Cerne Abbas Giant

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The Cerne Abbas Giant

The Cerne Abbas Giant is a hill figure near the village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset. Fully 180 feet high, it depicts a standing nude male figure with a prominent membrum virile and wielding a large club in its right hand. Like many other hill figures it is outlined by shallow trenches cut in the turf and backfilled with chalk rubble.

The figure is listed as a scheduled monument and the site is owned by the National Trust.

The origin and age of the figure are unclear. It is often thought of as an ancient construction, though the earliest mention of it dates to the late 17th century. Early antiquarians associated it, on little evidence, with a Saxon deity, while other scholars sought to identify it with a Celtic British figure of the Greek Hercules or some syncretisation of the two. There is archaeological evidence that parts of the drawing have been lost over time. The lack of earlier descriptions, along with information given to an 18th-century historian by the steward of the manor at the time, leads some modern scholars to conclude that it probably dates from the 17th century, and perhaps originated as political satire.

Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important part of local culture and folklore, which often associates it with fertility. It is one of Britain's best known hill figures and is a visitor attraction in the region.

Description

Cerne Abbas Giant on 1891 Ordnance Survey map

The Giant is to be found just outside the small village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, about twenty-five miles west of Poole and sixteen miles north of Weymouth. The figure depicts a naked man and is of colossal dimensions, being about 180 feet high and 167 feet wide. It is cut into the steep west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill[1] or Trendle Hill.[2][3] Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age earthwork known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".[4] The figure's outline is formed by trenches cut into the turf about 2 feet deep, and filled with crushed chalk.[1] In his right hand the giant holds a knobbled club 121 feet in length,[5] A line across the waist has been suggested to represent a belt.[6] Writing in 1901 in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is petrographic ... It is, therefore, a rock carving ... (2) It is colossal ... (3) It is nude. ... (4) It is ithyphallic ... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."[7]

A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak in its left arm and stood over a disembodied head.[8] The former presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008 when a team of archaeologists using special equipment determined that part of the carving had been allowed to be obliterated. The cloak might have been a depiction of an animal skin, giving credence to the theory that the giant was a depiction of a hunter, or alternatively, Hercules with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm. In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn it away.[9][10]

The Giant has been described as "renowned for its manhood",[11] "markedly phallic",[12] "sexually explicit"[13] and "ithyphallic".[14] The Giant sports an erection, including its testicles, some 36 feet long, and nearly the length of its head.[15] It has been called "Britain's most famous phallus";[16] one commentator noted that postcards of the Giant were the only indecent photographs that could be sent through the Post Office.[17] However, this feature may also have changed over time. From a review of historical depictions of the figure, it has been identified that the Giant's current large erection is, in fact, the result of merging a circle representing his navel with a smaller penis during a 1908 re-cut: the navel still appears on a late 1890s picture postcard.[18]

The carving is most commonly known as the Cerne Abbas Giant.[19][20][21][22] The carving has also been referred to as the "Old Man",[23] and more recently it has been referred to as the "Rude Man" of Cerne.[24][25]

History

Early accounts

Like several other chalk figures carved into the countryside, the Cerne Abbas Giant is often thought of as an ancient creation. However, as with many of the other figures, its history cannot be traced back further than the late 17th century, making an origin during the Iron Age, Roman or even Early Mediæval periods difficult to demonstrate. Mediæval sources refer to the hill on which the giant is located as Trendle Hill – possibly in reference to the nearby landmark known as the Trendle.[2][4] Joseph Bettey noted that none of the earlier sources for the area, including a detailed 1617 land survey, refer to the giant, suggesting that it might not have been there at the time.[26] In contrast, the Uffington White Horse has been shown to be 3,000 years old, and there are references to it across the ages.[27]

The earliest known written reference to the giant is a 4 November 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas, which reads "for repairing ye Giant, 3 shillings".[28][29] In 1734, The Bishop of Bristol noted and inquired about the giant during a Canonical visitation to Cerne Abbas. The bishop's account, as well as subsequent observations such as those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1764.[30][31] Additionally, in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter.[32]

