25 Brook Street
| 25 Brook Street | |
| Middlesex | |
|---|---|
| |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TQ28758097 |
| Location: | 51°30’47"N, 0°8’45"W |
| City: | Westminster |
| History | |
| Address: | 25 Brook Street |
| Built 1725 | |
| Town house | |
| Information | |
25 Brook Street is a house in in Mayfair in the West End of London with a shop on the ground floor and a museum in the upper parts. It is a Grade I listed building.[1]
The upper storey of both No. 25 and neighbouring No. 23 function as a museum, called Handel & Hendrix in London, dedicated to the lives and works of the German-born British baroque composer George Frideric Handel and the American rock singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who lived at 25 and 23 Brook Street respectively, although not at the same time, obviously. Originally it was the Handel House Museum. No 23 is also a listed building.[2]
Handel made his home in London in 1712 and eventually became a British subject in 1727. Handel was the first occupant of 25 Brook Street, which he rented from 1723 until his death there in 1759. Almost all his works after 1723, amongst them many of his best-known operas, oratorios and ceremonial music, were composed and partially rehearsed in the house, which contained a variety of keyboard instruments, including harpsichords, a clavichord and a small chamber organ.
The museum
The museum was opened in 2001 by the Handel House Trust as the result of an initiative of the musicologist and Handelian Stanley Sadie in 1959. It comprises a carefully restored set of period rooms on the first and second floors of 25 Brook Street together with exhibition rooms in number 23, the adjacent house on the terrace. In 2016 the museum expanded to incorporate the upper floors of 23 Brook Street, home of Jimi Hendrix in the late 1960s.
The original idea for establishing a museum at 25 Brook Street to commemorate its original and most notable occupant first occurred to the musicologist Stanley Sadie in 1959, at a party held there by the fashion company Viyella to commemorate the bicentenary of Handel's death. After a further 30 years, in the early 1990s Sadie and his wife Julie Anne set up the Handel House Trust, the charity which oversaw the conversion of the house into a museum.[3]
The house has been restored to look as it did during Handel's 36-year occupancy from 1723 to 1759. A typical early 18th century London terrace house, it comprises a basement, three main storeys and an attic, and Handel was the first occupant. The attic was later converted into a fourth full floor. The ground floor is a shop not associated with the Museum, and the upper floors are leased to a charity called the Handel House Trust, and have been open to the public since 8 November 2001.
The interiors have been restored to the somewhat spartan style of the Georgian era, using mostly architectural elements from elsewhere, since, apart from the staircase, few of the original interior features survived.
The Handel House Collection Trust has assembled a collection of Handel memorabilia, including the Byrne Collection of several hundred items, which was acquired in 1998.
History
Handel acquired 25 Brook Street in the summer of 1723, shortly after having been appointed by King George II as composer to the Chapel Royal, for which he was paid £400 per annum. The house had been newly built with Nos. 23, 27/29 and 31 by George Barnes as part of the planned extension of Brook Street, linking Hanover Square with Grosvenor Square, between 1717 and 1726. Originally, as a foreign national, Handel was not eligible to buy or take long-term leases on property in London; and even when he was naturalised as a British subject in 1727, Handel continued renting the property on short-term leases. The fact that he remained there for the rest of his life, almost 40 years, is remarkable, since opera composers at the time were rarely of fixed abode; prior to that, Handel had been lodged in the homes of friends and patrons. At the age of 38, Handel had become accepted within the higher echelons of British society, with whom he freely mixed. His immediate neighbours on either side were from the upper middle classes and initially included the Member of Parliament, John Monckton, who later became the first Viscount Galway in 1727.[4]
The layout of the rooms followed the conventions for a modest Georgian townhouse: the basement contained the kitchens; on each of the three floors above, there was a front room and a smaller back room with an adjacent closet; under the roof were garrets for servants.[5]
The larger front first room was used for rehearsal and probably contained a harpsichord and a small house chamber organ. The museum currently contains a reproduction of a period harpsichord of the Flemish firm Ruckers; a reproduction of a period chamber organ, based on the designs of the organ-builders Richard Bridge and Thomas Parker, was made for the Handel House Trust in 1998 and can be seen in Handel's parish church, St George's, Hanover Square, round the corner from Brook Street.[5]
