1]

Name

The origin of the name Haldon is unclear. The suffix is plainly the Old English dun, meaning 'hill' (a word derived though from the old British language) but the first element is unclear. The name 'Haldon' is first found recorded as super montem de Hagheledon in 1281.

The standard reference work on the place-names of Devon says that this appears to be derived from Old English hagol meaning hail, and that the hill may have been named from a famous storm.[2] This theory was discounted by W. G. Hoskins as "the purest academic nonsense". His opinion was that the name may either be derived from Old English Haw-hyll dun meaning look-out hill, or from halig, meaning holy and therefore presumably indicative of some pre-Christian religious meaning.[3]

Buildings

There are several notable buildings on Haldon; amongst them Haldon House, Haldon Belvedere, Mamhead House (otherwise known as Dawlish College) and Oxton House.

Oxton House stands in a secluded valley on the eastern side, was owned by the Earl of Listowel in the early 20th century.

To the south, on a spur of Little Haldon above Dawlish Water, is Ashcombe Tower, built in 1833 as an observatory and later owned by Ralph Rayner. In 1935 he used the architect Brian O'Rorke to extend it and convert it into a home.[4]

On the southern edge of Little Haldon, on the outskirts of Dawlish, is Luscombe Castle which was built in 1800 by John Nash for Charles Hoare, a banker. Its gardens were landscaped by Humphrey Repton.[5]

At the foot of the hills is the little scatter of cottages that forms Dunchideock, a supposed site of treacle mines, and further north, on a continuation of the Haldon ridge is Cotley Castle, an Iron Age hill fort.

Haldon Belvedere

Haldon Belvedere
Main article: Haldon Belvedere

Haldon Belvedere (also known as Lawrence Castle) is a triangular tower standing at a prominent position of the hills overlooking the Exe Estuary. The tower was erected by Robert Palk in memory of his friend Major-General Stringer Lawrence, and stands as a prominent local landmark. It is now a Grade II* listed building and open to the public, having been renovated by Devon Historic Buildings Trust in 1994. The top floor is available for renting.

Haldon House

Main article: Haldon House

About half a mile north-east of Haldon Belvedere, at the foot of the hills, stood Haldon House which was built by Sir George Chudleigh in the early 18th century. It was bought by Sir Robert Palk in around 1770 and its many visitors included King George IV and Guglielmo Marconi, who performed some of his early experiments in radio transmission from the hills. The majority of the house was demolished in the 1940s; the remaining east wing now forms the Lord Haldon Hotel.[6]

Geology

Haldon is composed of New Red Sandstone covered by a more resistant layer of Upper Greensand. On the highest ground is a layer of gravel containing many flints that is up to sixty feet deep; it is all that remains of a cover of chalk some 600 feet thick that was deposited during the Late Cretaceous and then dissolved away during the tropical climate in the Eocene.[7]

Around the highest ground there are several other rock types. To the south west, around Chudleigh, are limestones of Devonian age, but further north there are shales, sandstones and cherts from the Carboniferous. These are cut through in places by igneous intrusions, mainly of dolerite (quarried at Trusham), and there was also a degree of metalliferous mineralisation which led to the development of a number of mines around the valley of the River Teign; ores of lead, iron, copper, manganese and barite were mined here,[8] for instance at Wheal Exmouth.

Wildlife and conservtion

Three areas of Haldon have been designated as 'Sites of Special Scientific Interest'. The largest is Haldon Forest which covers most of the high woodland north of the A380 road as far as the Haldon Belvedere. This area is primarily designated because of its bird life. It is a nationally significant habitat for the European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) with about 80 pairs breeding here. In addition six bird of prey species breed here: the nationally rare European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the nationally scarce goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), the Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), buzzard (Buteo buteo) and kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).

In addition, there have been a total of 35 species of butterflies recorded, including the nationally rare high brown fritillary (Fabriciana adippe) and pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne).[9] Many moth and dragonfly species are also present.[10]

The other two designated sites, Great Haldon Heaths and Little Haldon Heaths, consist of a lowland heath habitat of a type only found in south west England.[11][12] The Devon Whitebeam (Sorbus devoniensis) is common on Little Haldon Heaths, and the rare Climbing Corydalis (Corydalis claviculata) and the parasitic Greater Dodder (Cuscuta europaea) are also found here.[13]

History

Holloway Lane climbing Haldon

There are on Haldon traces of Neolithic occupation (around 4000 BC),[14] and an estimated twenty-six Bronze Age tumuli on Haldon, though because of the frequent use of the gravel and flints for road building, many more may have been destroyed.[15] On Little Haldon, Castle Dyke is a probable Iron Age square enclosure about 330 feet on each side which occupies a good defensive position.[16] An ancient track known as the Portway that crosses Little Haldon passes by this earthwork.[17]

The high ground of Haldon has always been an inconvenience for people travelling south and west from Exeter. There is some evidence of a Roman road leading from Exeter over Haldon towards Newton Abbot, and possibly on to Totnes,[18][19] but current opinion is that it was never fully developed, being little more than a track.