Beginning in 1763 descriptions of the giant appeared in contemporary magazines. The earliest known survey was published in the Royal Magazine in September 1763. Derivative versions subsequently appeared in the October 1763 St James Chronicle, the July 1764 Gentleman's Magazine[30][33] and the 1764 edition of The Annual Register.[30][34] [35][36] [37] In 1774, the antiquarian John Hutchins reviewed various previous accounts in his book The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset: in it, he wrote that the carving had only been done in the previous century.[30]

The earliest known drawing of the Giant appears in the August 1764 issue of Gentleman's Magazine.[33] A map referred to as the "1768 Survey Map of Cerne Abbas by Benjamin Pryce" is held at the Dorset History Centre.[38] However, a record at the National Archives notes that "the cartouche refers to Lord Rivers by that title which he did not acquire until 1776. Numbers on the map appear to correspond with the survey of 1798".[39] By the Victorian period (after 1837) the penis was removed from academic and tourist depictions, in line with the prevailing views on modesty at the time.

  • Cerne Abbas Giant at different dates
  • 1764, first known drawing, from the Gentleman's Magazine[33]
    1764, first known drawing, from the Gentleman's Magazine[33]
  • 1764 sketch, sent to the Society of Antiquaries of London[40]
    1764 sketch, sent to the Society of Antiquaries of London[40]
  • 1842 drawing by John Sydenham[41]
    1842 drawing by John Sydenham[41]
  • 1892 drawing by the author and antiquarian, William Plenderleath[42]
    1892 drawing by the author and antiquarian, William Plenderleath[42]

Interpretation

A number of studies of the giant have been undertaken. In 1896 the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society noted the consensus of members that the giant was "of very great antiquity".[43] Modern histories of the Cerne Giant have been published by Bettey 1981, Legg 1990, and Darvill et al. 1999.[44]

Layout of the giant with the obliterated line (in yellow) reconstructed

There are three main theories concerning the age of the Giant, and whom he might represent:[45]

  1. The first argues that the Giant was created in the 17th century, perhaps by Lord Holles, who held the Cerne Abbas estate by right of his second wife Jane, and perhaps as a parody of Oliver Cromwell.[46]
  2. The second idea is that the Giant is a creation of the Romano-British culture, because the Giant resembles the Roman god Hercules (the Greek god Heracles).
  3. The third idea is that the Giant is of Celtic origin, because it is stylistically similar to a Celtic god on a skillet handle found at Hod Hill, Dorset, and dated to around AD 10 to AD 51.

A Saxon origin was also suggested by early antiquarians, who associated the figure with a Saxon god whose name contained some variant of the element Hel-.[47] This god is attested in several mediæval and early modern texts, and was associated with the Cerne Abbas Giant by an editor of a 1789 edition of William Camden's Britannia and by William Stukeley, who indicated that locals referred to the giant as "Helis".[48] A Saxon origin is unlikely, but Stukeley was also the first to hypothesize that the figure was Hercules, a suggestion that has found more support.[48][49] Some 19th-century sources describe the giant as having "between his legs, three rude letters, scarcely legible, and over them in modern figures, 748", (rude meaning "roughly cut") and being the representation of Cenric, the son of Cuthred, King of Wessex.[50][51]

Proponents of a 17th-century origin suggest that the giant was carved around the time of the Civil War by servants of the Lord of the Manor, Denzil Holles, and was intended as a parody of Oliver Cromwell.[52] This theory is supported by the 1774 account given by the antiquarian John Hutchins, who also noted in a letter of 1751 that the steward of the manor had told him that the figure "was a modern thing, cut out in Lord Hollis' time".[4] Cromwell was sometimes mockingly referred to as "England's Hercules" by his enemies. While Holles, the MP for Dorchester and a leader of the Presbyterian faction in Parliament, had been a key Parliamentarian supporter during the First Civil War, he grew to personally despise Cromwell and attempted to have him impeached in 1644. [53] The fact that there is no mediæval documentary evidence of the figure supports this date of origin, and the possibility that the giant parodies Cromwell as Hercules is further strengthened by the 1996 discovery of the cloak, as Hercules was often depicted with a cloak made from the Nemean Lion's skin.[48] Under this interpretation, the club has been suggested to hint at Cromwell's military rule, and the phallus to mock his Puritanism.[54]

Modern history

In 1920, the giant and the one acre site where he stands was donated to the National Trust by its then land-owners, Alexander and George Pitt-Rivers,[55] and it is now listed as a Scheduled Monument.[1]

