Millennium Seed Bank
| Millennium Seed Bank | |
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Sussex | |
|---|---|
 Millennium Seed Bank, Wakehurst | |
| Type: | Seed bank |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TQ33913165 |
| Location: | 51°4’7"N, 0°5’25"W |
| History | |
| By: | Stanton Williams Architects |
| Seed bank | |
| Information | |
| Owned by: | Kew Gardens |
The Millennium Seed Bank stands in the grounds of Wakehurst Place, a Georgian country house (now in the hands of the National Trust) in Sussex. It is owned and operated by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
This is the largest ex situ plant conservation programme in the world[1] coordinated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. After being awarded a Millennium Commission grant in 1995, the project commenced in 1996, and is now housed in the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building situated in the grounds of Wakehurst Place, Sussex. The purpose of the project is to provide an "insurance policy" against the extinction of plants in the wild by storing seeds for future use. The storage facilities consist of large underground frozen vaults preserving the world's largest wild-plant seedbank or collection of seeds from wild species.
In collaboration with other biodiversity projects around the world, expeditions are sent to collect seeds from dryland plants. Where possible, collections are kept in the country of origin with duplicates being sent to the Millennium Seed Bank Project for storage. Major partnerships exist on all the continents, enabling the countries involved to meet international objectives such as the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations Environment Programme.
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The seed bank at Kew has gone through many iterations. The Kew Seed Bank facility, set up in 1980, preceded the Millennium Seed Bank project. The Wellcome Trust Millennium Seed Bank building was designed by the firm Stanton Williams and opened by the then Prince of Wales in 2000.[2] The laboratories and offices are in two wings flanking a wide space open to visitors housing an exhibition, and also allowing them to watch the work of cleaning and preparing seeds for storage through the large windows of the work areas. There is also a view down to the entrance to the underground vaults where the seeds are stored at -20°C.[3] In 2001, the international programme of the MSBP was launched.
In April 2007, the vault banked its billionth seed,[4] the Oxytenanthera abyssinica, a type of African bamboo. In October 2009, it reached its 10% goal of banking all the world's wild plant species by adding Musa itinerans, a wild banana, to its seed vault.
As estimates for the number of seed bearing plant species have increased, 34,088 wild plant species and 1,980,405,036 seeds in storage as of June 2015 represent over 13% of the world's wild plant species.[5]
Project aims
The main aims of the project[6] are to:
- Collect the seeds from 75,000 species of plants by 2020, representing 25% of known flora. This is the second phase of this goal, with the original partnership goal of banking 10% of known flora by 2010 was achieved in October 2009.[7]
- Collect seeds from all of the UK's native flora.
- Further research into conservation and preservation of seeds and plants.
- Act as a focal point for research in this area and encourage public interest and support.
Preservation of seeds
Seed collections arrive at the Seed Bank in varying states, sometimes attached to fruits, sometimes clean. The collections usually also include a voucher specimen that can be used to identify the plant. The collections are immediately moved to a dry room until processing can be conducted where the seeds are cleaned of debris and other plant material, X-rayed, counted, and banked at -20°C. Seeds are banked in hermetically sealed glass containers along with silica gel packets impregnated with indicator compounds that change colour if moisture seeps into the collection. Seeds are tested for viability with a germination test shortly after banking and then at regular 10-year intervals. If seed collections are low, re-harvesting from the wild is always the preferred option.
Seed distribution
When seeds are required for research purposes, they can be requested from the Seed Bank's seedlist. If it has the legal permission to do so, the Millennium Seed Bank can then provide up to 60 seeds for free, to bona fide, non-commercial organisations for the purposes of research, restoration, and reintroduction.[8] All seeds provided to institutions are on a non-profit mutual benefit basis. The Millennium Seed Bank also operates the UK Native Seed Hub which aims to improve the resilience of Britain's ecological networks by providing high-quality native seeds to conservation and restoration groups.
Outside links
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Millennium Seed Bank) |
References
- ↑ "Banking the world's seeds | Kew" (in en). https://www.kew.org/science/our-science/projects/banking-the-worlds-seeds.
- ↑ Millennium Seed Bank Building Template:Webarchive page on website
- ↑ Millennium Seed Bank Exhibition Template:Webarchive page on website
- ↑ Black, Richard BBC News 2007-04-26 Plant vault passes billion mark [1], accessed 2007-06-09
- ↑ "About | Millennium Seed Bank Partnership At Kew". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104051/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/collections/millennium-seed-bank/about-millennium-seed-bank.
- ↑ "A Year at Kew – the Millennium Seed Bank" "Kew: A year at Kew: Places: Wakehurst Place: Millennium seed bank". Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20070526061239/http://www.kew.org/places/wakehurst/seedbank.html. Retrieved 2007-05-26. accessed 2007-06-09
- ↑ "BBC NEWS - Science & Environment - Banana marks seed bank milestone". 15 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8305456.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ↑ "MSB Seed List — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". http://apps.kew.org/seedlist/. Retrieved 21 September 2015.