Royal Pavilion

The Royal Pavilion
Sussex
View of the Royal Pavilion
Type:	Palace
Location
Grid reference:	TQ31270420
Location:	50°49’21"N, 0°8’16"W
Town:	Brighton
History
	Built 1787-1823
By:	John Nash
	Palace
	Indo-Saracenic Revival
Information
Owned by:	Brighton & Hove City Council
Website:	Royal Pavilion

The Royal Pavilion, also known as the Brighton Pavilion, is one of the most remarkable, bizarre buildings in the land: an Indian / Chinese pastiche palace which was a scandal of extravagance in its time and now the jewel of Brighton. The town as it is seen today can be said to have been created by the royal court at the pavilion, which made Brighton a town at the height of fashion.

The Royal Pavilion is a former royal residence, standing in the heart of Brighton, on the holiday coast of Sussex. It was built in three stages beginning in 1787 as a seaside retreat for George, Prince of Wales, who became the Prince Regent in 1811, and King in 1820. Externally it is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century, or at least a westerner's idea of that style. The current appearance of the Pavilion, with its domes and minarets, is the work of architect John Nash, who extended the building starting in 1815.

Internally the style changes dramatically to the wildest imaginations of chinoiserie.

History

The Prince Regent Awakening the Spirit of Brighton (Whistler, 1844)

The Prince of Wales, who later became George IV, first visited Brighton for his health in 1783, at the age of 21. The seaside town had become fashionable through the residence of George's uncle, Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland, whose tastes for cuisine, gaming, the theatre, and fast living the young prince shared, and with whom he lodged in Brighton at Grove House. In addition, the Prince of Wales was advised by his physician that the seawater would be beneficial for his gout. In 1786, under a financial cloud with investigation by Parliament for the extravagances incurred in building Carlton House, London, the Prince rented a modest erstwhile farmhouse facing the Steine, a grassy area of Brighton used as a promenade by visitors. Remote from the Royal Court in London, the Pavilion was a discreet location for the Prince to enjoy liaisons with his long-time companion, Maria Fitzherbert. )The Prince had wished to marry her, and in secrecy went through a form of marriage; legally invalid as it was not authorised by the King and unwise due to her Roman Catholic religion.)

The Banqueting Room from John Nash's Views of the Royal Pavilion (1826)

In 1787 the Prince commissioned the designer of Carlton House, Henry Holland, to enlarge the existing building. It became one wing of the Marine Pavilion, flanking a central rotunda, which contained three main rooms: a breakfast room, dining room, and library, fitted out in Holland's French-influenced neoclassical style, with decorative paintings by Biagio Rebecca. In 1801–02 the Pavilion was enlarged with a new dining room and conservatory, to designs of Peter Frederick Robinson, who worked in Holland's office. The Prince also purchased land surrounding the property, on which a grand riding school and stables were built in an Indian style in 1803–08, to designs by William Porden. These provided stabling for 60 horses and dwarfed the Marine Pavilion.

Between 1815 and 1822 the designer John Nash redesigned and greatly extended the Pavilion, and it is his work that is still visible today. The palace is striking in the middle of Brighton, for its Indo-Islamic exterior is unique. The fanciful interior design, primarily by Frederick Crace and the little-known decorative painter Robert Jones, was heavily influenced by both Chinese and Indian fashion (with Mughal architectural elements). It is a prime example of the exoticism that was an alternative to more classicising mainstream taste in the Regency style.

Purchase by Brighton

The Royal Pavilion at dusk

After the death of George IV in 1830, his successor King William IV also stayed in the Pavilion on his frequent visits to Brighton. Queen Victoria, however, disliked Brighton and the lack of privacy at the Pavilion. Brighton became accessible to Londoners by rail in 1841, increasing its popularity with the masses. In addition, the Pavilion was cramped for her growing family. Famously, Queen Victoria disliked the constant attention she attracted in Brighton, saying "the people here are very indiscreet and troublesome".

The Queen purchased an estate and land that was redeveloped for Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, which became the summer home of the royal family. After her last visit to Brighton in 1845, the Government planned to sell the building and grounds. The Brighton Commissioners and the Brighton Vestry successfully petitioned the Government to sell the Pavilion to the town for £53,000 in 1850 under the 'Brighton Improvement (Purchase of the Royal Pavilion and Grounds) Act 1850'. The sale helped fund furnishing of Osborne House.