From the 1730s onwards there are many references to rehearsals of operas and oratorios at Brook Street by Handel's friends and fellow musicians. Listening to a rehearsal of Alcina with the soprano Anna Maria Strada, Mrs Pendarves commented, "Whilst Mr Handel was playing his part, I could not help thinking him a necromancer in the midst of his enchantments." Messiah was also rehearsed there; the lead violinist Abraham Wilson recounted to the musicologist Charles Burney "how civilly he had been attended by him [Handel] to the door, and how carefully cautioned, after being heated by a crowded room and hard labour, at the rehearsal in Brook-street, not to stir without a [Sedan] chair."[6]
The adjacent room at the rear of the house was Handel's composing room and probably contained Handel's clavichord, an instrument Handel used when composing, portable enough to be taken on journeys and which, according to an anecdote oft-repeated by his biographers, he secretly played as a child in the garret of his house, in defiance of his father. Handel's clavichord was built in 1726 by the Italian instrument maker Annibale Traeri from Modena; it is now in the Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery in Kent.[7]
The remaining rooms on the second floor comprised a main bedroom containing a full four poster bed 'tester bed' dressed in crimson harateen, connected to a dressing room and closet in the back. The servants, three or more in number, occupied the garret rooms on the floor above.[5]
Handel used his house not only for entertainment, composition and rehearsal, but also for business: in the late 1730s the scores of Alexander's Feast and other works could be purchased directly there. His home also contained an extensive George Frideric Handel's art collection|art collection, and by the end of his life Handel possessed over 80 paintings and prints, including works by Watteau, Teniers and Poussin.[5]
After Handel's death in 1759, his musical instruments passed to John Christopher Smith and his son of the same name: the father had been summoned from the continent by Handel to act as his copyist when Handel first arrived in London; and his son had acted as amanuensis and assistant when Handel's blindness prevented him from writing and conducting in his later years.[8] The tenancy of the house and Handel's clothing passed to his servant John Du Burk. The detailed inventory,[9] a transcript of which is now stored in the British Library, gives a clear guide as to how the house was decorated and used. Apart from the conversion of the garrets into a fourth storey in the 1830s, the house remained largely unchanged until 1905, when C. J. Charles converted the house into a shop, removing the original façade and the internal dividing walls. It was subsequently occupied by interior decorators and antiques dealers. In 1971 it was acquired by the Co-operative Insurance Society and the Handel House Trust has leased the upper storeys of the property since 2000.[5]
The house
No. 25 is a terrace house, built in around 1725 with 19th and 20th century alterations. It has a dark red brick, slate roof and extends up to four storeys. The ground floor is today a modern shop front. The interior much altered but retains dog-leg staircase with open string and carved brackets to tread ends, turned and twisted banisters
| “ | 2 pr Stairs foreward a bedstead with whole teaster Crimson haritten furniture a feather bed bolster 2 pillows a White Mattress three blanketts & a Quilt 3 pr of Red Window Curtains & Rods a Stove Tongs & Poker. 6 Old Matted Chairs a Round Close Stool & white pann a Wicker Fire Screen a Glass in Wall'd frame |
” |
—An Inventory of the Household Goods of George Frederick Handel, Esqr, Deceased taken at his Late Dwelling House on Upper Brook Street, St. George's, Hanover Square, 27 August 1759 | ||
When the Handel House Trust leased 25 Brook Street in 2000, it had already been decided that Handel's rooms on the first and second floors would be restored to their prior eighteenth century state as far as possible. This was justified by the fact that it was only Handel's occupancy that had led to the classification as a Grade I listed building and by the presence of an internal period staircase in near perfect condition. Later partition walls were removed to restore the original Georgian room plans. The refurbishment of the interior, including panelling, shutters, window seats and cornices, was based primarily on period details from the adjacent house at 27/29 Brook Street. Three marble Georgian fireplaces, formerly in Russell Street, Covent Garden, were installed in the first floor rooms and bedroom. The floorboards were replaced with old wood, treated with lime and wax, and the ceilings refinished with lime plaster.[10]
Careful research revealed samples of the original 1720s paint on woodwork on the staircase and surviving second floor door, which in its history had been painted 28 times. The original colour was lead grey throughout the house and No. 27/29; the door had been subsequently painted chocolate brown, a colour popular in Georgian times for concealing grime. These are the colours that have been used to redecorate the house, with more grey on the first floor to indicate its importance.
