Castle Campbell

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Castle Campbell

Clackmannanshire


Castle Campbell
Location
Location: 56°10’29"N, 3°40’29"W
Town: Dollar
History
Information
Owned by: National Trust for Scotland
Website: Castle Campbell

Castle Campbell is a mediæval castle in Clackmannanshire, standing above the town of Dollar. It was the lowland seat of the earls and dukes of Argyll, chiefs of Clan Campbell, from the 15th to the 19th century, and was visited by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century.

History

The castle was originally known as Castle Gloom, possibly deriving from the Gaelic glom, meaning a chasm, and referring to the narrow gorges to either side of the site.[1] The naturally defended position may have been the site of a motte in the 12th century. The present tower was built in around 1430 for John Stewart, Lord Lorn, (d.1463) or one of his kinsmen.[2] In 1465 the property was acquired by Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll, (d.1493) on his marriage to Isabel, Lord Lorn's daughter.[3] The first historical record of the castle dates from the following year, when Pope Paul II issued a bull against Walter Stewart, son of Lord Lorn, for attacking and damaging the "Place of Glowm". Argyll, who was at the papal court at the time, may have been instrumental in arranging the Pope's intervention. The tower shows signs of early rebuilding following this episode.[2]

The acquisition of Gloom expanded the power of the Campbells from Argyll in the west into central Scotland, and suited his position as Master of the Household to King James III, which required his frequent presence at court.[4] In 1488 Argyll petitioned the newly crowned James IV formally to change the name of Gloom to Castle Campbell, and this was done by an act of Parliament. The change in name may imply that the term "castle" was seen as particularly prestigious, requiring royal approval for its use.[5] At this time, the castle would have comprised the tower house, with other buildings arranged around the courtyard, and gardens outside.

The east range was probably added first,[6] and some time after the accession of the 2nd Earl in 1493 the large south range was begun. This building shows the influence of the contemporary works at Stirling Castle, now known as the King's Old Building. It included a state apartment of hall, outer chamber and bedchamber, with large south-facing windows overlooking the gardens and the view across the Devon Valley. The range also provided additional private lodgings, and was accessed by way of two symmetrically placed stairways facing the courtyard.[7]

The remains of the east range, including the loggia

16th century

In the 16th century, the 4th Earl of Argyll (d.1558) embraced the cause of the Reformation, and became the one of the leading Protestant lords of his day. His family supported the Calvinist preacher John Knox while he was in Scotland in the 1550s. Knox visited Castle Campbell and preached there, some time in 1556.[8] In January 1563 Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at Castle Campbell on the occasion of the marriage of Margaret, sister to the 5th Earl of Argyll, and James Stewart, Lord Doune.[6] However, on the marriage of Queen Mary and Lord Darnley two years later, Argyll joined other Protestant lords in rebellion. During the Chaseabout Raid which followed Mary and Darnley received the surrender of Castle Campbell.[9] In the more peaceful 1590s Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, rebuilt the east range of the castle to link the south range with refurbished guest chambers in the tower. The new work consisted of a fine two-arched loggia facing the courtyard, with a façade of polished ashlar masonry above. Behind this were galleries, fashionable additions to the accommodation within the castle, and new stairs to north and south. The east range has been compared to the north courtyard façade at Crichton Castle which was erected around the same time.[6] An inventory of 1595 records the furniture, tapestries, carpets and other items in each room of the castle, including a total of 47 beds.[10][11]

Destruction and later history

The ruins of Castle Campbell in the 1820s (William Linton)
The castle in the 1890s

The Earls of Argyll continued to support the Protestant cause, and in the religious conflicts of the mid 17th century Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, became the leader of the Presbyterian Covenanters, in opposition to the leading Royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. In 1645 Montrose's troops, on their way to the Battle of Kilsyth, laid waste to the lands around Castle Campbell, including Dollar and Muckhart. Many of Montrose's men were MacLeans, long-standing adversaries of the Cambells. The castle itself was undamaged, and no siege was attempted.[12] In response, Argyll ordered the destruction of Menstrie Castle and Airthrie Castle, both seats of Royalists.[13] After the execution of Charles I the Campbells initially supported Charles II, and it was Argyll who placed the crown of Scotland on Charles' head at Scone in 1651. However, Argyll opposed Charles' invasion of England, and in 1652 he submitted to Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. Cromwell's forces were garrisoned in Castle Campbell in 1653. In July 1654, Royalist rebels attacked and burned Castle Campbell over two nights.[14]

Argyll was executed following the Restoration of 1660 and his son, the 9th Earl, built Argyll's Lodging in Stirling rather than renovate Castle Campbell. Apart from being briefly garrisoned during the Jacobite Rising of 1715 the castle was abandoned, and in 1805 the 6th Duke of Argyll sold it to Crawford Tait of Harviestoun, an adjacent estate. In 1859 Harviestoun, and Castle Campbell, was bought by businessman and former Lord Provost of Glasgow Sir Andrew Orr.[15] His son James Orr had excavations carried out at the castle in the 1870s, turning up fragments of stained glass from the windows of the south range.[10]

In 1948 the then owners of the Harviestoun estate gave Dollar Glen to the National Trust for Scotland, who arranged for the castle to be cared for by the Ministry of Works. Restoration works have included a new roof on the tower, and excavations in the 1980s which revealed charred timbers from the 1654 burning.[14] The castle is now managed by Historic Environment Scotland.

Outside links

 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about Castle Campbell)

References

  1. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 19.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tabraham 2008, p. 17.
  3. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 18.
  4. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 20.
  5. ↑ McKean 2001, p. 27.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 McKean 2001, pp. 164–165.
  7. ↑ Tabraham 2008, pp. 10–11.
  8. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 22.
  9. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 23.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McKean 2001, p. 165.
  11. ↑ Tabraham 2008, pp. 24–25.
  12. ↑ Cowan 1977, p. 216.
  13. ↑ McKean 2001, p. 237.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Tabraham 2008, pp. 28–29.
  15. ↑ Tabraham 2008, p. 30.
  • Cowan, Edward J (1977). Montrose: for Covenant and King. Canongate. ISBN 0 86241 556 X. 
  • McKean, Charles (2001). The Scottish Chateau. Sutton. ISBN 0 7509 3527 8. 
  • Tabraham, Chris (2008). Castle Campbell. Historic Scotland. ISBN 978 1 904966 91 3. 
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