View source for Middlesex

{{Infobox county
|name=Middlesex
|map image=Middlesex Brit Isles Sect 5.svg
|flag=Flag of Middlesex.svg
|picture=Angel camden passage 1.jpg
|picture caption=The Angel, Islington
|area=285 square miles
|county town=[[London]] or [[Brentford]]
|biggest town=[[London]]
}}
'''Middlesex''' is one of the smallest [[counties of the United Kingdom]], exceeding only [[Rutland]], [[West Lothian]], [[Kinross-shire]] and [[Clackmannanshire]] in size. However, it is also one of the most populous, being almost wholly swallowed up by [[London]] and its suburbs.

Middlesex has been called "the Capital County" as the home of the capital city (whether you think that is London or Westminster). Unbroken townscape stretches from one side of the county to the other. This does however just link town to town without always erasing the distinctiveness of each Middlesex town and village.  Most distinctive are the [[City of London]] and the City of [[Westminster]] adjoining it, the former housing the financial institutions of the kingdom and the latter its social, cultural and political institutions, and of course the top shops. The City of London is unique in being governed mainly by the business community which are its main inhabitants. London by whatever definition is a unique and fascinating city, and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.

The change of perceptions, the growth of London and its monolithic grip on the imagination, has confined the name of Middlesex in many minds to the outer suburban fringe. Here there is a distinct suburban life. This is a mixture of calm communities, small towns and the [[London commuter belt]]. Within it towns such as [[Enfield]], [[Ruislip]] and [[Uxbridge]] are distinct and loathe to call themselves "London".

Some rural life survives along the [[River Colne, Hertfordshire|Colne Valley]] forming Middlesex's western boundary and the northern stretches surrounding [[Potter's Bar]]. Potters Bar itself is a town separated from the conurbation, if individually urbanized in its own way.

{{Extremes
|N=N of [[South Mimms]] and [[Potters Bar]]
|N grid ref=TL231032
|S=[[Hamhaugh Island]], S of [[Shepperton]]
|S grid ref=TQ071655
|E=[[Leamouth]]
|E grid ref=TQ396808
|W=Wraysbury Reservoir, S of [[Poyle]]
|W grid ref=TQ020738
|H=High Road, Bushey Heath (509 feet)
|H grid ref=TQ1523593970
}}

==Geography and urban landscape==
Middlesex is on the north bank of the [[River Thames]], bounded on three sides by rivers, namely the Thames to the south, the [[River Colne, Hertfordshire|Colne]] to the west (or leastwise its old course) and the [[River Lea|Lea]] to the east.  In the north the boundary is mostly formed by a ridge of hills broken by the Barnet valley, though the boundary around [[Barnet]] is winding and somewhat hard to follow.

Middlesex is surrounded by five counties: [[Surrey]] is to the south across the Thames; [[Kent]] lies across the Thames in the south-east; [[Essex]] is to the east, across the Lea; [[Hertfordshire]] is to the north and north-west; and [[Buckinghamshire]] is to the west across the Colne.

Geographically, Middlesex is low-lying and contained within the basin of the River Thames, which forms the southern boundary. The [[County top|highest point of the county]] is on the High Road, [[Bushey Heath]] at 502 feet above sea level, just yards from the [[Hertfordshire]] border.

[[File:Middlesex Hundreds.svg|thumb|250px|The Hundreds of Middlesex]]
The county is divided into six hundreds:

*[[Edmonton Hundred|Edmonton]]
*[[Elthorne Hundred|Elthorne]]
*[[Gore Hundred|Gore]]
*[[Isleworth Hundred|Isleworth]]
*[[Ossulstone Hundred|Ossulstone]] (including the liberty of Westminster and city of London)
*[[Spelthorne Hundred|Spelthorne]]

The [[City of London]] has been self-governing since at least the thirteenth century and probably since before the Norman conquest of 1066.