During the Second World War the giant was camouflaged with brushwood by the Home Guard in order to prevent use as a landmark for enemy aircraft.[56][57]

According to the National Trust, the grass is trimmed regularly and the giant is fully re-chalked every 25 years. Traditionally, the National Trust has relied on sheep from surrounding farms to graze the site.[58] However, in 2008 a lack of sheep, coupled with a wet spring causing extra plant growth, forced a re-chalking of the giant,[59] with 17 tons of new chalk being poured in and tamped down by hand.[60] In 2006, the National Trust carried out the first wildlife survey of the Cerne Abbas Giant, identifying wild flowers including the green-winged orchid, clustered bellflower and autumn gentian, which are uncommon in Britain.[61]

In 1921 Walter Long of Gillingham, Dorset objected to the giant's nudity and conducted a campaign to either convert it to a simple nude, or to cover its supposed obscenity with a leaf.[13] Long's protest gained some support, including that of two bishops,[16][62] and eventually reached the Home Office. The Home Office considered the protest to be in humour, though the chief constable responded to say the office could not act against a protected scheduled monument.

Archaeology

A 1617 land survey of Cerne Abbas makes no mention of the Giant, suggesting that it may not have been there at the time or was perhaps overgrown.[63] The first published survey appeared in the September 1763 issue of Royal Magazine, reprinted in the October 1763 issue of St James Chronicle, and also in the August 1764 edition of Gentleman's Magazine together with the first drawing that included measurements.[30]

Egyptologist and archaeology pioneer Sir Flinders Petrie[64] surveyed the Giant, probably during the First World War, and published his results in a Royal Anthropological Institute paper in 1926.[65] [66] Petrie says that he made 220 measurements, and records slight grooves across the neck, and from the shoulders down to the armpits. He also notes a row of pits suggesting the place of the spine. He concludes that the Giant is very different from the Long Man of Wilmington, and that minor grooves may have been added from having been repeatedly cleaned.[66]

In 1764, William Stukeley was one of the first people to suggest that the Giant resembles Hercules / Heracles).[31] In 1938, British archaeologist Stuart Piggott agreed, and like Hercules, should also be carrying a lion-skin.[67][68] In 1979, a resistivity survey was carried out, and together with drill samples, confirmed the presence of the lion-skin.[69] Another resistivity survey in 1995 also found evidence of a cloak and changes to the length of the phallus, but did not find evidence (as rumoured) of a severed head, horns, or symbols between the feet.[70]

Earthworks

North-east of the head of the Giant is an escarpment called Trendle Hill, on which are some earthworks now called The Trendle or Frying Pan.[71] It is a scheduled monument in its own right.[72] Antiquarian John Hutchins wrote in 1872 that "These remains are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other earthworks, lines of defensive ramparts, an avenue, shallow excavations, and other indications of a British settlement."[73]

Unlike the Giant, the earthworks belong to Lord Digby, rather than the National Trust. Its purpose is unknown, though it is thought to be the site of maypole dancing.[71] It has been considered to be Roman,[71] or perhaps an Iron-Age burial mound containing the tomb of the person represented by the Giant.[74][75]

Folklore

Whatever its origin, the giant has become an important part of the culture and folklore of Dorset. Some folk stories indicate that the image is an outline of the corpse of a real giant.[48] One story says the giant came from Denmark leading an invasion of the coast, and was beheaded by the people of Cerne Abbas while he slept on the hillside.[76]

Other folklore, first recorded in the Victorian era, associates the figure with fertility.[48] In the past locals would erect a maypole on the earthwork, around which childless couples would dance to promote fertility.[36] According to folk belief, a woman who sleeps on the figure will be blessed with fecundity, and infertility may be cured through sexual intercourse on top of the figure, especially the phallus.[48]

In 1808, Dorset poet William Holloway published his poem "The Giant of Trendle Hill",[3] in which the Giant is killed by the locals by piercing its heart.

In popular culture

In modern times the giant has been used for several publicity stunts and as an advertisement.

