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{{Infobox castle
|name=Edzell Castle
|village=Edzell
|county=Angus
|picture=Edzell Castle.jpg
|picture caption=Edzell Castle and gardens
|os grid ref=NO584691
|latitude=56.811827 
|longitude=-2.68002
|type=Tower house and courtyard
|built=c. 1520–1610
|builder=David Lindsay, 9th Earl of Crawford
|materials=Old Red Sandstone
|height=
|used=Until 1715
|condition=Ruined
|ownership=Earl of Dalhousie
|controlled by=Historic Scotland
|open_to_public=Yes
|garden=yes
|website={{HES link}}
}}
'''Edzell Castle''' is a ruined 16th-century castle in [[Angus]], with an early-17th-century walled garden.  The castle is to be found close to [[Edzell]], and is around five miles north of [[Brechin]].

Edzell Castle was begun around 1520 by David Lindsay, 9th Earl of Crawford, and expanded by his son, Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell, who also laid out the garden in 1604. The castle saw little military action, and was, in its design, construction and use, more of a country house than a defensive structure.<ref name="Simpson 2007">Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.1</ref> It was briefly occupied by the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell during his invasion of Scotland in 1651.

In 1715 the castle was sold by the Lindsay family, and eventually came into the ownership of the Earl of Dalhousie. It was given into state care in the 1930s, and is now a visitor attraction run by [[Historic Scotland]] (open all year; entrance charge).

The castle consists of the original tower house and building ranges around a courtyard. The adjacent Renaissance walled garden, incorporating intricate relief carvings, is unique in Scotland.<ref name="McKean77">McKean, pp.77-78</ref> It was replanted in the 1930s, and is considered to have links to esoteric traditions:  freemasons regularly use the garden for ceremonies.

==History==
===Origins===
The first castle at Edzell was a timber motte and bailey structure, built to guard the mouth of Glenesk, a strategic pass leading north into the Highlands.<ref>Simpson (1930), p.117</ref> The motte, or mound, is still visible 300 yards south-west of the present castle, and dates from the 12th century. It was the seat of the Abbott, or Abbe, family, and was the centre of the now vanished original village of [[Edzell]].<ref>The present village of Edzell, further to the east, was originally named Slateford; it was renamed in the early 19th century when the parish church was moved.</ref> The Abbotts were succeeded as lords of Edzell by the Stirlings of Glenesk, and the Stirlings in turn by the Lindsays. In 1358, Sir Alexander de Lindsay, third son of David Lindsay of [[Crawford, Lanarkshire|Crawford]], married the Stirling heiress, Katherine Stirling.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.25</ref> Alexander's son, David, was created Earl of Crawford in 1398.

Edzell became the property of a junior branch of the Lindsay family descended from the 3rd Earl, and in 1513 it was inherited by David Lindsay (d. 1558). Around 1520, David Lindsay decided to abandon the original castle, and built a tower house and barmkin, or [[courtyard]], in a more sheltered location nearby. The selection of a site overlooked by higher ground to the north suggests that defence was not the primary concern.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.4</ref> David became the Earl of Crawford in 1542, on the death of his cousin the 8th Earl, who had disinherited his own son Alexander, the "Wicked Master". He proceeded to extend the simple tower house, in around 1550, by the addition of a large west range, incorporating a new entrance gate and hall. Lord Crawford also built [[Invermark Castle]], twelve miles north of Edzell, possibly as a hunting lodge, at around the same time.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.26</ref>

===Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell===
[[File:Edzell arms.JPG|right|thumb|150px|Arms of Sir David Lindsay, and his wife, Dame Isabel Forbes, over the garden gate]]
David Lindsay, the 9th Earl's son, was educated in Paris and [[Cambridge]], and travelled in continental Europe. His father had nominated the son of Alexander, the Wicked Master, as heir to the earldom, returning the title to the senior line of the family, and thus Lindsay did not succeed to the earldom on his father's death. However, he was knighted in 1581, became a Lord of Session (a senior judge), taking the title Lord Edzell, in 1593, and in 1598 was appointed to the Privy Council. A Renaissance Man, he undertook improvements to his estates, including mining and woodland planting. Two German prospectors from Nuremberg, Bernard Fechtenburg and Hans Ziegler, were invited to search for precious metals around Edzell.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.30</ref>  

