University of St Andrews

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University of St Andrews
Latin: Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos

Αιεν Αριστευειν
Ever to Excel

St Andrews,
Fife

St Andrews - St Mary's quad - buildings.JPG
St Mary's College Quad, St Andrews
University of St Andrews arms.svg
Founded: 1410
Chancellor: The Lord Campbell of Pittenweem
Type: Urban / small town
Endowment: £56.8 million (2015)
Website: St-Andrews.ac.uk
Location
City: {{{city}}}
Town: St Andrews

The University of St Andrews is a famous university in St Andrews in Fife. It is the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (following Oxford and Cambridge), and the oldest of the four 'Ancient Universities of Scotland'. St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon 'Antipope' Benedict XIII (whose papcy was recognised in France and Scotland, if not England) issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.

St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges (United College, St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College) and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties.[1] The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town.

The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over one-third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university.[2]

The student body is notably diverse: over 120 nationalities are represented with over 45% of its intake from countries outside the United Kingdom.[3] The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions,[4] and the student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.[5]

St Andrew's has been ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, behind Oxbridge.[6][7][8] The Guardian ranks first in the United Kingdom the Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science, Geography, and Mathematics,[7] whilst The Times ranks the Schools of English, Management, Philosophy, Anatomy and Physiology and Middle Eastern and African Studies first[9] and the Complete University Guide ranks Management, Divinity and Middle Eastern and African Studies first.[10] The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world's Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction (joint first) amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.[11]

History

Foundation

St Salvator's Chapel
College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building

The university was founded in 1410 when a group of Augustinian clergy, driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism, and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by wars f the two kingdoms, formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. A charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411.[12] Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls, which followed on 28 August 1413.[13] King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university with King James V "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532.[14][15]

A college of theology and arts called St John's College was founded in 1418[16] by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores. St Salvator's College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy.[17] St Leonard's College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, who intended it to have a far more monastic character than either of the other colleges. St John's College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Mary's College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. It was intended to encourage traditional Roman teachings in opposition to the emerging Scottish Reformation, but once Scotland had formally split with the Papacy in 1560, it became a teaching institution for Protestant clergy.[18]

Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvator's Chapel, St Leonard's College Chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral.

Development

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was often beset by civil and religious disturbances. In a particularly acute depression in 1747, severe financial problems triggered the dissolution of St Leonard's College, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard.[12] Throughout this period student numbers were very low; for instance, when Samuel Johnson visited the university in 1773, the university had fewer than 100 pupils, and was in his opinion in a steady decline. He described it as "pining in decay and struggling for life".[19] The poverty of Scotland during this period also damaged St Andrews, as few were able to patronise the university and its colleges, and with state support being improbable, the income they received was scarce.

Modern period

In the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women.[20] In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the 'L.L.A. examination' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university.[21] In 1889 the Universities (Scotland) Act made it possible to formally admit women to St Andrews and to receive an education equal to that of male students; Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men in October 1894, gaining her MA. She entered the university in 1892, making St Andrews the first university in Scotland to admit female undergraduates on the same level as men.[22] In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's hall was built in 1896 and was named University Hall.[23]

Up until the start of the 20th century, St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages, divinity and philosophical studies, and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to the need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems, the university merged with University College, Dundee in 1897, which had a focus on scientific and professional subjects. After the incorporation of University College Dundee, St Andrews' various problems generally receded. Of note is that, up until 1967, many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most, and sometimes all, of their undergraduate career based in Dundee.

As the 20th century progressed, it became increasingly popular among the upper classes to send their children to the country's oldest higher learning institution, and the university's student population rose sharply. This revival has been maintained to the present day. Despite this, there have been some notable changes. In 1967, the union with University College Dundee ended, when that College became an independent institution under the name of the University of Dundee. As a result of this, St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Law, Accountancy, Dentistry and Engineering, while it also lost the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree MBChB. However, the university has prospered in other ways. In 1972, the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute.[24]

Links with the United States

St Andrews' historical links with the United States predate the country's independence. One of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence attended (but did not graduate from) St Andrews. James Wilson was one of six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States and founder of the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Other prominent American figures associated with St Andrews include the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who was elected Rector in 1901 and whose name is given to the prestigious Carnegie Scholarship, and Edward Harkness, an American philanthropist who in 1930 provided for the construction of St Salvator's Hall.

