Cork Harbour

Aerial view of lower Cork Harbour from Crosshaven to the Great Island

Cork Harbour is a capacious natural harbour and river estuary at the mouth of the River Lee in County Cork. It is one of several which lay claim to the title of "second largest natural harbour in the world by navigational area" (after Port Jackson in Sydney, Australia). Other contenders include Halifax Harbour in Canada, Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka and Poole Harbour in Dorset.

Map of Cork Harbour

The harbour has been a working port and a strategic defensive hub for centuries, and it has been one of Ireland's major employment hubs since the early 1900s. Traditional heavy industries have waned since the late 20th century, with the likes of the closure of Irish Steel in Haulbowline and shipbuilding at Verolme. It still has strategic significance in energy generation, shipping, refining and pharmaceuticals development.

Geography

• Location map: 51°51’0"N, 8°16’0"W

The main tributary to the harbour is the River Lee which, after flowing through Cork city, passes through the upper harbour (Lough Mahon) in the northwest before passing to the west of Great Island with the main channel emerging into the lower harbour past Haulbowline Island.

For conservation and navigation purposes, the harbour is often separated into "Upper Cork Harbour" (following the River Lee from Cork city to the towns of Passage West and Monkstown) and "Lower Cork Harbour" (separated from the upper harbour by Great Island).

The depth of the harbour has been measured at between 4 fathoms and 14 fathoms.

Islands

Cork Harbour contains a number of islands of various sizes, some of which are connected to the mainland by bridges. Islands which are or have been inhabited include:

Detail of 1780s map showing lower harbour islands and defensive structures

• Great Island – The largest island in Cork Harbour, which includes the town of Cobh
• Fota Island – Containing Fota Wildlife Park, Fota House and the Fota Island Resort Hotel and golf course
• Little Island – A residential and industrial area
• Haulbowline Island – Headquarters of the Irish Naval Service, and former home of the Cork Water Club (1720).
• Spike Island – Former prison island
• Harper's Island – Site of the Harper’s Island Wetland Centre
• Hop Island – Site of an equestrian centre
• Weir Island
• Brick Island
• Corkbeg Island – Site of Whitegate Oil Refinery
• Brown Island
• Rocky Island – Once housed a magazine building for the Royal Navy. Used by Irish Steel for storage until 2002, and now home to 'The Island Crematorium'.

Towns and villages

The City of Cork stands slightly upstream on the River Lee on the northwest corner of Cork Harbour. Several of the city's suburbs, including Blackrock, Mahon, Douglas, Passage West and Rochestown lie on Lough Mahon or the Douglas Estuary, both of which are parts of Upper Cork Harbour.

The Lower Harbour has a number of towns around its shores. Passage West, Monkstown, Ringaskiddy and the smaller village of Raffeen are found on the western shore. On the southwestern shore is Crosshaven.

The town of Cobh, also known as the Cove of Cork, and formerly as Queenstown, is along the south shoe of the Great Island, which island forms the northern shore of the lower harbour. As of 2011, Cobh had a population of about 12,500.

The eastern shore of the harbour is less densely populated, but has two villages Whitegate and Aghada, both home to power plants.

The village of Ballinacurra stands on the north-eastern spur of the harbour, known as the Ballynacorra River. Due to the recent expansion of the town of Midleton, Ballinacurra has effectively become a suburb of Midleton, so it could also be said that Midleton is on Cork Harbour.

Naval activity and fortresses

The Irish Naval Service has its headquarters on Cork Harbour. Cork Harbour was an important base for the British Royal Navy even after Irish independence, until the transfer of the treaty ports to the Irish Free State in 1938.

Plan of lower harbour showing location to main military installations:
(A) Haulbowline Naval Base, (B) Fort Mitchel/Westmoreland, (C) Fort Meagher/Camden, (D) Fort Davis/Carlisle, (E) Fort Templebreedy

Some of the first coastal defence fortifications built in Cork Harbour date to the 17th century, and were primarily intended to protect the approaches to Cork city. In the 18th century, fortifications were built on and opposite Haulbowline Island to protect the anchorage in Cobh; including Cove Fort (1743). Fort Camden and Fort Carlisle were built at opposite sides of the harbour entrance during the period of the American rebellion.

The fortifications of Camden Fort Meagher

The harbour's military significance increased during the Napoleonic Wars, when the naval establishment in Kinsale was transferred to Cork Harbour. The harbour became an important anchorage, which could be used to guard the entrance to the English Channel and maintain the blockade of France. At this time, the naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was constructed, as well as a fort on Spike Island (later to become Fort Westmoreland) and a number of Martello Towers and other fortifications were added or improved around the harbour.

The fortifications were developed throughout the 19th century and a further fort, Fort Templebreedy, was added to the south of Fort Camden at the beginning of the 20th century.

At the time of Irish independence, Cork Harbour was included, along with Berehaven and Lough Swilly, in a list of British naval establishments that would remain under the control of the Royal Navy, although the naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was handed over to the Irish Free State in 1923.

Although the Royal Navy appreciated the location of Cork Harbour, particularly for submarines, which had a significantly shorter range in the 1920s, maintenance of the fortifications became an issue after Ireland became independent.