In August 1562, David Lindsay received Mary, Queen of Scots, at Edzell. The Queen was on a Royal progress, with the aim of subduing the rebellious Earl of Huntly, and spent two nights at Edzell. During her stay she convened a meeting of the Privy Council, attended by the nobility of Scotland. Her son, King James VI, visited Edzell twice; on 28 June 1580, and in August 1589.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.29</ref> 

Sir David further extended the castle in the late 16th century, with the addition of a large north range with round corner towers. He laid out the garden in 1604, with symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland, to celebrate the Union of the Crowns of the previous year, when James VI acceeded to the English throne on the death of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.

Sir David died in 1610, heavily in debt as a result of fines handed down for the unruly conduct of his son, and with both the garden and the north range incomplete.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.31</ref> 

[[File:Edzell west wall.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The outer wall of the west range, looking north]]

===Damage and decline===
Edzell was not affected by the campaigns of the Royalist Marquess of Montrose in the 1640s, although other properties of the Covenanting Presbyterian David Lindsay (son of Sir David), were attacked. During the Third English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland and, in September 1651, his troops took Edzell, and were stationed there for one month. By the time of the Presbyterian settlement of 1689, the Lord of Edzell, David's son John Lindsay, had switched allegiances from Presbyterianism to Episcopalianism. Along with the parish minister, he was barred from the parish church, and Episcopal services were held in the great hall at Edzell.<ref name="Simpson & Tabraham 2007, p.32">Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.32</ref>

The castle began to decline around the time of the 1715 Jacobite Rising. The last Lindsay lord of Edzell, another David, was a Jacobite, a supporter of the exiled James Stuart, the "Old Pretender". Faced with mounting family debts, David sold the castle to the 4th Earl of Panmure, a fellow Jacobite, for £192,502 Scots, equivalent to £16,042 sterling.<ref>Simpson (1930), p.118</ref> Lord Panmure, however, forfeited his lands and property for taking part in the failed rebellion. Edzell was sold, by the Crown, to the York Buildings Company, a London waterworks company which had branched into the buying and selling of forfeited property.<ref>Carr, Cecil Thomas (ed.) (1913), pp. cxxvi-cxxvii</ref> They proceeded to "asset strip" the property.<ref name="Simpson & Tabraham 2007, p.32"/>

The castle saw its last military event in 1746, when a unit of government troops, of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, occupied the building, causing further damage. By 1764, the York Buildings Company was bankrupt, and the remaining contents of the castle, including the roofs, were removed and sold to pay the company's creditors. The avenue of beech trees, which linked the castle and the village, was felled, and the property was sold to William Maule, Earl Panmure, nephew of the attainted Earl of Panmure. He died in 1782, and the property passed to his nephew, George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie.<ref>Simpson (1930), p.119</ref>

===Later history===
The castle remained the property of the earls of Dalhousie, who appointed a caretaker from the 1870s, and built a cottage for him in 1901, which is now in use as a visitor centre. In 1932, the walled garden passed into state care, followed by the rest of the castle in 1935.  The castle and garden are currently maintained by [[Historic Scotland]] and are open to the public year round.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), p.33</ref> The motte and castle are protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/eschedule/show?ID=90136&OK=Y |title=The Monument known as Edzell Castle |accessdate=2008-05-09 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/eschedule/show?ID=137&OK=Y |title=Castle Hillock Mote, Edzell |accessdate=2008-05-09 |year=1959}}</ref> while the castle is also a Category A listed building,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:11257 |title=Edzell Castle Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref> the highest level of protection for an historic building, and the garden is included in the Inventory of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00169 |title=Edzell Castle |work=Inventory of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes |accessdate=5 November 2013 |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> the national listing of significant gardens. The caretaker's house is a Category B listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:11258 |title=Edzell Castle Custodian's House Listed Building Report|accessdate=2008-05-09 |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Edzell Castle plan.png|thumb|300px|Ground floor plan of the castle, showing phases of construction]]
===The motte===
The motte, still known as Castlehillock, is the only remainder of the first Edzell Castle. It lies 300 yards south-west of the later castle, by a bend in the West Water, and comprises a low, partially natural mound. The motte is aligned north-west to south-east, and is around {{convert|36|m|ft|0|x}} long by {{convert|16|m|ft|0|x}} across at its broadest point, and around {{convert|4|m|ft|0|x|}} high. An outer bailey, or courtyard, up to {{convert|61|m|ft|0|x}} across formerly surrounded the motte, and was bordered by a deep ditch.<ref>Simpson (1930), pp.119-120</ref><ref>{{newcanmore|34998|Edzell, Castle Hillock}}</ref>