Links with the United States have been maintained into the present day and continue to grow. The university now has the highest proportion and absolute number of American students amongst all British universities.[25][26]

Colleges

The university encompasses three colleges, although their purpose is mainly ceremonial as students are housed in separate residential halls or private accommodations. United College has responsibility for all students in the faculties of arts, sciences and medicine, and is based around St Salvator's Quadrangle;[27] St Mary's College has responsibility for all students studying in the Faculty of Divinity, and has its own dedicated site in St Mary's Quadrangle;[28] and St Leonard's College, in its current incarnation, has responsibility for all postgraduate students.[29]

Faculties and schools

The four academic faculties collectively encompass 18 schools. A dean is appointed by the Master of the United College to oversee the day-to-day running of each faculty. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty, as opposed to the school within which teaching is based. The faculties and their affiliated schools are:

  • Faculty of Arts: art history, classics, economics, English, film studies, history, international relations, management, modern languages, philosophy.[30]
  • Faculty of Divinity: divinity.[31]
  • Faculty of Medicine: medicine.[32]
  • Faculty of Science: biology, chemistry, computer science, geography and geosciences, mathematics, physics and astronomy, psychology and neuroscience.[33]

Certain subjects are offered both within the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, the six subjects are: economics, geography, management, mathematics, psychology and sustainable development. The content of the subject is the same regardless of the faculty.[34]

Buildings, collections and facilities

The University of St Andrews is situated in St Andrews, a small town in rural Fife. The University has teaching facilities, libraries, student housing and other buildings spread throughout the town. Generally, university departments and buildings are concentrated on North Street, South Street, The Scores, and the North Haugh. The university has two major sites within the town. The first is the United College, St Andrews (also known as the Quad or St Salvator's) on North Street, which functions both as a teaching space and venue for student events, incorporating the Departments of Social Anthropology and Modern Languages. The second is St Mary's College, St Andrews, based on South Street, which houses the Schools of Divinity, Psychology and Neuroscience, as well as the King James Library. Several schools are located on The Scores including Classics, English, History, Philosophy, the School of Economics and Finance, and International Relations, as well as the Admissions department, the Museum of the University of St Andrews, and the Principal's residence, University House. North Street is also the site of several departments including, the Principal's Office, The Younger Hall, Department of Film Studies, and the University Library. The North Haugh is principally home to the Natural Sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, as well as Mathematics, Computer Science, Medicine and the School of Management.

Libraries and museums

St Andrews University library building

The University of St Andrews maintains one of the most extensive university library collections in the United Kingdom, which includes significant holdings of books, manuscripts, muniments and photographs. The library collection contains over a million volumes and over two hundred thousand rare and antique books.[35]

The university library was founded by King James VI in 1612, with the donation of 350 works from the royal collection, at the urging of George Gledstanes, the then chancellor of St Andrews, although the libraries of the colleges of St Leonard's College, St Salvator's College and St Mary's College had existed prior to this.[36][37] From 1710 to 1837 the library functioned as a legal deposit library, and as a result has an extensive collection of 18th century literature.[38]

King James Library

The library's main building is located on North Street, and houses over 1,000,000 books.[39] The library was designed by the leading firm of architects Faulkner-Brown Hendy Watkinson Stonor led by Harry Faulkner-Brown and based in the North East England at Killingworth.[40] Faulkner-Brown specialised in libraries and leisure facilities and also designed the National Library of Canada in Ottawa and the Robinson Library at Newcastle University [41][42] In 2011 the main library building underwent a £7 million re-development.[43] The historic King James library, built in 1643, houses the university's Divinity and Mediæval history collections.[44]

In 2012 the University purchased the vacant Martyrs' Church on North Street, with the purpose of providing reading rooms for the Special Collections department and University research students and staff.[45]

The University maintains several museums and galleries, open for free to the public.[46] The Museum of the University of St Andrews opened in 2008 and displays some highlights of the university's extensive collection of over 100,000 artefacts.[47] It displays objects relating both to the history of the university, such as its collection of 15th century maces,[48] and also unrelated objects, such as paintings by John Opie, Alberto Morrocco and Sims.[49] Several of the university's collections have been recognised as being of 'national significance for Scotland' by Museums Galleries Scotland.[50]

