Elizabeth Castle
| Elizabeth Castle | |
|
Bailiwick of Jersey | |
|---|---|
 Elizabeth Castle at high tide | |
| Type: | Castle |
| Location | |
| Location: | 49°10’30"N, 2°7’30"W |
| Town: | St Helier |
| History | |
| Built from 1595 | |
| Battles: | Battle of Jersey Third Civil War |
| Information | |
| Condition: | Intact |
Elizabeth Castle is a castle and tourist attraction, on a tidal island within Saint Helier Parish on the isle of Jersey. Construction was started in the 16th century when the power of cannon meant that the existing stronghold at Mont Orgueil was insufficient to defend the Island and the port of St Helier was vulnerable to attack by ships armed with cannon.
The castle is named after Queen Elizabeth I, who reigned during the time it was built.
History
The tidal island called L'Islet (The Islet) lying in St Aubin's Bay, became the site of the Abbey (later Priory) of Saint Helier. At the Henrician Reformation, the Crown confiscated the monastic buildings at the Reformation. Surviving buildings were used for military purposes.
16th century
Upper Ward
Construction of the earliest parts of the castle, the Upper Ward including the Queen Elizabeth Gate, began in 1594. This work was carried out by the Flemish military engineer Paul Ivy.[1]
The Governors of Jersey moved their official residence from Mont Orgueil to Elizabeth Castle when the latter was built at the end of the sixteenth century. It was Sir Walter Raleigh, Governor of Jersey between 1600 and 1603, who named the castle 'Elizabeth Castle' after the Queen.
17th century
Lower Ward
The Lower Ward was built between 1626 and 1636 on the site of the ruined Abbey church. This area of the castle became a parade ground, surrounded by a barrack building and officers' quarters. Wells and cisterns for water existed within this area.
Civil War
The castle was first used in a military context during the Civil War in the 17th century. The Prince of Wales visited the castle in 1646. He came again in September 1649, after his father had been beheaded that year and so came as King Charles II, staying in the Governor's House,[2] Charles had been proclaimed King by governor Sir George Carteret, despite the abolition of the monarchy in England, in February 1649. In 1651, a windmill was constructed half-way between Fort Charles and the Lower Ward. In the same year, the Parliamentarian forces landed in Jersey and bombarded the castle with mortars. The destruction of the mediæval Abbey church in the heart of the castle complex which had been used as the storehouse for ammunition and provisions forced Carteret to surrender on 15 December 1651 after being besieged for seven weeks.[2] Jersey was held by Parliamentarians for the next nine years until the restoration of the monarchy.
In 1688, or shortly afterwards, King William's Gate was built, which is located between the Outer Ward, and Lower Ward.
18th century
Seven Years' War
During the Seven Years' War, French prisoners were kept at the island. Perhaps the most well known was Jean-Louis Le Loutre.
The castle was next involved in conflict in the late 18th century, in the war with France which accompanied the American Revolutionary War. French soldiers under Baron Phillipe de Rullecourt landed in St Helier on 6 January 1781, and the castle garrison was marooned. The governor Moise Corbet was tricked into surrendering to the French, but the castle garrison under Captain Mulcaster refused to surrender. The French were eventually defeated by troops under Major Francis Peirson at the Battle of Jersey. Both Peirson and de Rullecourt were killed during the battle.
The perceived vulnerability of the Island led to the construction of Fort Regent on Le Mont de la Ville, purchased by the British government from the Vingtaine de la Ville overlooking the Town. Fort Regent became the site of the main British garrison.
19th century
A two-story barracks hospital building was constructed in the early 19th century.
A plan to link the castle to the mainland as part of an ambitious harbour project in the 19th century was abandoned. A breakwater linking L'Islet to the Hermitage Rock on which the Hermitage of Saint Helier is built remains, and is used by anglers.
20th century
The British government withdrew the garrison and relinquished the castle to the States of Jersey in 1923. The States then opened it to the public as a museum.
During the Second World War the Germans, who occupied the Channel Islands, modernised the castle with guns, bunkers and battlements. After the Liberation, the castle was repaired and was eventually re-opened to the public.
21st century
Each year, on the Sunday closest to St Helier's Day, 16 July, a municipal and ecumenical pilgrimage is held to visit the Hermitage. As part of the pilgrimage an open-air service is held within the castle. Other cultural events, such as concerts and historical re-enactments are also held from time to time.
On 4 June 2012, a beacon was lit to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years of reign. A fireworks display followed.
Historic monument
Today, Jersey Heritage administers the site as a museum. Among the historical displays is the regimental museum of the Royal Jersey Militia that holds several centuries of military memorabilia. There is also a museum that discusses the evolution of cannons and fortifications that holds several pieces from the nineteenth century, and earlier.
Every Sunday through the season when the castle is open, a team of Historical Interpreters recreate the garrison of 1781, at the time of the battle of Jersey. They give displays of musket and cannon firing, and civilian life.
Access to the castle is via a causeway from St Helier at low tide, or on a castle ferry. There are two ferries, Charming Betty and Charming Nancy, which are wading vehicles that can reach the castle regardless of tide height, weather permitting. A one-way trip when the tide is high takes about 15 minutes.
Outside links
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Elizabeth Castle) |
References
- ↑ Castles in Jersey
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hoskins, S Elliott. Charles the Second in the Channel Islands Vol II. Richard Bentley 1854.
- Brian Bell (2000), Insight Guide Channel Islands, APA Publications
- A conservation plan for Elizabeth Castle, Jersey