The detailed two page inventory from August 1759, made after more valuable items had been removed, gave a guide to the furnishings of the house. The paired curtains mentioned in the inventory, although in vogue in the 1720s, had fallen out of fashion by the 1750s. On the first floor the curtains would have been of green silk, but are listed only for the back room; possibly there were none in the rehearsal room in the front for acoustic reasons.[11]
Most of the furniture was in walnut with a few tables in oak. Although none of Handel's original furniture has been found, pieces have been placed in the rooms which adhere as closely as possible to the inventory. The large full tester bed with it crimson harateen hangings has been reconstructed, using a period bed; the woven wool fabric and silk braid for the upholstery and curtains were prepared based on a full tester bed at Hanbury Hall, Worcestershire. The bed linen, pillows and quilt mentioned in the inventory have been recreated using items from the Historic Royal Palaces.[12]
23 Brook Street
The museum incorporates the upper floors of its neighbour at 23 Brook Street, which was the home of American rock singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix in 1968–1969. These rooms were used for temporary exhibitions and events, but after fundraising, these and the rest of the rooms from the Hendrix apartment were opened to the public in February 2016 as "Handel and Hendrix in London".[13] One exhibit permanently on display here is a collection of Hendrix's old records. Both houses have blue plaques for their respective occupants.
Outside links
- Handel & Hendrix in London
- Exorcist called to banish ghost in Handel's house, Daily Telegraph
- Handel exhibition suggests his poison was the lead in his wine: The Guardian
References
- ↑ National Heritage List 1066382: 25, Brooke Street (Grade I listing)
- ↑ National Heritage List 1219852: 23, Brook Street (Grade II listing)
- ↑ Vickers 2001
- ↑ Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001, pp. 7,23.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001
- ↑ Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001, pp. 70–73.
- ↑ Brauchli 1998: A handwritten label on the inside lid of Handel's clavichord reads: "This Clavichord belonged to Handel, who used it for composition, when travelling; it subsequently came into possession of my Father, George James Cholomondeley, Esqre, who died in 1830 ... Frances Buchanan Riddell, Harrietsham Rectory, Maidstone."
- ↑ Van Til 2007.
- ↑ Schoelcher 2009, pp. 344–345.
- ↑ Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001, pp. 26–29.
- ↑ Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001, pp. 31–32.
- ↑ Riding, Burrows & Hicks 2001, p. 32.
- ↑ "Jimi Hendrix house retuned for future". BBC News. 10 February 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35531762.
- Riding, Jacqueline; Burrows, Donald; Hicks, Anthony (2001). Handel House Museum Companion. University of California: Handel House Trust. ISBN 0-9541670-0-7. https://archive.org/details/handelhousemuseu0000ridi.
- Schoelcher, Victor (1857). Life of Handel. Translated by J. Lowe (2nd ed.). University of Oxford: Tiger of the Stripe. ISBN 1-904799-38-8. https://archive.org/details/lifehandeltrbyj00schogoog.
- Brauchli, Bernard (1998). The Clavichord. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63067-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=cDUBAAAAQAAJ.
- Van Til, Maria (2007). George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover's Guide to His Life, His Faith & the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios. Youngstown, NY: WordPower Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9794785-0-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8fz2qwjpwC.