Crawford Castle
Crawford Castle, substantially in ruins, is located on the north bank of the River Clyde, around half a mile north of Crawford, Lanarkshire. The ruins stand on an earlier motte-and-bailey earthwork. The castle was formerly known as Lindsay Tower, after its former owners, the Lindsay family. The strategic location of the castle guards the approach into the upper Clyde Valley.
History
Archaeological excavations to the north-west of the castle have shown that a Roman fort, with a garrison of perhaps 300, existed at this site between AD 80 and AD 170.[1]
This site was the administrative centre for the Barony of Crawford, at that time the largest and most influential barony in southern Scotland. The Barony was established before 1100 when records of the period show Thorlongus of the Merse as Overlord of Crawford. From this line descended the surname of Crawford as the original occupants of the barony. Crawford Castle was in existence by 1175,[2] and was probably built as an earthwork and timber castle some time before this by the Crawford family.
The Lindsay family inherited half of the Barony of Crawford (the parish of Crawford) via a marriage in 1215 to the younger daughter of Sir John Crawford, who died in 1246 without male issue. (Sir John's elder daughter Margaret married a Douglas scion.) The Crawford family retained the other half (the parish of Crawfordjohn), as the Barony had been divided among the Crawford family four generations earlier. From an early date, the Clan Carmichael of Meadowflat acted as hereditary constables of the castle, retaining this post under successive owners.
In 1398, Robert II granted the title of Earl of Crawford to David Lindsay, who had won great praise on St George’s Day, 23 April 1390 for bravery in a duel with the Englishman Baron Welles on London Bridge after Welles, at a banquet in Edinburgh, and presumably after too much alcohol issued, as Champion of England, the challenge: "Let words have no place; if ye know not the Chivalry and Valiant deeds of Englishmen; appoint me a day and a place where ye list, and ye shall have experience."[3][4]
At the accession of James IV in 1488 the barony of Crawford was transferred to Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus for supporting his father, James III, against the young prince's rebellion. The Earls of Angus held the castle until 1578, when their estates were forfeited by the young James V. James used Crawford as a hunting lodge until his own death in 1542. His mistress, Elizabeth Carmichael, was the daughter of the hereditary constable.
After 1542 the barony was returned to the Earls of Angus, the keepership of the Carmichaels of Meadowflat coming to an end in 1595. In 1633 the 11th earl was created Marquess of Douglas, and the castle was probably rebuilt after this date. The castle then passed to the Duke of Hamilton, before being sold to Sir George Colebrooke in the 18th century. After a period of use as a farmhouse, the building was abandoned at the end of the 18th century, and much of the stone reused to build the present Crawford Castle Farm. Four stone tablets bearing coats of arms, one with the date 1648, are built into the west and south walls of the Castle Crawford House.[5]
Ruins
The early earthworks of Crawford Castle comprise a motte around 16 ft high, with a surrounding ditch and a bailey some 50 by 35 yards to the south-west. On the motte are the remains of a curtain wall, surrounding an enclosure around 66ft square. There may have been round towers at the corners of this enclosure, which probably dates to the 16th or early 17th centuries. A range of buildings on the south-west side of the castle were built at around the same time. This tower-like range was of three storeys, plus an attic, with a vaulted basement and projecting chimney-breast. To the south-east, a second range was added later in the 17th century, providing more spacious accommodation with larger windows. The prominent arched recess in the east wall suggests that a single storey building of some kind projected from the main structure at this location.[6] Much of the present remains probably date from the 17th century rebuilding by the Marquess of Douglas.
Crawford Castle is specified in a list of monuments published by the Minister of Public Building and Works under the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument and is a Category B Listed Building. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland lists the site as a castle or motte.
Footnotes
- ↑ National Monuments Record of Scotland, Site Reference NS92SE 2 [1].
- ↑ National Monuments Record of Scotland, citing G. V. Irving & A. Murray (1864), The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, 3v, Glasgow, 81-82,106-106; The New Statistical Account of Scotland, 15v, Edinburgh, Vol. 6 (Lanark 1845), 331.
- ↑ Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, p.61.
- ↑ Wells, Ronald Ancient Ancestors with Modern Descendants, 7th Ed., pp. 400-409 [2], and 700-709 [3].
- ↑ NMRS Site Number NS92SE 3 [4].
- ↑ McGibbon, Page 227, v. IV.
References
- Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, p. 61 [5]
- Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
- Crawfurd, G. (1716), Peerage of Scotland, Account of Nobility, George Stewart Publisher, Paisley, Scotland.
- Crawfurd, G. (1782), The History of the Shire of Renfrew, Alexander Weir Publisher, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Lindsay, Maurice The Castles of Scotland, Constable & Co. 1986
- Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
- MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887–92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Mercat Press : Edinburgh.
- Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993
- National Monuments Record of Scotland Site Number NS92SE 3 [6]