The Bell Pettigrew Museum houses the University's natural history collections. Founded in 1912, it is housed in the old Bute Medical School Building in St. Mary's Quad. Among its collections are the remains of several extinct species such as the dodo and Tasmanian tiger as well as fossilised fish from the nearby Dura Den, Fife, which when found in 1859 stimulated the debate on evolution.[51]

St Salvator's Chapel

Chapels

The Wardlaw Wing of University Hall

The University has two collegiate chapels. The chapel of St Salvator's (or "Sallies" as it is affectionately known) was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, and today it is a centre of university life.[52] St Salvator's has a full peal of six bells, and is therefore the only university chapel in Scotland suitable for change ringing.[53]

The Chapel of St Leonard's is located in the grounds of the nearby St Leonards School. It is the university's oldest building, some parts dating from 1144[54] and is the smaller of the two chapels. St Salvator's and St Leonard's both have their own choirs, whose members are drawn from the student body.

Student life

St Salvator's Chapel, from North Street

Students' association

The University of St Andrews Students' Association, founded in 1885, is the organisation which represents the student body of the University of St Andrews. The Students' Association has 9 subcommittees including The Entertainments "Ents" Committee, Societies Committee, Union Debating Society, Student Voluntary Service and other. Every matriculated student is automatically a member of each subcommittee.

The Students' Association Building is located on St Mary's Place, St Andrews. Union facilities include a Blackwells bookshop, several bars and the University's Student Support Services.

Societies

Music Centre, Younger Hall

St Andrews is home to over 140 student societies which cover a wide range of interests.[55] In 2015, the university ranked top in Scotland and 3rd in the UK for Clubs & Societies by university review platform, StudentCrowd.[56]

All matriculated students are members of the "Union Debating Society", a student debating society that holds weekly public debates in Lower Parliament Hall, often hosts notable speakers, and participates in competitive debating in both national and international competitions. Founded in 1794, it claims to be the oldest continuously-run student debating society in the world.[57]

Student media

There is a strong tradition of student media at St Andrews.

The university's two newspapers are The Saint, a fortnightly publication and The Stand, an online publication founded in 2011.[58] There is also the Foreign Affairs Review ran by the Foreign Affairs Society.[59]

There are also a number of smaller student publications including The Tribe, a student-run magazine[60] and The Regulus, a student magazine focusing on politics and current affairs.[61] In addition to this there are several student-led academic journals, most notably, Stereoscope Magazine which is focused on student photography and raising awareness of the university's historic photographic collection,[62] Ha@sta, an annual journal for those interested in art history,[63] Aporia, the journal of the Philosophy Society,[64] and the Postgraduate Journal of Art History and Museum Studies.[65]

The University's radio station is STAR radio, an online station that broadcasts 24/7 during term time.[66] The Sinner is an independent website and discussion forum set up by students of the university.[67]

Quadrangle of St Mary's College

The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups, including the university's flagship symphony orchestra, wind band, and chorus. One of the oldest choirs in the university is the St Andrews University Madrigal Group which performs a concert each term and has an annual summer tour. The A Cappella Society represents all four a cappella groups at St Andrews: The Other Guys, The Alleycats, The Accidentals and The Hummingbirds. In 2011, The Other Guys released a music video onto YouTube, entitled Royal Romance, a tribute to the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, which earned them significant recognition in national and international media.

Student theatre at the University of St Andrews is funded by the Mermaids Performing Arts fund. There are regular dramatic and comedic performances staged at the Barron theatre.[68] Blind Mirth is the university's improvisational theatre troupe, which performs weekly in the town, and annually takes a production to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[69]

The Kate Kennedy Club plays a significant role in the life of the university, maintaining university traditions such as the Kate Kennedy Procession, in which students parade through the town dressed as eminent figures from the university's history, and organising social events such as the Opening and May balls. Founded in 1926, the club is composed of around thirty matriculated students, who are selected by the club's members. The club has received criticism from the university's principal, Louise Richardson, and alumna the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton over its previously male-only admission policy.[70][71] In 2012, the club decided to allow female students to join.[72][73]

Sports clubs and the athletic union

Madras RFC Playing Fields St Andrews

The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the student representative body for sport. Established in 1901, it encompasses around sixty sport clubs,[74] who compete at both a recreational and high-performance level.[75]

A notable club is the University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club, which played a pivotal role in shaping the sport and has produced Scottish international players such as J. S. Thomson and Alfred Clunies-Ross.[76]

Traditions

Entrance to St Mary's College

Sponsio Academica

In order to become a student at the university[77] a person must take an oath in Latin at the point of matriculation, called the Sponsio Academica, although this tradition now has been digitised and is agreed to as part of an online matriculation process.