In 1860, the adjacent royal stables were converted to a concert hall, now known as the Brighton Dome. The town used the building as assembly rooms. Many of the Pavilion's original fixtures and fittings were removed on the order of the royal household at the time of the sale, most ending up either in Buckingham Palace or Windsor Castle. In the late 1860s, Queen Victoria returned to Brighton large quantities of unused fittings. George V and Queen Mary returned more furnishings after the First World War.

Since the end of the Second World War, the municipality of Brighton has spent a great deal of time, effort and money restoring the Pavilion to its state at the time of King George IV. The city was encouraged in the 1950s by the permanent loan of over 100 items of furniture from Queen Elizabeth II. It has undertaken an extensive programme of restoring the rooms, reinstating stud walls, and creating replicas of some original fittings and occasionally pieces of furniture.

First World War

Hospital beds at the Dome during the First World War

The Chattri, marking a funeral pyre of Indian servicemen who died in the hospital

During the First World War, the Pavilion, along with other sites in Brighton, was transformed into a military hospital. From December 1914 to January 1916, sick and wounded soldiers from the Indian Army were treated in the former palace. The Pavilion hospital also incorporated the adjacent Dome and Corn Exchange; these buildings had formerly been part of the large stable complex associated with the palace.

The Pavilion hospital was set up with two operating theatres and over 720 beds. Over 2,300 men were treated at the hospital. Elaborate arrangements were made to cater for the patients' variety of religious and cultural needs. Nine different kitchens were set up in the grounds of the hospital, so that food could be cooked by the soldiers' fellow caste members and co-religionists. Muslims were given space on the eastern lawns to pray facing towards Mecca, while Sikhs were provided with a tented gurdwara in the grounds.

The imperial government highlighted the Pavilion as showing that wounded countrymen of India were being well treated. With the official sanction of the state, a series of photographs were made to show the resplendent rooms converted into hospital wards. (By contrast, few pictures were taken of the local workhouse, renamed the Kitchener Indian Hospital, which was converted to house the majority of wounded troops. It is now known as Brighton General Hospital). The soldiers were visited by Lord Kitchener in July 1915, and King George V in August of the same year, who presented several soldiers with military honours.

The Indian hospital closed at the end of January 1916. Most of the Indian Army had been withdrawn from the Western Front and redeployed to the Middle East.

The Pavilion reopened as a hospital in April 1916. It became a hospital for 'limbless men,' treating British soldiers who had lost arms and legs, usually from amputation. In addition to treating the men's physical needs, a great emphasis was placed on rehabilitating the men by training them in skills and trades. The Pavilion hospital operated until the summer of 1920, when the building was returned to Brighton Corporation.

Roof detail of the Pavilion

Tourism

The purchase of the Royal Pavilion from Queen Victoria, by Brighton, marked the beginnings of the site’s attraction as a tourist destination. The Royal Pavilion has been changed from a private residence to a public attraction under civic ownership. Today, around 400,000 people visit the Royal Pavilion annually.

Outside links

("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Royal Pavilion)

• The Royal Pavilion and Museums
• Images of the Royal Pavilion
• "The Royal Pavilion and Museums Foundation". http://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/get-involved/join-us/. 
• Doctor Brighton's Pavilion The Royal Pavilion as a hospital for soldiers of the British Indian Army during World War I
• "Map of Brighton – Brighton Map based information". http://www.mapofbrighton.com. Retrieved 11 May 2008. 

References

Books

• Dinkel, John, 1983. The Royal Pavilion, Brighton
• Morley, John, 1983. The Making of the Royal Pavilion
• Musgrave, Clifford, 1951. Royal Pavilion: A Study in the Romantic
• Musgrave, Clifford, 1959. Royal Pavilion: An Episode in the Romantic
• Roberts, Henry D, 1939. The History of the Royal Pavilion, Brighton
• Rutherford, Jessica M.F., 2003. A Prince's Passion: The life of the Royal Pavilion.