Ariconium
Ariconium is a Roman site at Bury Hill about three miles east of Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire. It is believed to have been a villa conplex. The site is a scheduled ancient monument.[1]
As a road station of Roman Britain, Ariconium is mentioned in Iter XIII of the Iter Britanniarum of the Antonine Itineraries. The site existed before the Roman era, and then came under Roman control. It was abandoned, perhaps shortly after 360, but precisely when and under what circumstances is unknown.
Discovered as a result of efforts to map the stations of the Antonine Itineraries, research and excavation have provided the only information on its history, to date showing it to have been a place of bloom furnaces, forges, and iron working throughout its existence.
Location
- Location map: 51°54’44"N, 2°31’3"W
- Streetmap: SO645238
Context
The Forest of Dean and nearby areas were an ancient source of iron ore and charcoal. There is evidence of early mining and smelting, and there were many sites consisting of groups of forges.[2] The site of Ariconium was on the rise of a hill, where airflow is increased due to the terrain. This favoured the establishment of bloomeries, an ancient process that produced imperfect iron, together with cinders, dirt, and unreduced oxide. A Roman contribution was the use of bellows, causing an air blast that was hotter and produced better but unforgeable iron, requiring a further refining by reheating, and using a great deal of charcoal. The cinder refuse or scoriae was dumped in great piles at such sites.[3]
Discovery of the site
In the early years of serious research into the locations of stations on the Antonine Itineraries, the location of Ariconium was in doubt, and William Camden (1551–1623) suggested Magnae Dobunnorum, the site of modern Kenchester, some seven miles north-west of modern Hereford. Later analysis of the Antonine Itineraries, notably by John Horsley (1685–1732), refined previous estimates and ultimately placed Ariconium at Bury Hill, Weston under Penyard, 17 miles west-northwest of Glevum (at modern Gloucester), and 13 miles north-east of Blestium (at modern Monmouth). With confidence that the overgrown ruins near Weston under Penyard were actually the site of Ariconium, local people began clearing away the brush, revealing the enormous magnitude of the cinder piles, and further revealing the walls of buildings. Stories emerged of significant Roman-era relics, and there were unverified stories that existing relics having no provenance had actually been found in Ariconium.[4][5]
Such capable modern research as has been done so far supports the characterisation of a large iron working site with massive refuse piles covering approximately 100 acres, pottery remnants, and numerous artefacts.[6][7][8] Finds have included pre-Roman British coins, including one minted by Cunobelin, and coins from the Roman arrival until 360, after which there are no coins found.[8]
History
The site was occupied by the pre-Roman Britons, likely as part of an iron working industry. It was continually occupied throughout the Roman era, and the scale of industrial activity increased over the period. It is clear that there was a focus of settlement activity near Bromsash, but the area appears to some archaeologists to have contained dispersed centres of activity and settlement rather than a Roman town.[6] Ariconium's only documented significance is as a station on Iter XIII of the Iter Britanniarum, with the single mention there[9] being its only mention in classical history.
It seems to have been abandoned shortly after 360. Its sudden abandonment is consistent with a violent end, and may be related to the collapse of authority and widespread marauding at that time, as reported by Ammianus, a situation that lasted for almost a decade, and from which parts of Roman Britain never recovered. Evidence of later occupation of the site has not been found.
The name
The origin of the name Ariconium is uncertain, as is its pre-Roman name. Romans names were often echoes of the poriginal British language name, or in recognition of the people then living in the area. It is generally believed that Ariconium is the origin of the name of post-Roman kingdom of Ergyng, although Ariconium was located outside the later boundaries of Ergyng. It is plausible that both derive from an earlier name for a wider area. In turn, Ergyng is believed to have given its name to Archenfield.[10][11][12]
Since 2008, it has been used as the generic name for a united benefice of six Church of England parishes in the area - Aston Ingham, Hope Mansel, Lea, Linton, Upton Bishop and Weston-under-Penyard.
Outside links
- Ariconium: Roman Britain
References
- ↑ National Heritage List 1005364: Site of Ariconium (Scheduled ancient monument entry)
- ↑ Nicholls 1860:227–239
- ↑ Grover 1873:121–129
- ↑ Wright 1854:23–41
- ↑ Lewis 1840:418
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ray 2002
- ↑ Willis 2005
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Palmer & Hills 1871:203–218
- ↑ Parthey & Pinder 1848:233 Britannia, Iter XIII
- ↑ "Why Archenfield", Archenfield Archaeology, Archenfield Archaeology Ltd, http://www.archenfield.com/whoarewe.htm, retrieved 2009-06-11
- ↑ "History: Early Mediæval", Landscape Origins of the Wye Valley, Archenfield Archaeology Ltd, http://www.wyevalleyhistory.net/LOWV%20history%20early%20mediæval.htm, retrieved 2009-06-11
- ↑ Sims-Williams, Patrick (2005), "The kingdoms of the Hwicce and the Magonsaetan", Religion and Literature in Western England, 600 – 800, Cambridge University Press, p. 45, ISBN 978-0-521-67342-6
- Grover, J. W. (June 1873), "On Iron and the Ironworks of Roman Britain", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, London: British Archaeological Association (published 1873), pp. 121–129, https://books.google.com/books?id=lScUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121
- Lewis, Samuel (1840), "Hereford", A Topographical Dictionary of England, II (Fourth ed.), London: S. Lewis & Co, p. 418, https://books.google.com/books?id=BQkVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA418
- Nicholls, H. G. (23 July 1860), "The Ancient Iron Trade of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire", The Archaeological Journal, XVII, London: The Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (published 1860), pp. 227–239, https://books.google.com/books?id=ODMGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA227
- Palmer, William Charles; Hills, Gordon M. (1871), "On a Series of Antiquities collected at Ariconium, near Ross, Herefordshire", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, London: British Archaeological Association, pp. 203–218, https://books.google.com/books?id=_RUrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203
- Parthey, Gustav; Pinder, Moritz, eds. (1848), Itinerarium Antonini Augusti et Hierosolymitanum, Berlin, https://books.google.com/books?id=s0oMAAAAYAAJ
- Poste, Beale (1855), "Territories of the Ancient British King Vortigern, on the Wye and in the South of Wales", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, X, London: British Archaeological Association, pp. 226–231, https://books.google.com/books?id=VSkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA226
- Ray, Keith (2002), The Romano-British Period in Herefordshire, Burnham, Collis, Dobinson, Haselgrove and Jones, https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/caha/wmrrfa/3/KeithRay.doc, retrieved 11 June 2009
- Willis, Steven (December 2005), "The pottery of the late Iron Age and Roman period from the industrial settlement at Ariconium, Herefordshire", Newsletter 40, Study Group for Roman Pottery (published 2005), http://www.sgrp.org.uk/04/2005-12.htm, retrieved 11 June 2009
- Thomas Wright (antiquarian) (1854), "The Roman Cities on the Welsh Borders, Ariconium and Magna", Wanderings of an Antiquary, London: J. B. Nichols and Sons, pp. 23–41, https://books.google.com/books?id=d9oBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23