In 1998, pranksters made a pair of jeans out of plastic mesh with a 69 foot inside leg, and fitted them to the giant[77] to publicise American Jeans manufacturer Big Smith.[78] In 2002, the BLAC advertising agency[79] on behalf of "... the Family Planning Association (FPA) as part of its mission to promote condom-wearing [..] donned balaclavas and spent Sunday night rolling the enormous latex sheet down the Giant's member."[80]

As a publicity stunt for the opening of The Simpsons Movie on 16 July 2007, a giant Homer Simpson brandishing a doughnut was outlined in water-based biodegradable paint to the left of the Cerne Abbas giant.

In 2012, pupils and members of the local community recreated the Olympic torch on the Giant, to mark the passing of the official torch in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics.[81][82]

In November 2013, the National Trust supported Movember, which raises awareness of prostate and testicular cancer. It authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache on the giant. The moustache was 39 feet wide and 10 feet deep according to the designer[83]

The Cerne Abbas Giant has appeared in several films and TV programmes, including the title sequence of the 1986 British historical drama film 'Comrades,[84] in 1997, the series 6 finale "Sofa" of the comedy series Men Behaving Badly, and the 2000 film Maybe Baby directed by Ben Elton.[85][86]

The giant has also been depicted in multiple video games, including the Megami Tensei series[87] and Pokémon Sword and Shield.[88]

Representations

In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud planned to produce a companion 230-foot female figure on the opposite hill, featuring Marilyn Monroe in her iconic pose from the film The Seven Year Itch where her dress is blown by a subway grating.[89][90]

In 1989, Turner Prize winning artist Grayson Perry designed a set of motorbike leathers inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant.[91][92][93]

In 2003, pranksters created their own 75 foot version of the Giant on a hill in English Bicknor, but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".[94] In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a 100 square foot advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily-clad women.[95] In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" that is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.[96] In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event.[97] In 2011, English animators The Brothers McLeod produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.[98]

In 2015, the giant was used as a character in an online comic book published by Eco Comics; the giant's character appeared in various adventures accompanying a character based on St George, though his prominent member was removed from the artwork as many "outlets, particularly in the US, refuse any form of nudity in comic books".[99]

The giant's image has been reproduced on various souvenirs and local food produce labels, including for a range of beers made by the Cerne Abbas Brewery. In 2016, the BBC reported that the beer company's logo had been censored in the Houses of Parliament.[100]

Gallery

  • Aerial view
    Aerial view
  • Aerial view
    Aerial view
  • Aerial view
    Aerial view
  • Renovation in 2008
    Renovation in 2008

