Sulgrave
| Sulgrave | |
| Northamptonshire | |
|---|---|
 St James the Less parish church | |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | SP557453 |
| Location: | 52°6’11"N, 1°11’2"W |
| Data | |
| Population: | 380 (2011) |
| Post town: | Banbury |
| Postcode: | OX17 |
| Dialling code: | 01295 |
| Local Government | |
| Council: | West Northamptonshire |
| Parliamentary constituency: |
Daventry |
| Website: | Sulgrave Village |
Sulgrave is a village in Northamptonshire, in the south of the county about five miles north of Brackley. This is a pretty, rural place, on no great rivers, though a little to the north rises a brook that flows east to join the River Tove, a tributary of the Great Ouse.
Sulgrave manor is an ancestral home of the Washington family, from whom the famed general and first American president, George Washington was descended. As such it attracts many American visitors. The manor known by the Washingtons is not however the oldest grand building to have stood here; the village in ages past had a Norman castle, and a Norman and earlier Anglo-Saxon thegn's hall, traces of which have been found.
Prehistory
Just over a mile north of the village is Barrow Hill, a bowl barrow of the Bronze Age, which is found beside Banbury Lane[1][2] between Culworth and Weston. The barrow is oval, about 130 feet long, 80 feet wide and up to 6½ feet high.[2] It may date from between 2400 and 1500 BC.[2] It may have been surrounded by a ditch, but this can no longer be traced.[2] The mound may have been re-used in the Middle Ages as the base for a windmill.[3] The barrow is largely intact, although it has been partly disturbed by badgers.[2] It is a scheduled monument.[2]
Thegn's hall and castle
Castle Hill, at the west end of the village southwest of the church, is the earthwork remains of an Anglo-Saxon and Norman ringwork castle.[3][4] The northern part of the ringwork was excavated in 1960 and 1976.[3][5]
Evidence was found suggesting that the first construction on the site was a timber-framed hall about 80 feet long[6] and a detached stone and timber building, probably built in the late 10th century.[3] They seem to have been an Anglo-Saxon manor house and separate kitchen.[3] This was followed by the building of the earthen rampart, which is now rounded but may originally have been a straight-sided pentagon.[3]
After the Norman conquest in 1066, the original thegn's hall was replaced with a stone one about 40 feet long and 18 feet wide.[3] Small timber buildings were also added.[3] The earthen ramparts were increased in height in the middle of the 11th century, and again early in the 12th century.[3] The site seems to have been abandoned about 1140.[3] It is a scheduled monument.[5]
After the Norman Conquest Sulgrave was one of the manors granted to Ghilo or Gilo, brother of Ansculf de Picquigny.[7] The Domesday Book of 1086 records that three tenants; Hugh, Landric and Othbert; held Sulgrave of him.[7] In the 12th century the manor of "Solegrave" was still in the fee of Gilo.[8] On both occasions the manor was assessed at four hides.[7][8] In the middle of the 12th century the manor was granted to the Cluniac Priory of St Andrew at Northampton, and the ringwork site was abandoned as a manorial seat.[5]
Manor
In 1538 St Andrew's Priory was suppressed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries and surrendered all its estates to the Crown.[9]
The Washington family
In 1539 or 1540 the Crown sold three manors, including Sulgrave, to Lawrence Washington, a wool merchant who in 1532 had been Mayor of Northampton.[6][10] Washington's descendants retained the manor until 1659, when one of them sold it.[6][10] In 1656 another descendant, John Washington of Purleigh, Essex, emigrated to the Colony of Virginia.[10] He was the great-grandfather of George Washington, who from 1775 commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and in 1789 was elected first President of the United States.[10]
Lawrence Washington had Sulgrave Manor house built in about 1540–60.[10] It is at the northeast end of the village, built of local limestone, with a southwest front, a kitchen and buttery, a great hall, and above it a great chamber and two smaller private chambers. Finds of what seem to be Tudor foundation stones up to 50 feet west of the current house suggest that the original building was substantially larger than the surviving house. The great hall has a stone floor, and its Tudor fireplace contains a salt cupboard carved with Lawrence Washington's initials.[11]
The house has a projecting two-storey southwest porch, over the doorway of which are set in plaster the royal arms of England and initials "ER" commemorating Elizabeth I, who came to the throne in 1558.[6] The doorway spandrels are decorated with the Washington family arms: two bars and three mullets or spur-rowels.[11]
The Hodges family
In about 1673 Sulgrave Manor passed to the Rev Moses Hodges, from whom it passed to his son John Hodges.[10] The lands of Sulgrave manor had become divided into three estates, but John Hodges reunited them.[10] Behind the great hall is a staircase with twisted balusters that was added late in the 17th century.[6] In about 1700 John Hodges had the house rebuilt and enlarged by adding a north-east wing at right angles to the original Tudor building.[10] It contains the Great Kitchen and the Oak Parlour, on the ground floor, beneath two sleeping chambers, now called the White Bedroom and the Chintz Bedroom. Hodges also had a separate brewhouse built at the same time.[10] The Hodges family had the west part of the original house demolished in about 1780.[10] The Hodges sold the house in 1840, by which time it was a dilapidated farmhouse.[10]
Restoration and museum
In 1914 the house was bought by public subscription to celebrate a century of peace between the United Kingdom and the United States of America since the War of 1812.[10] Under the direction of the architect Sir Reginald Blomfield the house was restored in 1920–30 and a new west wing was added in 1921[6] in symmetry with the surviving east wing.[10][12] The house is open to the public[13] and since 1997 has been administered by the Sulgrave Manor Board.[10] It is a Grade I listed building.[10]
Church and chapels
Church of England
The parish church is the Church of St James the Less, built in the 13th and 14th centuries.[14] It is part of the united benefice of Culworth, with Sulgrave and Thorpe Mandeville, and Chipping Warden, with Edgcote and Moreton Pinkney. The church is a Grade II listed building.
