Westnewton, Cumberland
| Westnewton | |
| Cumberland | |
|---|---|
| |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | NY135442 |
| Location: | 54°47’6"N, 3°20’43"W |
| Data | |
| Local Government | |
| Council: | Northumberland |
| Parliamentary constituency: |
Berwick upon Tweed |
Westnewton is a small village in Cumberland. The 2011 census recorded a population here of 265.
The village is to be found to the north-west of the Lake District, on the relatively flat plain half way between the Lake District hills and the Solway Firth. It is two miles north of Aspatria, on the B5301 Aspatria and Silloth road.
A small hamlet, New Cowper, is a mile and a half to the north-west. The landscape generally in this area is one of gently undulating fields, relatively devoid of features other than the thorn field-hedges, with shallow valleys carrying small streams, such as the Black Dub beck.
Westnewton has a school called St Matthew's Church of England School, and until recent years had a pub, the Swan Inn.
The parish church is St Matthew's.
Name
Westnewton derives its name from the de Neuton family, who were lords of the manor in the late 12th and 13th centuries, having received it through Odard, Sheriff of Wigton in the mid 12th century. The manor passed briefly by marriage to the Martindale family and then by the late 15th century to the powerful Musgrave and Hylton families of Hayton Castle near Allonby. Their ownership ceased in the early 19th century when the manor finally passed by marriage to the Joliffe family, who are recorded as being the owners until the early 20th century.
History
Westnewton (until the 20th century written ‘West Newton’) is located in an area of Cumberland which is sparsely populated and for which little evidence of pre- historic activity survives: crop marks in the area around the village may suggest early human activity but the nearest firm evidence is a Bronze Age barrow near Aspatria. Activity increased during the Roman occupation, with the defences against Scottish invasion along the Solway coast, but little evidence survives inland. Anglo-Danish and Norman settlement is more evident, again in Aspatria, but not outside established settlements.
There is therefore little evidence that Westnewton existed before the Middle Ages, although it may stand on an earlier communication route. At this point the Aspatria to Silloth road crosses Westnewton Beck and also intersects with the road from Allonby to Wigton, all of them no doubt seeking a convenient fording point. The flat land of the valley bottom in this strategic but sheltered location, with a good water supply and fertile fields surrounding it, made it ideal for an agricultural settlement. Yearn Gill also joins the valley at this point, offering a further good source of water in Sandwith Beck.
The site of Westnewton Castle, at the western end of the village and close to the stream, may mark the baronial home of the de Neuton family and the start of the settlement which bears their name. However, the surviving ruins - now just limited to grassy mounds and faint ditches – are now thought to be those of a mediæval manor house, fortified or ornamented by a moat and gatehouse. The natural meander in the stream and the flatness of the land would readily lend the site to being moated.
Farmhouses were built in the valley, upstream of the manor house, presumably by tenants of the manor: the earliest and most notable survival is Yew Tree Farm, dated 1672, which was a house of some status. The village pinfold stood on the opposite side of the stream, near Burn View. The land to either side of the stream became more developed with ad hoc farmsteads, and under the Enclosure Acts the fields rising up to either side were divided into narrow strips which still survive to the present day, and which are particularly noticeable on the southern side of the valley
High status farmhouses were built at the western end, closest to the manor house (Westnewton Hall of the early 19th century, followed by Westnewton Grange in the mid 19th century) with buildings of lesser status to the east. At the eastern end the Aspatria to Silloth Road was flanked on one side by the Swan Inn and on the other by the Queen’s Head inn at the ford (now Raeburn House). One or two houses of quality were built at this end (Bridge End Farm and Croft View).
The status of the village increased in 1848 when it was provided with a school for 84 children, but this was replaced by a grander building in 1858. The benefactor was John Todd, a Manchester businessman of some wealth who was a native of the village. He also built St Matthews Church in 1856, together with a Vicarage at the western end of the village (1858) and a row of four imposing houses opposite the school (St Matthew’s Cottages) presumably as almshouses or for other village worthies.