Nos ingenui adolescentes, nomina subscribentes, sancte pollicemur nos preceptoribus obsequium debitum exhibituros in omnibus rebus ad disciplinam et bonos mores pertinentibus, Senatus Academici autoritati obtemperaturos, et hujus Academiae Andreanae emolumentum et commodum, quantum in nobis sit, procuraturos, ad quemcunque vitae statum pervenerimus. Item agnoscimus si quis nostrum indecore turbulenterve se gesserit vel si parum diligentem in studiis suis se praebuerit neque admonitus se in melius correxerit eum licere Senatui Academico vel poena congruenti adficere vel etiam ex Universitate expellere.

In English:

We students who set down our names hereunder in all good faith make a solemn promise that we shall show due deference to our teachers in all matters relating to order and good conduct, that we shall be subject to the authority of the Senatus Academicus and shall, whatever be the position we attain hereafter, promote, so far as lies in our power, the profit and the interest in our University of St Andrews. Further, we recognise that, if any of us conducts ourselves in an unbecoming or disorderly manner or shows insufficient diligence in their studies and, though admonished, does not improve, it is within the power of the Senatus Academicus to inflict on such students a fitting penalty or even expel them from the University.

Gowns

St Andrews students in undergraduate gowns

One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress, particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a Rector or Chancellor, at chapel services, on 'Pier Walks', at formal hall dinners, at meetings of the Union Debating Society or giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews day, where recently many students wear their gown throughout the entire day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown and postgraduates, i.e. students of St Leonard College, wear a black gown trimmed with burgundy.

Bejant

Bejant is a term used to refer to first year male students; females being described as Bejantines. Second-year students are known as a Semis, a student in their third year may be referred to as a Tertian, and in their final year as a Magistrand. These terms are thought to be unique to St Andrews. When wearing their traditional red gowns, students in each year may be identified according to the way they wear their gowns. In the first year, the gown is worn on the shoulders, in the second year it is worn slightly off the shoulders. In the third year arts students wear their gowns off their left shoulders, and science students off their right shoulders. Finally, fourth years wear their gowns right down to their elbows, ready to shed their scarlet gowns for the black graduation gown. The gown is never to be joined at the top as this is considered bad luck.

Academic parents

The students of the University enjoy an unusual family tradition designed to make new students feel at home and build relationships within the student body. Traditionally, a Bejant or Bejantine acquires academic parents who are at least in their third year as students. These older students act as informal mentors in academic and social matters and it is not uncommon for such academic family ties to stretch well beyond student days. Tradition has it that a Bejant may ask a man to be his Senior Man but must be invited by a woman who is prepared to be his Senior Woman. Similarly, a Bejantine may ask a male to be her Senior Man but there is no overt rule regarding how she acquires a Senior Woman. The establishment of these relationships begins at the very start of the first semester – with the aim of being in place ahead of Raisin Weekend.[78]

Raisin Weekend

St Salvator's Quadrangle during the Raisin Weekend foam fight

Raisin Weekend celebrates the relationship between the Bejants/Bejantines (First-Year students) and their respective Academic Parents who, in St. Andrews' tradition, guide and mentor them in their time at the University. It is traditionally said that students went up to study with a sack of oatmeal and a barrel of salt-herring as staple foods to last them a term and that therefore anything more exotic was seen as a luxury. In return for the guidance from academic parents a further tradition sprang up of rewarding these "parents" with a pound of raisins. Since the 19th century the giving of raisins was steadily transformed into the giving of a more modern alternative – such as a bottle of wine. In return for the raisins or equivalent present the parents give their "children" a formal receipt – the Raisin Receipt – composed in Latin. Over time this receipt progressively became more elaborate and often humorous. The receipt can be written on anything and is to be carried everywhere by the Bejant/Bejantine on the morning of Raisin Monday until midday.[79]