The Cluniac Priory of St Andrew, Northampton held the advowson from the 13th century until 1538, when the priory was suppressed.[9]
Baptist and Methodist
In the 19th century a Baptist chapel was built in Little Street and a Methodist one was built in Manor Road.[15] They were used for worship until about 1970.[15] The Methodist chapel has been converted into a house; the Baptist one was demolished in 1976 and replaced with a house.[15]
About the village
The village has an unusual layout, with two streets (Magpie Road/Manor Road and Little Street) running parallel roughly and joined in a figure of eight.[3] In three places there are traces of former mediæval or post-mediæval buildings. At the southwest corner of the village, south of the church, are traces of what may have been houses but are more likely to have been part of the manor complex based around the ringwork.[3] Behind houses on the northwest side of the village are low banks and shallow ditches that suggest closes larger than the current gardens.[3] In the northeast part of the village, on the south side of Manor Road, are traces of house platforms and earth banks that surrounded their closes.[3]
About half a mile southeast of the village is a pillow mound about 40 feet long, 23 feet wide and only 10 inches high, and bounded by a ditch 6 ½ feet wide.[3] It is the remains of an artificial warren for farming rabbits.
Traces of traditional ridge and furrow ploughing survive in much of the parish, and particularly south-east of the village.[3] They are evidence of the open field system of farming that prevailed in the parish until inclosure in 1767.
John and Mary Hodges founded Sulgrave school in the early 18th century as a charity school for poor boys of the parish.[16] The school building, at the corner of Magpie Road and Stockwell Lane, is a stone building which according to its date stone was completed in 1720.[16] It was probably remodelled in the 19th century.[16] It is now the village hall.[16]
A water mill on the stream just north of the village was built in the 18th century and enlarged in the 19th century.[17] In 1788 the miller was a John Brockliss, who ordered machinery from Boulton and Watt.[17] The mill is now a private house but is said to retain an iron mill-wheel made in about 1840.[17] The mill-pond survives.[17]
There was a tower mill about 600 yards northwest of the village. By the 1970s it was derelict[6] but the tower has since been restored as part of a private house.
The parish stocks survive. They are on The Green, at the junction of Magpie Road and Park Lane, and are probably 19th century.[18]
The Star Inn was built in the 18th century[19] and is now the village pub.
Outside links
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Sulgrave) |
References
- ↑ Pevsner & Cherry 1973, p. 422.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 National Heritage List 1010248: Sulgrave Bowl Barrow
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 RCHME 1982, pp. 138–141.
- ↑ Cooper 2006, p. 195.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 National Heritage List 1010111: Castle Hill ringwork west of St James's Church
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Pevsner & Cherry 1973, p. 421.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Adkins & Serjeantson 1902, p. 345.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Adkins & Serjeantson 1902, p. 370.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Serjeantson & Adkins 1906, pp. 102–109
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 National Heritage List 1001040: Sulgrave Manor
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Phillips 2012, p. 104.
- ↑ Phillips 2012, p. 105.
- ↑ Sulgrave Manor Northamptonshire
- ↑ National Heritage List 1040418: Church of St James
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Anonymous 1995
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 National Heritage List 1371863: Village Hall, Magpie Road
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 National Heritage List 1040417: Mill Hollow
- ↑ National Heritage List 1371866: Stocks
- ↑ National Heritage List 1190892: The Star Inn Public House
- Adkins, W.R.D.; Serjeantson, R.M., eds (1902). A History of the County of Northampton. Victoria County History. 1. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 345, 370.
- Anonymous (1995). "The Parish Church of St. James the Less". The Chronicles of a Country Parish. http://www.sulgrave.org/Chronicles/The%20Parish%20Church.html.
- Branscombe, Arthur (April 1907). "Washington's Ancestral Farm: The Manor Farm, Granted To Laurence Washington By Henry VIII". The World's Work: A History of Our Time XIII: 8722–8726. http://books.google.com/books?id=3IfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8722. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- Cooper, Nicholas J, ed (2006). The Archaeology of the East Midlands An Archaeological Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. Leicester Archaeology Monographs. 13. University of Leicester Archaeological Services. pp. 195, 208. ISBN 0-9538914-7-X. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/archaeology-east-midlands/em-res-framework.pdf.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973) [1961]. Northamptonshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 421–422. ISBN 0-14-071022-1.
- Phillips, Charles (2012). Wilson, Richard G. ed. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Castles, Palaces & Stately Houses of Britain & Ireland. London: Lorenz Books. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0754824756.
- [1] - Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England
- Serjeantson, R.M.; Adkins, W.R.D., eds (1906). "The Priory of St. Andrew, Northampton". A History of the County of Northampton. Victoria County History. 2. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 102–109. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40225.
- Smith, H Clifford (1933). Sulgrave Manor and the Washingtons – A History and Guide to the Tudor Home of George Washington's Ancestors. London and New York: Jonathan Cape and Macmillan.