Royal Military Canal
The Royal Military Canal runs parallel to the coasts of Kent and Sussex for 28 miles, between Seabrook near Folkestone in Kent and Cliff End near Hastings in Sussex, following the old cliff line bordering Romney Marsh. It was constructed as a defence against the possible invasion of Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.
History
Origin and construction
The canal was conceived by Lieutenant-Colonel John Brown of the Royal Staff Corps of field engineers in 1804, during anti-invasion preparations, as defensible barrier to ensure that a French force could not use the Romney Marsh as a bridgehead. It had previously been assumed that the marsh could be inundated in the event of an invasion, but Brown argued that this would take ten days to implement and would cause massive disruption in the event of a false alarm. At a meeting on 26 September 1804, the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of York, both enthusiastically endorsed the scheme. John Rennie (the Elder) was appointed consultant engineer, and Pitt personally persuaded the local landowners to agree to the new canal.
Construction was started at Seabrook, near Hythe in Kent on 30 October 1804. By May 1805 only six miles of the canal had been completed; William Pitt intervened and the contractors and Rennie were dismissed. The work was resumed by the Quartermaster-General’s department with Lt-Col. Brown in command. Civilian navvies dug the canal itself, while soldiers built the ramparts; up to 1,500 men were employed in the project.[1] It was constructed in two sections: the longer section starts at Hythe and ends at Iden Lock in Sussex; the second, smaller section, runs from the foot of Winchelsea Hill to Cliff End. Both sections are linked by the Rivers Rother and River Brede. Artillery batteries were generally located every 500 yards, where the canal was staggered to create a salient, allowing the guns to enfilade the next stretch of water. A military road was built on the inland side of the canal, and crossings consisted of moveable wooden bridges.[2] Any troops stationed or moving along the military road would have been protected by the earthen bank of the parapet, which was piled up with excavated soil. The canal was completed in April 1809 at a total cost of £234,000;[3] it was hoped that tolls for use of the waterway and road would help to defray the cost. In addition to these works, a number of Martello Towers were built to protect the vulnerable sluices that controlled the water level in the canal, being Towers Number 22 to 27 and 30, three of them are still standing.[4]
In the event, Napoleon never attempted to cross the Channel, and it was never discovered whether the Grande Armée that had swept across the Rhine and the Vistula would be stopped by a ditch.
Peacetime use
Despite the fact that the canal never saw military action, it was used to try to control smuggling from Romney Marsh. Guard houses were constructed at each bridge along its length. This met with limited success. Although a barge service was established from Hythe to Rye, the canal was abandoned in 1877 and leased to the Lords of the Level of Romney Marsh.
Second World War
During the early stages of Second World War, during preparations for a threatened German invasion, the canal was manned by 31st Independent Brigade Group, who fortified each salient with a concrete pillbox and barbed wire entanglements; numerous pillboxes survive today.[5] In the German invasion plan, codenamed Operation Sea Lion, the paratroopers of the 7th Flieger-Division were tasked with a parachute landing to secure crossing points across the Royal Military Canal on the first day of the invasion.[6]
The canal today
There is a public path, known as the Royal Military Canal Path, running the entire length of the canal. The path is part of the longer 163-mile Saxon Shore Way. Aside from being historically significant in its own right, the path passes by numerous wartime pillboxes and unusual acoustic mirrors, the historic cinque port towns of Hythe, Winchelsea and Rye, the 12th century St Rumwold's church, as well as Lympne and Camber castles.
The canal is an important environmental site. The Environment Agency is the navigation authority and uses the waterway to manage water levels on Romney Marsh and Walland Marsh. It is important for fish and other wildlife, including kingfishers, dragonflies and marsh frogs, and it passes through several Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
Outside links
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Royal Military Canal) |
- Location map: 50°58’39"N, 0°45’19"E
- Royal Militay Canal - The Romney Marsh Countryside Project
- The new Royal Military Canal
References
- ↑ Royal Military Canal – History - Romney Marsh Countryside Project
- ↑ Lowry, Bernard (2006), Discovering Fortifications: From the Tudors to the Cold War, Shire Publications Ltd, ISBN 0-7478-0651-9 (p. 50)
- ↑ Hadfield 1969, pp. 38-42.
- ↑ Clements, Bill (2011), Martello Towers Worldwide, Pen & Sword Books Limited, ISBN 978-1-84884-535-0
- ↑ "Defence Area 36 - Royal Military Canal: Bilsington / Ruckinge". The Archaeology Data Service. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue//adsdata/arch-455-1/dissemination/pdf/Text_Reports/DA36_TEXT_-_ROYAL_MILITARY_CANAL.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ↑ "Unternehmen Seelöwe (Sealion)". Axis History. 25 January 2011. http://www.axishistory.com/other-aspects/campaigns-a-operations/134-campaigns-a-operations/campaigns-a-operations/2083-unternehmen-seeloewe-sealion. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- Foot, William (2006). Beaches, fields, streets, and hills… : the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940. York: Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 1-902771-53-2.