See also

Outside links

 ("Wikimedia Commons" has material
about Cerne Abbas Giant)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 National Heritage List 1003202: Hill figure called The Giant
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Haughton, Brian, Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries, publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, ISBN 1442952601, 9781442952607, page 258
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, chiefly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808, 182 pages, page 140
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hutchins, John (1973) [1742]. The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset. Robert Douch (Contributor). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-87471-336-6. 
  5. ↑ Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901
  6. ↑ Timothy Darvill, "Cerne Giant, Dorset", in Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, publisher: Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 0199534047, 9780199534043, 544 pages.
  7. ↑ Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901, pages 107–108
  8. ↑ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 395. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. 
  9. ↑ Chris Court, "Nose Job for Chalk Giant", Press Association, Sunday 11 April 1993, Home News
  10. ↑ Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, Publisher: Verso Books, 2012, ISBN 1844678695, 9781844678693, 508 pages, page 172
  11. ↑ Paul Edwards, "Campaigning Couples to Gather at Ancient Fertility Symbol", Press Association, Sunday 2 May 1993
  12. ↑ Piggott, Stuart (1938). "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends" (in en). Antiquity 12 (47): 323–331. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00013946. SSN 0003-598X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/hercules-mythbeginnings-and-ends/A99C298C347BD24A8CBA1F29C0E69873. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Willcox, Temple (1988). "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument" (in en). Antiquity 62 (236): 524–526. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00074640. SSN 0003-598X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/hard-times-for-the-cerne-giant-20thcentury-attitudes-to-an-ancient-monument/47E389697758DBFD63CFC52BDAF76315. 
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  18. ↑ Grinsell, Leslie (1980). "The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980". Antiquity 54 (210): 29–33. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00042824. 
  19. ↑ John Sydenham, Baal Durotrigensis. A dissertation on the antient colossal figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire, London, W. Pickering, 1842. "Section IV" (page 43)
  20. ↑ "Cerne Abbas Giant: Preserving an icon", BBC News Dorset, Wednesday, 17 March 2010, retrieved 5 October 2012
  21. ↑ "Pass notes no 2,820: The Cerne Abbas giant", The Guardian, Tuesday 27 July 2010, retrieved 5 October 2012
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  24. ↑ Crispin Paine, Sacred Places, National Trust Books, 2006, ISBN 1905400152, 9781905400157, page 112
  25. ↑ Lionel Fanthorpe, Patricia Fanthorpe, The World's Most Mysterious Places, Dundurn, 1999, ISBN 0888822065, 9780888822062, page 171
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  29. ↑ Vivian Vale, Patricia Vale, Book of Cerne Abbas: Abbey and After, Halsgrove Press, 2000, ISBN 1841140694, 9781841140698
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 D. Morgan Evans, "Eighteenth-Century Descriptions of the Cerne Abbas Giant", The Antiquaries Journal, Volume 78, September 1998, page 463 (−471).
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 William Stukeley, Minute Book of the Society of Antiquaries, Vol. IX, p.233. Thursday 15 March 1764. Reproduced in Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901', page 116.
  32. ↑ Francis Wise, A letter to Dr Mead concerning some antiquities in Berkshire, printed for Thomas Wood, 1738, page 48
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 34, July 1764, Page 336
  34. ↑ The Gentleman's magazine, Volume 34 (August 1764). Page 335
  35. ↑ Haughton, Brian (2007). Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. pp. 136. ISBN 1-56414-897-1. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lewis, Richard (1 May 2005). "Celebrating May Day the Pagan Way". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/may/01/unitedkingdom.culturaltrips.observerescapesection1. Retrieved 20 June 2008. 
  37. ↑ Robert Dodsley, The Annual Register, 1764, page 166
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  41. ↑ John Sydenham, 'Baal Durotrigensis. A dissertation on the antient colossal figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire; and an attempt to illustrate the distinction between the primal Celtæ and the Celto-Belgæ of Britain: with observations on the worship of the serpent and that of the sun' (W. Pickering, 1842)
  42. ↑ William Plenderleath, The white horses of the west of England, 1892, page 39
  43. ↑ Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archæological and Natural History Society, 1896, page 14
  44. ↑ "Cerne Abbas", The Dorset Historic Towns Project report on Cerne Abbas, "Part 3 and 4 Context and sources (pdf, 492kb)" 4.1 Previous research, page 21
  45. ↑ "Cerne Abbas Giant, Hill-Figure", National Trust Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR) Number 110511, via the English Heritage Gateway, retrieved 30 October 2012
  46. ↑ "Cerne Giant", National Trust website, retrieved 30 October 2012
  47. ↑ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–396. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. 
  49. ↑ The modern antiquarian, Julian Cope, Thorsons 1998
  50. ↑ Curtis, Thomas (ed.) (1829). The London Encyclopaedia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature, and Practical Mechanics, Comprising a Popular View of the Present State of Knowledge. Illustrated by Numerous Engravings, a General Atlas, and Appropriate Diagrams. Thomas Tegg. pp. 768. https://books.google.com/books?id=7n9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290&dq=%22trendle+hill%22#PPA291,M1. 
  51. ↑ Britton, John (1803). The Beauties of England and Wales, Or, Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive, of Each County. Thomas Maiden, for Vernor and Hood. https://books.google.com/books?id=cqQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA483&dq=%22trendle+hill%22#PPA483,M1. 
  52. ↑ Cerne Abbas Giant at Sacred Destinations