Most of the old supposed Roman route survived as a local road. It was turnpiked in 1760 and now lies under the A380 road. There are several sunken lanes of mediæval date or earlier that ascend Haldon from the east. These include St. Andrew's Lane, and Holloway Lane that in places was deliberately cut over twenty feet into the hillside.[20]

When the Exeter to Plymouth Line was proposed the cost of tunnelling the Haldon Hills prompted the construction of the railway line along the exposed coast between Starcross and Teignmouth instead. With the operational costs of maintaining the South Devon Railway sea wall, construction of the tunnelled Dawlish Avoiding Line was approved in 1936 but was abandoned with the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.[21]

The ruins of Lidwell Chapel

Around Little Haldon there is evidence of about a dozen mediæval settlements that have since been deserted, for instance Seacombe, in the nook between Little Haldon and Haldon itself.[22] Lidwell Chapel, which was probably founded in the 13th century, survives as a ruin on Little Haldon. In the early 14th century it was used by the hermit Robert de Middlecote as a base for robbing and murdering travellers. The building contains a 'holy well', now badly eroded, which according to legend is said to be bottomless.[23][24]

In the Modern Age, Haldon became a well-used source of building materials, particularly flint, gravel and sand. There are a number of small disused quarries and pits, mostly now overgrown, which were used to provide gravel for road surfacing in Victorian times.[25]

In 1929 an aerodrome was opened on Little Haldon. It became popular for recreational flying and in 1939 became one corner of a triangular air service between Cardiff and Plymouth, developed by the Great Western Railway Air Services Ltd. The aerodrome was taken over by the military at the outbreak of World War II and in 1941 became known as HMS Heron II when it came under the jurisdiction of RNAS Yeovilton. It did not reopen after the war and today there are few visible remains, the most obvious being of the waiting room/club house.[26]

During the 1930s, unemployed men were set to work in Haldon Forest, breaking ground, building tracks, and undertaking other heavy labour. The men lived in a work camp in the Forest, which was one of a number of so-called Instructional Centres run by the Ministry of Labour in order to 'harden' young men who had been out of work for some time. By 1938, the Ministry was operating 35 Instructional Centres across Britain, with a total capacity of over 6,000 places.

By 1939, unemployment was declining in the face of impending war, and the Ministry closed down its work camps. Haldon open prison was closed in the 1970s.[27] Kennford Court and its tennis courts were later built on the site of Halford Instructional Centre.

Leisure use

Haldon is heavily forested and a significant proportion of its highest ground is owned by the Forestry Commission. As a result, it is popular with local people for walks, orienteering and off-road cycling.[28]

At the highest point on the A38 is Exeter Racecourse, a National Hunt course that holds the Haldon Gold Cup event every November.[29]

On top of Little Haldon is Teignmouth Golf Club, the course of which was designed by Alister MacKenzie. There are several picnic sites and the area is popular for the panoramic views it affords.[13]

Location

References

  1. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.237
  2. ↑ Gover, J. E. B. & Mawer, A. & Stenton, F.M.: 'Place-Names of Devon , Part 1' (English Place-Names Society, 1931), page 18–19
  3. ↑ Hoskins, W. G.: 'Two Thousand Years in Exeter' (Phillimore, 2004), page 163 ISBN 1-86077-303-6
  4. ↑ Barber 1996, pp.36–44
  5. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.251
  6. ↑ Barber 1996, pp.34–36
  7. ↑ Perkins, John (1971). Geology Explained in South and East Devon. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. pp. 159–165. ISBN 0-7153-5304-7. 
  8. ↑ Barber 1996, pp.71–74
  9. ↑ "Rare British butterfly expands into Devon forest". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-35427539. Retrieved 2016-01-28. 
  10. ↑ SSSI listing and designation for Haldon Forest
  11. ↑ SSSI listing and designation for Great Haldon Heaths
  12. ↑ SSSI listing and designation for Little Haldon Heaths
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "More about Little Haldon Heaths". Teignbridge District Council. http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2641. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
  14. ↑ Rippon, Stephen (2006). "Landscapes of Pre-Mediæval Occupation". in Roger Kain. England's Landscape. The South West. London: Collins. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-00-715572-9. 
  15. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.241
  16. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.240
  17. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.244
  18. ↑ Woolner, Diana & Alexander (1954). "Teignbridge and the Haldon Road". Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association 86: 211–227. 
  19. ↑ Woolner, Diana & Alexander (1959). "Teignbridge and the Haldon Road - Supplement". Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association 91: 149–151. 
  20. ↑ Pickard, Ransom (1937). "Sunken Tracks on Haldon and a Mediæval Trade Route". Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association 69: 353–358. 
  21. ↑ "'Fair weather railway' has to be re-routed away from Dawlish sea wall". Western Morning News. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20140209204628/http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/ISSUE-8216-Fair-weather-railway-8217-routed-away/story-20566235-detail/story.html. 
  22. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.249
  23. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, pp.251–253
  24. ↑ Sandles, Tim. "The Mad Monk of Gidleigh". Legendary Dartmoor. http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/mad_monk.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-23. 
  25. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, pp.253–254
  26. ↑ Finneran & Turner 2003, p.254–255
  27. ↑ Haldon Open Prison
  28. ↑ Forestry Commission website entry for Haldon. Retrieved on 17 May 2007
  29. ↑ Exeter Racecourse home page. Retrieved on 17 May 2007
  • Barber, Chips; Barber, Sally (1996). Around & About the Haldon Hills - Revisited. Obelisk Publications. ISBN 1-899073-31-0. 
  • John Field, "Learning Through Labour: Training, unemployment and the state, 1890-1939", Leeds University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-900960-48-5
  • Finneran, Niall; Turner, Sam (2003). "An Archaeological History of the Landscape of Little Haldon, Teignmouth, South Devon". Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association 135: 235–259. 
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