===The castle===
The castle comprises the early 16th-century tower house, the slightly later west range, and the late 16th-century north range. Other buildings to the east and south have now vanished. The red sandstone walls were originally harled.

The four-storey tower house was named the Stirling Tower after the original lords of Edzell, the Stirlings of Glenesk, although it is not old enough to have been built by them.<ref name="MGR">MacGibbon & Ross, pp.359-366</ref> It is {{convert|16|m|ft|0|x}} high, and measures {{convert|13|m|ft|0|x}} by {{convert|10|m|ft|0|x}} on plan. The walls are over six feet thick at the basement, narrowing to 5 feet on the first floor.<ref name="Simpson122">Simpson (1930), p.122</ref> The tower house is entered from the north, through a door protected by "inverted keyhole" shaped gun holes. A slot adjacent to the door would have held a draw-bar, to reinforce the entry, and several mason's marks remain around the door.

The hall occupies the first floor, above two vaulted cellars. Marks in the wall show the position of a minstrels' gallery and a timber screen, which concealed a serving area accessed via a narrow stair from the cellar. The broad main spiral stair led up to three further storeys of private chambers, before reaching a caphouse, a small rooftop chamber giving access to a parapet walk.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), pp.12-13</ref> The four corners of the tower have bartizans, or open turrets, and similar projections occur halfway along each wall. The parapet is supported on projecting stones, or corbels, arranged in a pattern of two tiers which alternate, rendering the lower tier purely decorative. Edzell represents an early occurrence of this style, known as chequered corbelling, which became more widespread later in the 16th century.<ref name="MGR"/>

[[File:Edzell doorway.JPG|left|thumb|150px|Remains of decorative carving around the door to the courtyard stair tower]]
The two-storey west range contains the main entrance, which enters the courtyard via an arched passage. Above the outside gate are spaces where armorial panels were once displayed. The windows on this front, larger than the original ones in the tower house, had iron grilles, and small gun holes beneath them. Beside the entrance was a kitchen, and above, a larger hall and drawing room. Only the western part of the three-storey north range was completed, although the Lindsays planned to complete the courtyard. This range had another kitchen, as well as private chambers within the round tower at the north-west corner. It was entered via a stair turret in the courtyard, fragments of which remain, including parts of an intricately carved door surround. Only the foundations of the east and south buildings remain, which probably contained a bakehouse and stables.<ref>Simpson & Tabraham (2007), pp.6-11</ref>

==The walled garden==
[[File:Edzell_garden.JPG|right|thumb|300px|The walled garden, from the upper floor of the tower house]]
In addition to extending the castle, Sir David Lindsay also created Edzell's most unusual feature, the walled garden, or "Pleasaunce". Similar gardens were probably relatively common in Scotland during the Renaissance, but Edzell is a rare survivor.<ref name="McKean77"/> The garden would have provided a retreat from the castle, and was intended to delight, entertain, and instruct Sir David's distinguished guests. It was started around 1604, and shows signs of being hastily completed at his death in 1610.<ref name="Simpson135">Simpson (1930), pp.135-140</ref>