Raisin Weekend is held annually over the last weekend of November. Affairs often begin with a tea party (or similar) thrown by the mother(s) and then a pub-crawl or house party led by the father(s). It is fairly common for several academic families to combine in the latter stages of the revels.[80] At midday all the First-Years gather in Quad of St Salvator's College to compare their receipts and also to be open to challenge from older students who may look for errors in the Latin of the receipt (an almost inevitable occurrence). Upon detection of such error(s) the bearer may be required to sing the Gaudie. In recent years the gathering has culminated in a shaving foam fight.[81] Raisin Weekend has also become synonymous with binge drinking and a certain amount of humiliation of "academic children", commonly involving embarrassing costumes or drinking games. The University Students' Association provides a special First Aid hotline for Raisin Weekend.[82]

Cobblestones

Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where Protestant martyrs were burnt at the stake. To students, the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where Patrick Hamilton was martyred in 1528.[83] According to student tradition, stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed, with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. The 'curse' is said to be lifted by running backwards around St. Salvator's College 8 times whilst naked, or by participating in the May Dip.[84]
St Andrews May Dip 2013

May Dip

The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on May Day. Students usually stay awake until dawn, at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of madrigals sung by the University Madrigal Group.[85] Students purportedly do so to cleanse themselves of any academic sins (which they may have acquired by stepping on the PH cobblestone) before they sit exams in May.[86] In 2011, the event was 'officially' moved by the Students' Association to East Sands in response to concerns for health and safety in its former location on Castle Sands.

In popular culture

The University of St Andrews has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media works, in film and literature.

View of St Andrews from the West Sands.

Film

  • Chariots of Fire (1981) uses West Sands Beach in St Andrews was used as a location for the scene in which several of the main characters run along the beach: it has become widely recognised and one of the most famous scenes in British film history.[87][88]
  • The student hall, Andrew Melville Hall, was used for location shooting of the 2010 film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel, Never Let Me Go starring Keira Knightley.[89]

Outside links

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about University of St Andrews)