The landscape of Middlesex is overwhelmingly urban.  From early times Middlesex has been dominated by its greatest town, [[London]].  The [[City of London]], wealthy and politically independent since time immemorial, is on the Thames in the southeast of Middlesex and form there has dominated the county from a very early time.<ref name=rural_old>The Proceedings of the Old Bailey - [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/history/london-life/rural-middlesex.html Rural Middlesex]. Retrieved on 20 February 2008.</ref>  The county was significantly affected by the expansion of the metropolitan area of [[London]] from the 18th century, and by the 1950s, almost the whole of Middlesex had been consumed beneath the urban sprawl.

===Cities===
*[[City of London|London]]
*[[Westminster]]

===Towns===
:''See also: [[:Category:Towns and villages in Middlesex]]''
{{div col|4}}
*[[Acton, Middlesex|Acton]]
*[[Ashford, Middlesex|Ashford]]
*[[Brentford]]
*[[Camden Town]]
*[[Chelsea]]
*[[Chiswick]]
*[[Cockfosters]] ''(partly in [[Hertfordshire]])''
*[[Ealing]]
*[[Edgware]]
*[[Edmonton]]
*[[Enfield]]
*[[Feltham]]
*[[Finchley]]
*[[Finsbury]]
*[[Fulham]]
*[[Greenford]]
*[[Hackney]]
*[[Hammersmith]]
*[[Hampstead]]
*[[Harrow]]
*[[Hayes, Middlesex|Hayes]]
*[[Hendon]]
*[[Hillingdon]]
*[[Hounslow]]
*[[Islington]]
*[[Kensington]]
*[[Northolt]]
*[[Northwood]] ''(partly in [[Hertfordshire]])''
*[[Paddington]]
*[[Pinner]]
*[[Poplar]]
*[[Potters Bar]]
*[[Ruislip]]
*[[Shepperton]]
*[[Shoreditch]]
*[[Southall]]
*[[Southgate, Middlesex|Southgate]] ''(partly in [[Hertfordshire]])''
*[[Staines]]
*[[Sunbury-on-Thames]]
*[[Teddington]]
*[[Tottenham]]
*[[Twickenham]]
*[[Uxbridge]]
*[[Wembley]]
*[[West Drayton]]
*[[Willesden]]
*[[Wood Green]]
*[[Yeading]]
{{div col end}}

Additionally, parts of [[High Barnet]] and [[New Barnet]], otherwise in Hertfordshire, extend into Middlesex.

==Name==
[[File:Staines MarketSq BlueAnchor.jpg|thumb|250px|The Blue Anchor in Staines, an 18th-century Queen Anne or early Georgian former pub]]
The name Middlesex is from the Old English ''Middelseaxe'', which means ''Middle Saxons'' and refers to the tribal origin of its inhabitants. The earliest surviving use of the name is in 704 in a charter granting the estate of [[Twickenham]] to Bishop of Waldhere,<ref>[http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=12, Twickenham Museum</ref> appearing as ''Middleseaxan''.

The name of the Middle Saxons joins those of the East Saxons of [[Essex]], West Saxons of [[Wessex]] and South Saxons of [[Sussex]].  It is not known whether the Middle Saxons were so named from the earliest days or whether they took their name when absorbed by the [[Mercia]]ns, when by force they ceased to be East Saxons.

==History==
{{Main|History of Middlesex}}
The Romans were responsible first development of Middlesex, for while their ''Londinium'' was almost certainly on an existing town site, they effectively founded London, on the site of today's [[City of London|City]], and it became one of the great cities of the Empire.  The Romans built roads out of London all across Middlesex and villas appeared.  ''Ad Pontes'' at [[Staines-upon-Thames|Staines]] was a major Roman bridging point.

[[File:Ancient Essex 750.png|thumb|250px|right|A map showing the outline of those parts now adjacent to the county of Essex (in grey) but which historians postulate were part of the ancient ''Kingdom of Essex'' before becoming detached during the middle of the 8th Century.]]

