St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber
| St Peter's Church | |
|
Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire | |
|---|---|
| Status: | Former parish church |
 Tower and baptistery, from the south | |
| Church of England | |
| Diocese of Lincoln | |
| Location | |
| Location: | 53°41’2"N, 0°26’5"W |
| History | |
| Built Poss. 9th century | |
| Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Gothic | |
| Information | |
St Peter's Church is the former parish church of Barton-upon-Humber, a village on the Humber shore at the northern edge of Lincolnshire. It is one of the best known Anglo-Saxon buildings in the land, in part due to its role in Thomas Rickman's identification of the style. It has been subject to major excavations.
Formerly a Church of England church, it is now in the care of English Heritage and houses an exhibition exploring its history.
Origins
The church stands immediately east of the remains of a near circular enclosure which contained a lordly hall. This enclosure is, on average, 820 feet in diameter and was originally surrounded by a ditch and timber palisade known to date to before 900. An early pagan Saxon cemetery, believed to be linked with this enclosure and dated to the first half of the seventh century, was discovered at Castledyke, south of the church, and was used to bury high-status individuals.
In 669 Saint Chad founded a monastery in neighbouring Barrow-upon-Humber. A charter dated 971 suggests that Barton became a grange attached to this monastery.[1][2]
The earliest graves on the site of the church date from the ninth century, around one hundred years after the southerly cemetery was abandoned. At this stage, it appears to have been reserved for burials associated with the hall and there may have been an associated chapel, although no trace of this remains. This was Barton's first Christian cemetery.[3]
The dating of the church is somewhat controversial. Historic England date the baptistery to the ninth century and the tower nave to the tenth century.[4] Some other sources give a slightly later date, between 970 and 1030.[2] In particular, it is uncertain whether the baptistery does predate the tower or if the two are contemporary.[5] Around the date of construction the ditch to the east was infilled, allowing level access between the hall and the church.[2] Unusually, graves disturbed by the laying of foundations were carefully relocated.[6]
Architecture
The church was originally turriform: the ground floor of the tower served as the nave.[7]
The tower shows typical features of Saxon architecture: walls of rendered rubble, with decorative pilaster strip work, and long and short work.[4][8] The pilasters do not provide any possible support—some are only very shallowly set into the wall. They are cut from Roman ashlars.[9] Oak beams survive at two levels in the tower; these would originally have supported higher floors. The first floor must have been a gallery, as there are no windows at ground floor level.[9] The tower has only a few, small, windows, with either round or triangular heads, and they are divided by a shaft.[5] There are north and south doorways, which appear to have originally possessed timber porches. The roof would have been of timber construction, probably of stepped pyramidal form, and covered with shingles.[9]
The tower is linked to the baptistery by a narrow doorway, which originally had a timber doorcase. Excavations have revealed a font base buried in the floor of the room.[9] Externally, it is plainer than the tower, with even fewer, simple windows.[8] On the opposite side of the tower to the baptistery, a chancel was constructed.[4] Foundations of a permanent altar and a screen have been found under this space.[9] Both baptistery and chancel would have had flat ceilings with attics above.[9]
Barton throve as a town, and is recorded in the Domesday Book as housing two mills and a ferry, worth £4 a year.[2] In the early Norman period, perhaps the late eleventh century, a third storey was added to the tower of St Peter's, using dressed limestone[8] in a Romanesque style.
The chancel of St Peter's was demolished in the fourteenth century to make way for a much larger church, to the east of the existing tower.[5] The earliest parts of this extension are in the Decorated Gothic style, with some of the arcade capitals reused from the earlier building. One of these depicts a Green Man.[5] The east window retains contemporary stained glass depicting Saint George and Saint James, while the clerestory dates from around 1430, as does a rood window at the east end of the north aisle. Other historic monuments include the fifteenth century chancel effigy and rood screen, and wall monuments from the late sixteenth century.[4]
In about 1310 a cross was constructed in the churchyard. This is Grade II listed in its own right,[10] as is part of the churchyard wall.[11]
Early investigations
Thomas Rickman, a keen architectural historian and author of An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture,[12] investigated the church in 1819.[9] His inspection led him to describe the principle of "structural stratification"—where one phase of building rests on another, the second must be of an earlier date. This enabled him, for the first time, to persuasively argue that a standing structure must be of Anglo-Saxon date, as the Norman top storey of the tower was supported by two stories constructed in a very different, then unknown, style.[13] Previously, while some work had been labelled as Saxon, this was all Romanesque, and only guesswork attempted to distinguish this from Norman architecture. Rickman presented his influential hypothesis that St Peter's and St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Clapham possessed Saxon towers in an updated edition of An Attempt to Discriminate....[14]
Excavation and restoration
The church is Grade Ilisted.[4] It was closed in 1970, its former chapel-of-ease, St Mary's, becoming the parish church. Ownership was taken over by the Department of the Environment.[15]
Harold McCarter Taylor identified the church as an ideal location for an archaeological excavation, given that it was, uniquely, a substantial Saxon church which was no longer used for worship. He noted that, as the building had been examined repeatedly by architectural historians, there was little possibility of resolving the considerable questions about its construction and history without excavations. In 1977, he secured funding from the Department of the Environment, and began the most extensive archaeological investigation ever undertaken of a British parish church,[9] not completed until 1985.[15] 3,000 skeletons were removed from the site, providing what has been described as "an osteological record unparalleled for any small town in England".[3] Due to waterlogged conditions, in some cases, wooden coffins had also survived. Some of these were dug-out logs, while some are believed to be constructed from old boats. At least ten burials were accompanied by hazel rods, and one had a pillow of organic material.[6]
Alongside the excavation, extensive repairs to the building were undertaken.[15] In 2007, the skeletons were placed in an on-site ossuary, so as to leave them in consecrated ground close to their original location, while still permitting future study.[16] Three skeletons remain on display in the church, alongside a selection of grave goods and two coffins. The church was opened by English Heritage as a visitor attraction in May 2007.
Outside links
 |
("Wikimedia Commons" has material about St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber) |
- St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber – English Heritage
References
- ↑ Barrie Cox, "The pattern of Old English burh in early Lindsey", in Anglo-Saxon England: 23, p.44
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ann Williams, "A bell-house and a burgh-geat", in Robert Liddiard, Anglo-Norman Castles, pp.34–36
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gail Drinkall and Martin Foreman, The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Castledyke South, Barton-on-Humber, pp.16, 24, 363–364
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 National Heritage List 1083103: St Peter's Church, Barton upon Humber
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Simon Jenkins, England's Thousand Best Churches, p.367
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dawn M. Hadley and Jo Buckbery, Pastoral care in late Anglo-Saxon England, in Francesca Tinti, Pastoral care in late Anglo-Saxon England, p.132-134
- ↑ Ernest Arthur Fisher, An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture, London: Faber, 1959, OCLC 1279628, p. 57.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Timothy Darvill et al, England: an Oxford archaeological guide to sites from earliest times to AD 1600, p.135
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Warwick Rodwell, "Anglo Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction", in The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings, pp.196–225
- ↑ National Heritage List 1346769: Churchyard Cross, Barton upon Humber
- ↑ National Heritage List 1083104: Wall of the churchyard, Barton upon Humber
- ↑ "Rickman, Thomas", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ↑ Current archaeology, Issues 76–89, p.209
- ↑ Thomas Rickman, An attempt to discriminate the styles of architecture in England (5th Edition), pp.55–56
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 St Peter's Church Project Barton-upon-Humber
- ↑ Conservation Buletin 58, English Heritage