A six-inch coastal defence gun on Spike Island

The political uncertainty over the future of the treaty ports meant that the British government was not inclined to invest in their upgrade. Also, at the time of their construction, nobody had considered the possibility of air attack and as they were unable to expand, there was no possibility of adding adequate air cover. Finally, if the Irish Free State were hostile during any conflict, the treaty ports would have to be supplied by sea rather than land, wasting resources. In March 1938, the British government announced that the treaty ports would be handed over unconditionally, and on 11 July 1938, the defences at Cork Harbour were handed over to the Irish military authorities at a ceremony attended by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera.

Since being handed over to the Irish government, most of the naval and military installations have ceased to be used for those purposes. Fort Carlisle was renamed Fort Davis and is used by the Defence Forces for training but is in a somewhat neglected state. Fort Camden became officially known as Fort Meagher and while no longer in military use, has been subject to renovation by local volunteers and enthusiasts, and can be visited by the public on certain days. The fort was officially renamed as of 11 July 2013 as Camden Fort Meagher, to account for both its British military and Irish military history. Locally, the two forts are sometimes known as "Camden" and "Carlisle", rather than their official titles. Fort Westmoreland became Fort Mitchell Spike Island prison, and has since ceased use for military or prison purposes. "Spike" was granted to Cork County Council by the State and has been renovated as a tourist attraction by council workers and volunteers under the supervision of archaeologists. The fortifications on Haulbowline Island however have been maintained, and are now the headquarters of the Irish Naval Service.

Industry

Cork Harbour is one of the most important industrial areas in Ireland. While several traditional industries such as shipbuilding at Verolme Dockyards, steel-making on Haulbowline Island and fertiliser manufacturing at IFI (Irish Fertiliser Industries) have ceased in recent years, they have been replaced with newer industries and Cork Harbour is now significant within the pharmaceutical industry. Large international firms such as Pfizer, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline and Janssen Pharmaceutica (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson) are significant employers in the region. There has however been some concern since the post-2008 Irish economic downturn, as several of the pharmaceutical companies in Cork have shed jobs, notably Pfizer which announced the loss of 177 jobs in June 2012. There are in excess of 100 other pharmaceutical firms operating in the Cork Harbour area. The main centres of the pharmaceutical industry are Little Island and Ringaskiddy. Ireland's only oil refinery is located at Whitegate on the south-eastern shore.

Marine activity

Commercial

Map of Cork Harbour, ca. 1702

Historically, the navigation and port facilities of the harbour were managed by the Cork Harbour Commissioners. Founded in 1814, the Cork Harbour Commissioners were reorganised as the Port of Cork Company in 1997.

The Swansea – Cork ferry docks at Ringaskiddy

Vessels up to 90,000 tons are capable of coming through the harbour entrance. As the shipping channels get shallower the farther inland one travels, access becomes constricted, and only vessels up to 60,000 tons can sail above Cobh.

The Port of Cork provides pilotage and towage facilities for vessels entering Cork Harbour.

The Port of Cork has berthing facilities at Cork city, Tivoli, Cobh and Ringaskiddy. The facilities in Cork city are primarily used for grain and oil transport. Tivoli (downstream of the older city quays) provides container handling, facilities for oil, livestock and ore and a roll on-roll off (Ro-Ro) ramp. Prior to the opening of Ringaskiddy Ferry Port, car ferries sailed from here; now, the Ro-Ro ramp is used by companies importing cars into Ireland. In addition to the ferry terminal, which provides a service to Roscoff in France, Ringaskiddy has a deep-water port.

There has been an increase in cruise ship visits to Cork Harbour in the early 21st century, with 53 such ships visiting the port in 2011. The majority of these cruise ships berth at Cobh's Deepwater Quay. Historically, Cobh (under its former name Queenstown) was one of the principal ports through which flowed the stream of emigrants stemming from the Great Famine in the 1840s.

There are also a number of private berths around the harbour, with several centred on Whitegate, Passage West, Rushbrooke, Ringaskiddy and Haulbowline.

Recreational

The Royal Cork Yacht Club, claimed as the world's oldest, was founded as 'The Water Club' on Haulbowline Island in the 1720s. When the Royal Navy took over Haulbowline in 1801, the club moved to the Cove of Cork, where their original clubhouse (built in the 1850s) still stands. In the 1960s, the club moved to Crosshaven.

There are also boatyards at Crosshaven and two other marinas. There is another marina on Great Island opposite East Ferry.

Monkstown and Blackrock are used for boating, canoeing, windsurfing and jet-skiing. A number of rowing clubs have facilities on the part of the River Lee between Cork city and Blackrock.

The waterfront at Cobh

Outside links

("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Cork Harbour)

• Port of Cork Company website
• Cork Harbour Fortifications

References

• Cork Harbour: Ramsar Convention
• White, Martin (1835). Sailing directions for the English Channel: including a general description of the South Coasts of England and Ireland and a Detailed Account of the Channel Islands (2 ed.). London: Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. OCLC 656744962. https://archive.org/details/sailingdirectio00whitgoog.