Under the Saxons, who gave a name to the county, these lands were part of the by the Kingdom of [[Essex]].  In the 8th century, Middlesex was seized by the King of the [[Mercia]]ns. In 825, Middlesex, Essex, Sussex and Kent were all seized by Wessex and from then until the creation of England in the 10th Century, Middlesex was ruled by the Kings of Wessex in Winchester.

The economy of the county was dependent on the City of London from an early time and was primarily agricultural.<ref name=rural_old/> All manner of goods were provided for the City, including crops such as grain and hay, livestock and building materials. Tourism in early resorts such as Hackney, Islington and [[Highgate]] also formed part of the early economy. However, during the 18th century the inner parishes of Middlesex started to function as suburbs of the City and were increasingly urbanised.<ref name=rural_old/>

[[File:1882 Reynolds Map.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of 1882 showing the urbanisation of the East End]]
The populations clustered towards London.  By the seventeenth century the docks grew new townships, which spread along the roads to the City and iIn the eighteenth century the great estates were laid out in what became the [[West End of London|West End]], effectively expanding London westwards.  Lower-class developments continued to spread too.  By the 19th century, the East End of London had expanded to the eastern boundary with [[Essex]], and the Tower division had reached a population of over a million.
 
The railway in the Victorian Age had the greatest impact on Middlesex and accelerated the building of new suburbs, strung along the lines, until the suburbs met each other and merged in the grand conurbation thus created.  Industry followed, and though Middlesex was left behind in the early industrial revolution, it overtook the heartlands of [[Lancashire]], [[Lanarkshire]] and [[Yorkshire]] when electrical machines replaced the steam-driven power-shafts that fed the northern factories.

===Administrative innovation===
: ''Main article: [[History of Middlesex#Administrative innovation|History of Middlesex- Administrative innovation]]''
The rapid urbanisation of Middlesex has made it a laboratory of experimentation in administrative innovation, allowing systems to be tested there which were later used (or rejected) elsewhere as urbanisation proceeded apace. 

The City of London has been self-governing since before the Norman conquest; one of William the Conqueror's earliest charters was a charter in English confirming the rights of the city.  During the Middle Ages the City created a mayoralty and gave a role in government to its trade guilds, both of which remain, and repeatedly adapted its ancient institutions to create the multiplicity of levels and institutions the Corporation still has.  Richard I granted all Middlesex to the city in fee; the city governed Middlesex and appointed two sheriffs over it and collected its taxes in return for a fixed payment to the Crown.  The right to appoint sheriffs ended only in 1889.

Police forces were first introduced here: in 1749 came the Bow Street Runners and in 1829, the first official police force in Great Britain, the Metropolitan Police.

The Metropolitan Board of Works was created in 1855 to take charge of the dire state of public infrastructure in the metropolis around London, later to be replaced by the London County Council.  The latter was intended by Lord Salisbury as one-off municipal authority council for the particular needs of the conurbation, but the plan became the model for such "county councils" across England and Wales,  all created in 1889.  Even this was deemed inadequate by 1965, when a "Greater London Council" was created (covering almost all of Middlesex and parts of neighbouring shires) and which endured for twenty years.  The "Greater London Authority" is another sui generis innovation created with the same intent.

==County town==
[[File:MxGuildhallMay09.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The Middlesex Guildhall at Westminster]]
Middlesex does not have a universally accepted [[county town]].  [[Brentford]], specifically New Brentford, claims the title and seems most commonly accepted as the county town.

The commentary to Thomas Moule’s map of Middlesex of in 1830, asserts [[London]] to be the County Town of Middlesex.

Brentford may make a claim on the basis that the freeholders of the county met there, at The Butts, to elect to Parliament their two knights of the shire.  and these basis for this place being the "county town" is supported by the ''Gentleman’s Magazine'' in 1806 saying that, "It is said that if elections are held for 40 years in a particular town, it becomes the County Town".) Even so, before Brentford was established as the place, the county electors had met on [[Hampstead Heath]] (of which "Parliament Hill" on the heath was itself an ancient meeting place pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon Conquest). The Quarter Sessions, which governed the shire, met in [[Clerkenwell]], a small distance outside the City of London, but now long absorbed into the London conurbation and the County Assizes for Middlesex were held at the Old Bailey in the [[City of London]] itself. 