References

  1. ↑ "University of St Andrews: Governance". University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/governance. Retrieved 10 August 2014. 
  2. ↑ "The University today". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/theuniversitytoday/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  3. ↑ "International". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/international/. Retrieved 12 August 2014. 
  4. ↑ "Saint Sport". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/sport/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  5. ↑ "The low-down on our traditions". http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/09/the-low-down-on-our-traditions/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  6. ↑ "THE 'Table of Tables' 2016: University of Cambridge top for fifth year running". Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/table-tables-university-cambridge-top-fifth-year-running. Retrieved 15 October 2015. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The Guardian University League Tables 2016". The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2015/may/25/university-league-tables-2016. Retrieved 10 September 2015. 
  8. ↑ "The Times and Sunday Times University League Tables 2015". The Times and Sunday Times. http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide/. Retrieved 10 September 2014. 
  9. ↑ Andrews, Julian. "Top by subject: The best universities in 67 subjects areas". The Sunday Times (The Times). http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/university-guide-2017/top-by-subject-mgbnm672r. Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  10. ↑ "University of St Andrews". Complete University Guide. http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?s=Theology+%26+Religious+Studies. Retrieved 1 May 2015. 
  11. ↑ "National Student Survey". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2014/title,247959,en.php. Retrieved 11 August 2014. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Meadieval university". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/court-office/documents/mediæval_university.pdf. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  13. ↑ Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. W. Clowes and Sons. pp. 173–. https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwPAQAAMAAJ&pg=Pag173. 
  14. ↑ "A brief history of the University". University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/history/brief/. Retrieved 9 January 2016. 
  15. ↑ Lyon, C.J. (1843). "History of St. Andrews, episcopal, monastic, academic, and civil ..., Volume 2". Tait. pp. 230–34. https://books.google.com/books?id=oe49AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=james+V++st+andrews+university+1532&source=bl&ots=NFCF8fETRD&sig=VUFhDUMaUVJAcDQzNuwtwvo937o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT_5Tp1pvKAhVknqYKHWojBsAQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=james%20V%20%20st%20andrews%20university%201532&f=false. Retrieved 9 January 2016. "King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432....There are four ....confirmations by James V; in the year 1532..." 
  16. ↑ "Lindores, Lawrence of, ? 1372–1437, Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland". Gashe.ac.uk. 15 August 2002. http://www.gashe.ac.uk/isaar/P0243.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  17. ↑ "Kennedy, James, ? 1406–1465, Bishop of St Andrews". http://www.gashe.ac.uk/isaar/P0223.html. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  18. ↑ "Beaton, James, d 1539, Archbishop of St Andrews". http://www.gashe.ac.uk/isaar/P0209.html. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  19. ↑ "A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland". Gutenberg.org. 20 April 2005. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2064/2064-h/2064-h.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  20. ↑ "Discovery in archives sheds new light on Jex-Blake's campaign for medical education for women". https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/. 
  21. ↑ "Ladies Literate in Arts". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  22. ↑ "Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  23. ↑ "Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  24. ↑ "St leonards college". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  25. ↑ Kemp, Jackie (20 May 2008). "Americans at St Andrews". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/20/internationalstudents.educationguardian2. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  26. ↑ "US undergraduates choosing UK for their studies". The British Council (London). 27 January 2014. http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/us-undergraduates-choosing-uk-their-studies. Retrieved 27 May 2014. 
  27. ↑ "United College". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/administration/principalsoffice/members/master/. Retrieved 15 February 2013. 
  28. ↑ "St Marys college". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/. Retrieved 15 February 2013. 
  29. ↑ "St Leonards College". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/. Retrieved 15 February 2013. 
  30. ↑ "Faculty of Arts". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/arts/. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  31. ↑ "Faculty of Divinity". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/divinity/. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  32. ↑ "Faculty of Medicine". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/medicine/. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  33. ↑ "Faculty of Science". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/science/. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  34. ↑ "Faculties". https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/. Retrieved 13 August 2014. 
  35. ↑ "University of St Andrews Library". http://copac.ac.uk/about/libraries/st-andrews.html. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 
  36. ↑ "A note on the early history of St Andrews University Library, by R.V. Pringle". Rvpmp.talktalk.net. http://www.rvpmp.talktalk.net/saul/SAULHist.html. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  37. ↑ "St Andrews University Library, Sources for Library History, 1 : A revised transcript of the 'Foundation List' of 1612–13, by R.V. Pringle". Rvpmp.talktalk.net. http://www.rvpmp.talktalk.net/saul/SAULCat1612.html. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  38. ↑ "Rare books". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/rarebooks/. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 
  39. ↑ "Library". University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/why/education/library/. Retrieved 20 July 2014. 
  40. ↑ "DSA Building/Design Report University Library, St Andrews". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=410376. Retrieved 26 May 2014. 
  41. ↑ Compson, Helen (28 February 2008). "Arnhem hero and respected architect dies". Hexham Courant. http://www.hexhamcourant.co.uk/news/2.2978/arnhem-hero-and-respected-architect-dies-1.48705#. Retrieved 26 May 2014. 
  42. ↑ "Grand designers". Living North. http://www.livingnorth.com/northeast/people-places/grand-designers. Retrieved 26 May 2014. 