Historical records starting in the late 1800s show the overwhelming occupation of the residents to be agriculture-based, being predominantly farmsteads and their related businesses (smithying, stone-walling, quarrying, milling etc.), and this has probably always been the case. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries coal mining along the Solway coast provided a further source of employment.
Prior to the introduction of motor transport, and particularly widespread car ownership, Westnewton would have been relatively self-supporting and a hive of economic activity, centred on agriculture but including a range of trades exchanged between the residents such as shoe-making, tailoring, merchandising, food production, cooking, and laundering. The church and the inns would be the hubs of community activity and social interchange.
Westnewton was made a separate ecclesiastical parish in the late 1800s along with Langrigg and Mealrigg, with a total population of 443. It was made acivil parish in 1896. The population of the village itself had risen to around 400by the start of the Second World War and has been boosted since the war by ‘The Guards’ housing estate at west end of the village. The Post House opposite the school is shown as being a Post Office (and village shop) by 1900. The village hall was built shortly after World War One (originally as the village reading room) next to Yew Tree House, and a new burial ground was opened next to the vicarage.
The village now still retains many working farmsteads, interspersed with some modern houses and bungalows, but its character remains firmly agricultural. In 2014,however, despite much local opposition,a wind farm was built at Warwick Hall farm. The three large wind turbines in this development now dominate Westnewton and the surrounding area. Despite being of considerable detriment to the village of Westnewton, the wind turbines do provide a considerable income to Bells of Warwick Hall and Broadview Energy Ltd (the developer).
Description
Approaching Westnewton from the west, the road from Allonby runs high above the north flank of Westnewton Beck, passing through open pasture land and cereal fields crossed by sporadic thorn hedges, before making a twisting descent into the village. The village can be broadly described as being in gently undulating and relatively featureless countryside, spread out along an unusually wide and flat section of the valley floor so that it is sheltered and concealed from view until the point of entry.
The first buildings encountered are excluded from the Conservation Area since, apart from the vicarage, they consist of modern houses and in particular ‘The Guards’ post-war housing estate. However, the Conservation Area commences with the site of Westnewton Castle, behind the housing estate, which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and the oldest evidence of habitation in the village. Little obvious evidence of this mediæval hall survives other than low grass mounds and traces of its moat, but it is of great historical importance to the settlement. The setting of the Monument, although spoiled by the housing estate immediately to the north, is framed on the south and east sides by the gently rising fields beyond, and on the west side by the narrower continuation of the valley.
Westnewton is discreetly located in a wide section of the valley floor of Westnewton Beck, with its buildings hidden from view until just before the point of entry. It gains a feeling of enclosure from the rising fields to each side, and from the constriction of the valley above and below.
It is a quiet village generously spread out and of domestic scale, its essentially agricultural origins and existing role made clear by the large number of previous and still operational farmsteads in the village, and by the hedged and cultivated fields surrounding it. Most other traditional buildings support or reflect this agricultural base.
Westnewton Beck contributes a great deal to the character of the village, flowing mostly alongside the main street between grassy banks. The bridges crossing the Beck to serve the properties are flat, simple, and guarded by simple functional handrails.
The main street curves gradually through the village to expose an unwinding series of views, and interest is added by the alternation of the stream from one side of the road to the other. Apart from a section at the western end of the Conservation Area (where high boundary walls run hard against the ‘back of pavement’ and conceal the buildings behind) the road is flanked by wide grassy margins, with buildings mostly unbounded or clearly visible within low-walled gardens, adding to the spacious appearance.
Spatially the village comprises one continuous space, with the Scheduled Monument standing rather offset and detached at the west end, and the old ford and its adjoining buildings somewhat closed off by the road embankment at the east.
The village retains many communal and recreational buildings (school, church, village hall, inn etc.) which enabled it to thrive as a self- sufficient rural community.
Outside links
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