Where the common law county court, the shire-moot, met in its effective days is uncertain.  (The last notable judicial sitting was to pass the outlawry on John Wilkes, "at ''The Three Tuns'' in Brook-street in the parish of Holborn".)  The "Ossulstone" at Tyburn is regarded as a likely candidate for the earliest "shiremoots". The county electors which last met at Brentford were in technical terms the "shiremoot", whether they knew so or not.

==Symbols of Middlesex==
[[File:Flag of Middlesex.svg|right|thumb|250px|Flag of Middlesex]]
The [[Flag of Middlesex]] portrays three seaxes beneath a Saxon crown; a seax echoes the name of the county ('Middelseaxe'') and the crown its ancient origin.

Coats of arms were attributed by the mediæval heralds to the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms and the shield assigned to the Kingdom of Essex depicted three "seaxes", shown as short, notched swords, on a red background. These arms were used by the Justices of Middlesex (and they are seen all over the Sessions House on [[Clerkenwell Green]].

A new, distinctive shield was officially granted to the Middlesex County Council in 1912 after it was noted that the county councils of Essex, Middlesex and London were all using the same blazon of arms, which was:

<blockquote>''Gules, three seaxes fessewise points to the sinister proper, pomels and hilts and in the centre chief point a Saxon crown or.''</blockquote>

The undifferenced arms of the Kingdom were eventually granted to Essex County Council in 1932.

The new shield soon became associated with Middlesex.  A white flag with the shield is flown from the tower of the Middlesex Guildhall every year on Middlesex Day.  A banner of the arms has been registered as the [[county flag]] of Middlesex by the [[Flag Institute]].<ref>{{Flag Institute|Middlesex}}</ref>

==County day==
[[File:Great Gate, Hampton Court Palace.jpg|thumb|250px|The Great Gate at Hampton Court Palace]]
''Middlesex Day''' is the 16th May in each year; the county day.  It commemorates the Battle of Albuhera fought and won in Spain in 1811 during the Peninsula War.  At Albuhera the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment held back and defeated a vastly superior French assault, standing under shot and shell without moving a step backwards; the dead were found still in their unbroken ranks. At Albuhera their injured commander called out "Die hard, 57th! Die hard!", which earned the regiment its nickname; the Die-Hards.

In 2003, an early day motion in the House of Commons noted the celebration of the 16th May, the anniversary of Albuhera, as ''Middlesex Day''.<ref name=early_day>Randall, J.,  [http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=22809 Early Day Motion 13 May 2003]. Retrieved on 20 February 2008.</ref> 

==Miscellaneous==
The title Earl of Middlesex was created twice, in 1622 and 1677, but became extinct in 1843.

Sir John Betjeman, a native of Middlesex and Poet Laureate, published several poems about Middlesex and the suburban experience. Many were featured in the televised readings ''Metroland''.<ref name=wilson>Wilson, A., ''Betjeman'', (2006)</ref>  One his popular poems is simply named "Middlesex" and is a memory for the lost fields of Middlesex:

<blockquote><poem>Gentle Brent, I used to know you. Wandering Wembley-wards at will,
Now what change your waters show you. In the meadowlands you fill! </poem></blockquote>

In 2002, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the wood anemone (''Anemone nemorosa'') as the [[county flower]].

==Sport==
*[http://www.middlesexccc.com/ Middlesex County Cricket Club]
*Middlesex Cricket Board
*Middlesex County Football Association
*[http://www.middlesexfederation.com/sports/index.php The Federation of Middlesex and City of London Sports]

==Outside links==
*{{Brithist|66|Victoria County History of Middlesex}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*{{citation|title=Dictionary of London Place Names|year=2001|surname=Mills|first=A.D.|publisher=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-280106-6}}
*{{Brithist|22150|[[Victoria County History]] - History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2}}

{{British county}}