  43. ↑ "Renovated Library reopens its doors". http://www.thesaint-online.com/2011/09/renovated-library-reopens-its-doors/. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 
  44. ↑ "King James Library – A Short History". King James Library – A Short History. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/rt/kjl/. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 
  45. ↑ "University to develop new library facility in iconic St Andrews church". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2012/title,91379,en.php. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 
  46. ↑ "Museums About us". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/museum/about/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  47. ↑ "Welcoming new stores for the University's museum collections". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/museum/news/ournews/2010/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  48. ↑ "st salvators mace". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/musa/see/starobjects/stsalvatorsmace/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  49. ↑ "MUSA blog". http://museumoftheuniversityofstandrews.wordpress.com/page/7/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  50. ↑ "Collections of national significance". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2008/title,18701,en.php. Retrieved 29 January 2013. 
  51. ↑ "What is there to see? Highlights of the Collection". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/museum/bellpettigrew/see/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  52. ↑ "St salvators chapel". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/universitychapels/stsalvatorschapel/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  53. ↑ Peebles, Cheryl (9 September 2010). "St Salvator's Chapel set to ring in changes". The Courier. http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Community/Heritage-and-History/article/4894/st-salvator-s-chapel-set-to-ring-in-changes.html. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  54. ↑ "St leonards chapel". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/visiting/about/virtualtours/chapels/stleonards/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  55. ↑ "Societies list". http://societies.yourunion.net/action/welcome/. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  56. ↑ "St Andrews ranked top for student clubs". 11 August 2015. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2015/title,273508,en.php. 
  57. ↑ "Union debating about us". http://standrewsdebates.org/the-society/history/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  58. ↑ "Stand News". http://www.stand-news.co.uk/about-us. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  59. ↑ "Foreign Affairs Review". http://www.foreignaffairsreview.co.uk. Retrieved 22 August 2013. 
  60. ↑ "The Tribe, about". http://www.thetribeonline.com/about-2/. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  61. ↑ "About – The Regulus". http://www.theregulus.co.uk/about/. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  62. ↑ "Stereoscope". University of St Andrews. http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/stereoscope/. Retrieved 5 June 2012. 
  63. ↑ "Haasta". University of St Andrews. 27 November 2010. http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/haasta/index.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  64. ↑ "Aporia". https://sites.google.com/site/standrewsphilsoc/journal-aporia. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  65. ↑ "Journal of Art History & Museum and Gallery Studies". University of St Andrews. 10 January 2011. http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/journal/. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  66. ↑ "STAR radio". http://www.standrewsradio.com/. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  67. ↑ "The sinner". http://www.thesinner.net/. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
  68. ↑ "Mermaids about us". http://mermaidstheatre.com/about/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  69. ↑ "Blind Mirth". http://blindmirth.co.uk/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  70. ↑ "What next for the Kate Kennedy tradition in St Andrews?". http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/03/what-next-for-the-kate-kennedy-tradition-in-st-andrews/. Retrieved 5 January 2013. 
  71. ↑ Ward, Victoria; Bolton, Olivia (22 February 2012). "University club splinters". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/9095871/Victory-for-Kate-Middleton-as-men-only-university-club-splinters.html. Retrieved 5 January 2013. 
  72. ↑ "Breaking News: Kate Kennedy Club votes to admit women". http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/03/breaking-news-kate-kennedy-club-votes-to-admit-women/. Retrieved 5 January 2013. 
  73. ↑ "Kate Kennedy Club to admit women". The Stand. 22 March 2012. http://www.stand-news.co.uk/kkc-to-admit-women/. Retrieved 24 May 2013. 
  74. ↑ "All Sports Clubs". University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/sport/clubs/sportsclubs/. Retrieved 20 September 2013. 
  75. ↑ "Saint Sport". http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/sport/. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  76. ↑ "Club History". http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/universityofstandrews/a/history-8900.html. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  77. ↑ "Student Conduct". University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/students/rules/ConductDiscipline/Conduct/. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  78. ↑ "St Andrews Fresher A guide to academic families". http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions&subcontent=academic_families. Retrieved 31 December 2012. 
  79. ↑ BAM Agency Ltd. "St Andrews Students' Association – The Home for St Andrews University Students". Yourunion.net. http://www.yourunion.net/raisin. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  80. ↑ "Raisin Weekend". St. Andrews Freshers. http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions&subcontent=raisin_weekend. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  81. ↑ "Raisin Weekend: Foam, Fondling and Malfeasance at St. Andrews". Spiegel.de. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/raisin-weekend-foam-fondling-and-malfeasance-at-st-andrews-a-583468.html. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  82. ↑ "Raisin Weekend 2012 – University of St Andrews". YouTube. 31 March 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPMTuNYxe20. Retrieved 4 November 2012. 
  83. ↑ Reformation History
  84. ↑ [1]
  85. ↑ "2011 | University of St Andrews". University of St Andrews. 5 May 2011. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/potw/2011/Name,67906,en.html. Retrieved 5 June 2012. 
  86. ↑ "The May Dip". Visit St Andrews. http://www.visitstandrews.com/themaydip/. 
  87. ↑ Chariots of Fire Trivia
  88. ↑ Chariots of Fire beach
  89. ↑ "Film + St. Andrews, Scotland « MUSEYON GUIDES". Museyon.com. http://www.museyon.com/blog/2010/04/20/film-st-andrews-scotland/. Retrieved 3 January 2013. 
  • R.G. Cant The University of St Andrews, A Short History (Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1946)


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