It is a rectangular enclosure some {{convert|52|m|ft|0|x}} north to south, and {{convert|43.5|m|ft|0|x}} east to west, surrounded by a wall {{convert|3.6|m|ft|0|x}} high. The north wall is part of the castle courtyard, but the remaining three are intricately decorated. The walls are divided by pilasters (now removed) into regular sections, or compartments, each ten feet across. Each compartment has a niche above, possibly once containing statues. Those on the east wall have semi-circular pediments carved with scrolls, and with the national symbols of thistle, fleur-de-lis, shamrock and rose, recalling the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland, under James VI in 1603. The pediments on the south wall are square, while there are no niches on the west wall, indicating that work may have prematurely come to a halt on Sir David's death. Below the niches, the compartments are of alternating design. Three sets of seven carved panels occupy every other compartment. Between them, the walls are decorated with a representation of the Lindsay coat of arms, with eleven recesses in the form of a fess chequy, or chequered band, surmounted by three seven-pointed stars, taken from the Stirling of Glenesk arms. Several spaces within the walls, including inside the stars, may have been intended as nesting holes for birds.<ref name="Simpson135"/>

===The carved panels===
The sets of carved panels depict the seven Cardinal Virtues on the west wall, the seven Liberal Arts to the south, and the seven Planetary Deities on the east wall. Each panel is approximately three feet high by 2-2½ feet wide. The deities are depicted in vesica-shaped (elliptical) frames, the arts under arches, and the virtues in plain rectangles. W. Douglas Simpson describes the arts panels as the weakest set of carvings, again suggesting money was short for the west wall. He declared the arts panels to be the finest work, and compares the style of the deities to contemporary carvings found in Aberdeenshire, suggesting that the mason responsible may have come from there.<ref>Simpson (1930), pp.152-153</ref>

The carvings are all based on popular series of engravings, which were often published in pattern books. Nuremberg was the origin of numerous such books, and one may have been brought to Edzell by the miner Hans Ziegler.<ref>Simpson (1930), pp.158</ref> Specifically, the images of the deities are derived from engravings of 1528–29 by the German artist Georg Pencz (or Iorg Bentz, c. 1500–1550), a pupil of Albrecht Dürer; the initials I. B. appear on the carving of Mars. The arts and virtues are both based on engravings derived from paintings by the Flemish artist Marten de Vos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/news-full-article.htm |title=Music and Justice Rediscovered |date=9 May 2007 |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2008-04-10}}</ref> The engravings, by Jan Sadeler and Crispijn de Passe, were widely distributed in Scotland, along with those of the deities. Indeed, the image of Prudence is identical to that used by the King's Master of Works William Schaw, in the spectacular display to welcome Queen Anne to Scotland, following her marriage to James VI in 1589.<ref name="LPA">''Edzell Castle, The Movie: Souvenir Programme'', London Psychogeographical Association, 1994</ref> 

{| cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" border="0" width="96%"
|-
|valign="top" width="32%"| '''Planetary Deities''' 
Representations of the seven classical deities, associated with the seven planets known in classical times, appear on the east wall: Luna, Mercury, Venus, Sol, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.

|valign="top" width="32%"| '''Liberal Arts'''
Figures representing the trivium of subjects (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) which traditionally formed the syllabus of a bachelor's degree, plus the quadrivium which led to a master's degree, are depicted on the south wall.
*''Grammatica'' (grammar), damaged
*''Rhetorica'' (rhetoric)
*''Dialectica'' (argument, or logic)
*''Arithmetica'' (arithmetic)
*''Musica'' (music), damaged
*''Geometria'' (geometry)
*''Astronomia'' (astronomy), missing
|valign="top" width="32%"| '''Cardinal Virtues'''
Personifications of the three Christian virtues (trust, hope and charity), plus the four Cardinal virtues of ancient Greece, are carved on the west wall.
*''Fides'' (trust), damaged
*''Spes'' ([hope)
*''Caritas'' (charity)
*''Prudentia'' (prudence)
*''Temperantia'' (temperance)
*''Fortitudo'' (fortitude)
*''Justitia'' (justice)
|}

{| cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" border="0" width="96%"
|-
|valign="top" width="32%"| 
[[File:Edzell deities Mars.JPG|left|thumb|150px|Mars]] 
|valign="top" width="32%"| 
[[File:Edzell Arts Arithmetic.JPG|left|thumb|150px|''Arithmetica'']] 
|valign="top" width="32%"| 
[[File:Prudence, Edzell.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Prudentia'']]
|}

[[File:Edzell summer house.JPG|left|thumb|200px|The summer house, showing the decoration on the garden walls]]

===Buildings and planting===
To complement the garden, a bath house and summer house were constructed at the corners of the garden furthest from the castle. The bath house is ruined, but the two-storey summer house survives intact. It comprises a groin-vaulted lower room, with an upper chamber, containing the only surviving example of the castle's carved-oak wall panelling. Charles McKean attributes the design and construction of the garden buildings to Thomas Leiper, an Aberdeenshire stonemason, based on the elaborately decorated gun holes in the summer house.<ref>McKean, p.147</ref> 

The planting was recreated in the 1930s. No original plan of the renaissance garden survives, although records show fruit was grown in the 17th century.<ref name="McKean77"/> The garden has decorative hedges, trimmed into the shapes of the Scottish thistle, English rose, and French fleur-de-lis. Further planting is clipped into letters, spelling out the two Lindsay family mottoes, ''Dum Spiro Spero'' (while I breathe I hope), and ''Endure Forte'' (endure firmly).<ref>Simpson & Tabraham, p.35</ref>

===Interpretations===
The symbolism of the garden, particularly of the carvings, as well as the repetition of sevens and threes, has inspired many interpretations. The engravings upon which the carvings are based were commonplace in Scotland at the time, and were frequently used in the art of memory, a mnemonic memory technique which had spread from the court of Queen Anne, the Danish consort of James VI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themasonictrowel.com/education/memory_files/the_art_of_memory_and_masonry.htm |title=The Art of Memory and Masonry |author=Anderson, Clarence A. |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref> The potential influence of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe's symbolic garden at Uraniborg, which was visited by James IV of Scotland in 1590, has also been noted.<ref>Glendinning, et al. p.59</ref>

Sir David Lindsay would have been well aware of the symbolic allusions of the carvings. In correspondence with his brother, Lord Menmuir]], he discusses the alchemical relationship of the planets to the metals, which he had employed Hans Ziegler to search for on his land. Sir David's nephew, David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres, was noted for his interest in alchemy.

==Outside links==
{{commons}}
*{{HES link}} - Historic Environment Scotland
*{{newcanmore|34996|Edzell Castle}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=34-WXsbaBscC&pg=RA1-PR126&lpg=RA1-PR126&dq=%22the+york+buildings+company%22&source=web&ots=LziksmQNjl&sig=AmkD_vnE7UZA0Cp5VrWtMuDVcTU&hl=en#PRA1-PR126,M1 |title=Select Charters of Trading Companies, A.D. 1530–1707 |author=Carr, Cecil Thomas (ed.) |year=1913 |accessdate=2008-04-10 |isbn=0-8337-0479-6}}
*Glendinning, Miles, MacInnes, Ranald, & MacKechnie, Aonghus (1996). ''A History of Scottish Architecture'', Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0741-2
* [[Maurice Lindsay|Lindsay, Maurice]] (1986). ''The Castles of Scotland''. Constable & Co. ISBN 0-09-473430-5
*MacGibbon, David, and Ross, Thomas (1887). ''The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland'', Vol. I. D. Douglas, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-901824-18-6
* McKean, Charles (2004). ''The Scottish Chateau'' (2nd edition). Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3527-8
*{{cite web |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_065/65_115_176.pdf |format=PDF|title=Edzell Castle |author=Simpson, W. Douglas |year=1930 |work=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. LXV |accessdate=2008-04-10}}
*Simpson, W. Douglas, and Tabraham, Chris (2007). ''Edzell Castle'' (2nd edition). [[Historic Scotland]]. ISBN 978-1-904966-34-0
*{{newcanmore|34998}}
*{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:11257 |title=Edzell Castle Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2008-04-30}}