  53. ↑ Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, BCW Project, accessed 10-05-18
  54. ↑ Lashmar, "No prehistoric giant step for man, but a huge insult to Cromwell", The Independent, 16-05-2000
  55. ↑ Grinsell, Leslie: 'The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980' Antiquity, 1980; Volume 54, issue 210; pages 29–33
  56. ↑ Lucy Cockcroft, "Cerne Abbas giant in danger of disappearing", The Telegraph, 19 June 2008, retrieved 6 October 2012
  57. ↑ "Volunteers restore historic giant of Cerne Abbas to his former glory", The Guardian, Tuesday 16 September 2008, retrieved 6 October 2012
  58. ↑ Cockcroft, Lucy (19 June 2008). "Cerne Abbas giant in danger of disappearing". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/06/19/eagiant119.xml. Retrieved 20 June 2008. 
  59. ↑ BBC (20 June 2008). "Sheep shortage hits Giant's look". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/7465329.stm. Retrieved 20 June 2008. 
  60. ↑ Morris, Steven (16 September 2008). "Volunteers restore historic giant of Cerne Abbas to his former glory". The Guardian (Guardian Newspapers). https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/sep/16/heritage.ruralaffairs. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
  61. ↑ Richard Savill, "Giant can help rare wildlife to flourish", The Telegraph, 23 June 2006, retrieved 7 October 2012
  62. ↑ "Editorial". Antiquity 50 (198): 89–94. 1976. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00070824. 
  63. ↑ Bettey, J. H. (1981). "The Cerne Abbas Giant: the documentary evidence". Antiquity 55 (214): 118–119. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0004391X. 
  64. ↑ Brian Fagan, Archaeologists: Explorers of the Human Past, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0195119460, 9780195119466, 192 pages, page 72
  65. ↑ Grinsell, Leslie (1980). "The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980". Antiquity 54 (210): 29–33. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00042824. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No.7, 1926
  67. ↑ Piggott, Stuart (1938). "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends". Antiquity 12 (47): 323–331. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00013946. 
  68. ↑ Julia De Wolf Addison, Classic Myths in Art: An Account of Greek Myths as Illustrated by Great Artists, Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0766176703, 9780766176706, 360 pages, page 188
  69. ↑ "Cerne Giant", 1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, English Heritage, National Monuments Record 1058724
  70. ↑ "Cerne Giant", 1995 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, English Heritage, 1066313
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "The Trendle, Possible Roman Rectangular Earthwork Enclosure", National Trust Archaeological Data Service
  72. ↑ National Heritage List 1002725: Earthworks on Giant Hill
  73. ↑ Hutchins (1742), quoted in Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872, page 65
  74. ↑ James Dyer, Southern England: an archaeological guide, publisher Noyes Press, 1973, pp. 81–82
  75. ↑ National Monuments Record: No. 199018 – The Trendle
  76. ↑ Woolf, Daniel R. (2003). The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500–1730. Oxford University Press. pp. 348, footnote 178. ISBN 0-19-925778-7. 
  77. ↑ "Giant's blue jeans stunt faces a pounds 5,000 demand", The Birmingham Post, 15 May 1998
  78. ↑ Tina Rowe, "Giant cover-up is a stroke of pure jean-ius...;", Western Daily Press, 15 May 1998, page 3
  79. ↑ BLAC Agency for the Family Planning Association, campaign overview, retrieved 11 October 2012
  80. ↑ "Diary: Arnold covers back in giant condom assault with UFO spotters ruse", Campaign, Friday, 9 August 2002
  81. ↑ Ruth Meech, "Youngsters recreate Olympic torch on Cerne Abbas' chalk giant", Dorset Echo, Tuesday 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012
  82. ↑ Emily Fairbairn, "Cerne Abbas Giant is biggest Olympic torchbearer", The Sun, 29 May 2012, retrieved 27 October 2012
  83. ↑ "Cerne Giant Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video". National Trust. 2013. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cerne-giant/. Retrieved 19 March 2015.  |Note: The measurements are taken from the video clip, entitled, Watch our Cerne Giant Movember video Starting at 39 seconds into the video, Richard Brown, from British Seed Houses, says, "The moustache is 12 metres long by three metres deep and it took five of us four and a half hours to construct it on the day."
  84. ↑ "Filming locations for Comrades" at imdb.com, retrieved 12 October 2012
  85. ↑ [3] - YouTube End scene, retrieved 12 October 2012.
  86. ↑ See the individual productions, and "The South-Central Region On Screen", retrieved 12 October 2012.
  87. ↑ "Albion" (in en). https://megamitensei.fandom.com/wiki/Albion. Retrieved 2019-03-07. 
  88. ↑ Radulovic, Petrana (27 February 2019). "Is Pokémon Sword and Shield’s region based on the UK?". https://www.polygon.com/pokemon/2019/2/27/18242965/pokemon-sword-shield-galar-region-uk-theory. Retrieved 28 February 2019. 
  89. ↑ Annabel Ferriman, "Objections to hill figure", The Times, issue No. 60571, Monday, 10 March 1980, page 2.
  90. ↑ Rodney Castleden, The Cerne Giant, Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, ISBN 0948699558, 9780948699559, page 37
  91. ↑ Naomi West, "The world of...", The Telegraph, 17 February 2007, retrieved 11 October 2012
  92. ↑ "Grayson Perry at the British Museum", The Vintage, Thursday, 15 December 2011
  93. ↑ "Saucy tips for the ladies who lunch ", London Evening Standard, 10 March 2011, retrieved 11 October 2012
  94. ↑ "Pranksters Create A Naked Giant Imposter", Western Daily Press, 15 April 2003, page 23
  95. ↑ "Huge deodorant advert washed away", BBC News, Tuesday, 26 July 2005, retrieved 27 October 2012
  96. ↑ Peter John Hardwick, "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso", BBC Your Paintings, retrieved 12 October 2012
  97. ↑ "Cerne Abbas Giant given red nose", BBC News Dorset, 12 February 2009, retrieved 12 October 2012
  98. ↑ The Brothers McLeod, "Funny in 15: Cerne Abbas", 29 September 2011, retrieved 12 October 2012
  99. ↑ Ward, Victoria (8 May 2015). "Giant chalk hillside figure in Cerne Abbas censored for American audience". Telegraph Media Group Limited. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11591904/Giant-chalk-hillside-figure-in-Cerne-Abbas-censored-for-American-audience.html. Retrieved 8 May 2015. 
  100. ↑ Cerne Abbas giant beer logo censored in Parliament bar, retrieved 29 July 2017

