Moorish Wall
| Moorish Wall | |
|
Gibraltar | |
|---|---|
 Detail of an 1831 map of Gibraltar by W.H. Smythe | |
| Type: | Wall |
| Location | |
| Location: | 36°8’4"N, 5°20’56"W |
| History | |
| Built From 1558 | |
| Information | |
| Owned by: | Government of Gibraltar |
The Moorish Wall is a defensive curtain wall built in the 16th century that formed part of the southern fortifications of Gibraltar. It was completed by 1575. The wall was once thought to be an ancient wall from the Moorish period, hence its name .[1] It is now accepted that it was built in the Spanish period by King Philip II, hence an alternative name, the Philip II Wall. In the Spanish period the wall was known as the Muralla de San Reymondo ('St Raymond's Wall'). It is now within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.[2]
The wall ran from the top of a steep cliff above the lower section of the Charles V Wall up the slope of the Rock of Gibraltar to its crest, north of the upper section of the Charles V Wall.
Charles V Wall
In September 1540 an Ottoman force commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa attacked Gibraltar and took more than seventy prisoners as slaves.[1] The Charles V Wall, originally called the Muralla de San Benito ('St Benedict's Wall'), was built in 1540 to help defend The Rock against further attacks from the south.[3] Starting around 1552 the Italian military engineer Giovanni Battista Calvi made improvements to the wall.[3] Calvi designed a wall that ran west-east in a straight line from the coast for about 920 feet until it reached a precipice. A traverse ran north-south along the top of the cliff, and then a zigzag wall ran up to the crest of The Rock. [4]
Construction of the Moorish Wall
King Philip II succeeded Charles V in 1558, and commissioned the Genoese engineer Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino to continue the improvements to Gibraltar's fortifications. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and that the work already completed on Calvi's zigzag wall should be demolished. Instead, he believed an upper wall should continue the line of the lower wall from the top of the cliff to the crest of The Rock. El Fratino's upper wall was completed by 1575, running parallel but to the north of Calvi's zigzag upper wall.[4] It runs up the slope of The Rock to the Signal Station.[4]
Work was stopped on the traverse, but Philip II's chief engineer Tibúrcio Spannocchi refused to stop work on the zigzag wall, which was eventually finished in 1599, and forms the upper portion of the Charles V Wall. The traverse wall along the top of the cliff was never built.[4] Thus the Moorish Wall became a fallback defensive line.[5][6]
A 1786 book described the defences as follows:
Above the precipice, an old Moorish wall is continued to the ridge of The Rock; in front of which a curtain with loop-holes and redans (built in the reign of the Emperor Charles V, and called after his name) extends to the top, effectually cutting off all communication in that quarter. Between the Moorish and Charles the Vth's walls, is the signal-house; whence the guard, on a serene and clear day, have almost an unbounded view of the Mediterranean...[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gates & Fortifications.
- ↑ Gilbard 1888, p. 66.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Finlayson & Fa 2006, p. 19.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chipulina 2012.
- ↑ Finlayson & Fa 2006, p. 21.
- ↑ Gibraltar - Fortified Places.
- ↑ Drinkwater 1786, p. 28.
- Chipulina, Neville (2012). "1740 - Skinner's Moorish Wall". http://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.ca/2012/04/chapter-xx.html. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- Drinkwater, John (1786). A history of the late siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods. Printed by T. Spilsbury. p. 28. https://books.google.com/books?id=BeM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (2006-10-31). The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-016-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=2LwsfZXgjyQC&pg=PA19. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
- "Gates & Fortifications". About Our Rock. Rock Interactive Co. Ltd.. http://www.aboutourrock.com/sites/fortifications.htm. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
- "Gibraltar". Fortified Places. http://www.fortified-places.com/gibraltar/. Retrieved 2012-10-11.
- Gilbard, George James (1888). A popular history of Gibraltar, its institutions, and its neighbourhood on both sides of the straits, and a guide book to their principal places and objects of interest .... Garrison Library. https://books.google.com/books?id=D6oKZxBZId4C&pg=PA66. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- "Historical Gibraltar Attractions". Gibraltar Information. http://www.gibraltarinformation.com/gibraltar-attractions.html. Retrieved 2012-10-15.