Books

  • Rodney Castleden, with a foreword by Rodney Legg, The Cerne Giant, published by Wincanton DPC, 1996, ISBN 0948699558.
  • Michael A., Hodges MA., Helis, the Cerne Giant, and his links with Christchurch, Christchurch, c. 1998, 15 pp.
  • Dr. T. William Wake Smart, Ancient Dorset, 1872, "The Cerne Giant," pages 319–327.
  • Darvill, T., Barker, K., Bender, B., and Hutton, R., The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial, 1999, Oxbow. ISBN 1-900188-94-5, 978-1-900188-94-4, [4]
  • Legg, Rodney, 1990, Cerne; Giant and Village Guide, Dorset Publishing Company, 2nd edition, ISBN 0948699175, 978-0948699177.[5]
  • Knight, Peter, The Cerne Giant – Landscape, Gods and the Stargate, 2013, Stone Seeker Publishing.

Journal articles

  • Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872.
  • Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol.22, 1901.
  • W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No.7, 1926.
  • O. G. S. Crawford, "The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures", Antiquity, Vol.3 No.11, September 1929, pages 277–282.
  • Stuart Piggott, "Notes and News: The name of the giant of Cerne", Antiquity, Vol.6, No.22, June 1932, pages 214–216.
  • Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth—beginnings and ends", Antiquity, Vol.12 No.47, September 1938, pages 323–331.
  • "Editorial: regarding the Home Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Giant (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pages 93–94.
  • Leslie Grinsell, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol.54 No.210, March 1980, pages 29–33.
  • J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol.55, No.214, July 1981, pages 118–121.
  • J. H. Bettey, "Notes and News: The Cerne Giant: another document?", Antiquity, Vol.56 No.216, March 1982, pages 51–52.
  • Temple Willcox, "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument", Antiquity, Vol.62 No.236, September 1988, pages 524–526.
  • Chris Gerrard, "Cerne Giant", British Archaeology, Issue no 55, October 2000. A review of the book: The Cerne Giant: an Antiquity on Trial by Timothy Darvill, Katherine Barker, Barbara Bender and Ronald Hutton (eds), Oxbow, ISBN 1-900188-94-5.

National Monument Records

  • 1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, which "found evidence for the 'lion skin' feature over the giant's left arm"
  • 1988–1989 Resistivity surveys, testing for the existence of possible additional features, 1988, 1989, 1994
  • 1995 Resistivity survey finding evidence of a cloak, penis length change, and naval, but, not for a severed head, horns, nor lettering/symbols between the feet
  • "Cerne Giant", National Monument Records, No. ST 60 SE 39 (on Pastscape.org.uk)
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