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[[File:MaesHowe.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Maeshowe]]
{{county|Orkney}}
'''Maeshowe''' or '''Maes Howe'''; is a large man-made mound constructed in the Stone Age and containing a Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave.  It is on [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], [[Orkney]].

Archaeologists reckon that Maes Howe was built around 2800 BC. It gives its name to the 'Maeshowe type' of chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney. Maeshowe is a significant example of Neolithic craftsmanship and is, in the words of the archaeologist Stuart Piggott, "a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position."<ref>Pigott 1954</ref> The monuments around Maeshowe, including [[Skara Brae]], were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999, by the name '[[Heart of Neolithic Orkney]]'.

==Name==
The mound was well known the Norsemen who settled the islands three thousand years after the mound was built, and in their language it was called ''Orkhaugr''.

The origin of the name ''Maeshowe'' is uncertain.  While the second element is certainly from the Old Norse ''haugr'' usually meaning a mound, there have been several different theories postulated for the first element, ''maes''.

These include:
*A personal name. "Maeshowe" could simply be a corruption of "Tormis' Howe", meaning it was the burial mound of someone called Tormis.  Some other cairns in the area do seem to be named after individuals, and "Tormiston" is immediately adjacent to the tomb.
*Old Norse for "The Maiden's Tomb"? This would be ''meyjarhaugr'' or ''maerhaugr''.
*Celtic origins. The Welsh word "Maes", meaning "field" or "area of activity"; it is typical for "maes" to be followed by an adjective, such as "fair field", "Maes teg". "Maeshowe" might then mean "the burial mound field", or "the area around the cairn".  Due to the rarity of surviving pre-Norse elements in Orcadian placenames, this theory does not enjoy much support.
*Old Norse for "The Great Tomb"? This would be ''mestrhaugr''.  Interestingly, Maeshowe is called ''Orkahaugr'' in the Orkneyinga Saga.  The first element of that name, ''orka'', signifies power or greatness.

==Siting==
*Location map: {{wmap|58.9966|-3.1882|zoom=14}}

Maeshowe appears as a grassy mound rising from a flat plain near the southeast end of the [[Loch of Harray]]. The land around Maeshowe at its construction probably looked much as it does today - treeless with grasses representative of Pollen Assemblage Zone MNH-I reflecting "mixed agricultural practices, probably with a pastoral bias &ndash; there is a substantial amount of ribwort pollen, but also that of cereals."<ref>Davidson & Jones 1985, pp. 27</ref>

Maeshowe is aligned with some other Neolithic sites in the vicinity, for example the entrance of "Structure 8" of the nearby [[Barnhouse Settlement]] directly faces the mound. In addition, the so-called "Barnhouse Stone" in a field around 750 yards away is perfectly aligned with the entrance to Maeshowe. This entrance corridor is so placed that it lets the direct light of the setting sun into the chamber for a few days each side of the winter solstice, illuminating the entrance to the back cell.<ref name="Monuments"/>{{rp|47}}

The complex including Maeshowe, the Ring of Brodgar, the Standing Stones of Stenness, Skara Brae, as well as other tombs and standing stones represents a concentration of Neolithic sites that is rivalled in Britain only by the complexes associated with [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]].<ref>Castleden 1987, p. 93</ref>

==Design and construction==
[[File:MaesHoweEntrance.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Maeshowe Entrance]]
Maeshowe is one of the largest tombs in Orkney; the mound encasing the tomb is 115 feet in diameter and rises to a height of 24 feet.<ref>Childe 1952, p. 18</ref> Surrounding the mound, at a distance of 50 feet to 70 feet is a ditch up to 45 feet wide. The grass mound hides a complex of passages and chambers built of carefully crafted slabs of flagstone weighing up to 30 tons.<ref>''Lost Worlds'': "The Pagans (of Britain)" History Channel series with contributions from historian Prof. Ronald Hutton, Archeologists Erika Guttmann and Martin Carruthers</ref> It is aligned so that the rear wall of its central chamber held up by a bracketed wall,<ref>Dargie 2007, p. 12.</ref> is illuminated on the winter solstice.<ref>Hedges 1984, p. 160</ref> A similar display occurs in [[Newgrange]].

[[File:Maes Howe Cross Sections.gif|left|thumb|200px|Cross Sections of Maeshowe]]
This entrance passage is 36 feet long and leads to the central almost square chamber measuring about 15 feet on each side.<ref>Childe 1952, pp.18-19</ref> The current height of the chamber is 12½: this reflects the height to which the original stonework is preserved and capped by a modern corbelled roof. The original roof may have risen to a height of 15 feet or more.<ref>Ritchie 1995, p. 59</ref> The entrance passage is only about 3 feet high, requiring visitors to stoop or crawl into the central chamber. That chamber is constructed largely of flat slabs of stone, many of which traverse nearly the entire length of the walls. In each corner lie huge angled buttresses that rise to the vaulting. At a height of about 3 feet, the wall's construction changes from the use of flat to overlapping slabs creating a beehive-shaped vault.<ref>Castleden 1987, pp. 176-177</ref>

Estimates of the amount of effort required to build Maeshowe vary; a commonly suggested number is 39,000 man-hours,<ref>Hedges 1984, p. 113</ref><ref>Castleden 1987, p. 212</ref> although Colin Renfrew calculated that at least 100,000 hours would be required.<ref>Renfrew 1979, p. 212-214</ref> Dating of the construction of Maeshowe is difficult but dates derived from burials in similar tombs cluster around 3000&nbsp;BC. Since Maeshowe is the largest and most sophisticated example of the Maeshowe "type" of tomb, archaeologists have suggested that it is the last of its class, built around 2800 BC.<ref>Ritchie 1981, p. 29</ref> The people who built Maeshowe were users of grooved ware,<ref>Renfrew 1985, p. 7</ref> a distinctive type of pottery that spread throughout the British Isles from about 3000&nbsp;BC.

==Style==
The tomb gives its name to the Maeshowe type of chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney.<ref>Ritchie 1981, p. 22</ref> Maeshowe is very similar to the famous [[Newgrange]] tomb in [[Ireland]], suggesting a linkage between the two cultures.<ref>Laing 1974, p. 42</ref> Chambered tombs of the Maeshowe "type" are characterized by a long, low entrance passageway leading to a square or rectangular chamber from which there is access to a number of side cells. Although there are disagreements as to the attribution of tombs to tomb types, there are only seven definitely known Maeshowe type tombs.<ref>Hedges 1984, p. 80</ref> On [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], there are, in addition to Maeshowe; the tombs of [[Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn|Cuween Hill]], Wideford Hill, and Quanterness. The tomb of Quoyness is found on Sanday, while Vinquoy Hill is located on [[Eday]]. Finally, there is an unnamed tomb on the [[Holm of Papa|Holm of Papa Westray]]. Anna Ritchie reports that there are three more Maeshowe type tombs in Orkney but she doesn't name or locate them.<ref>Ritchie 1995, p. 47</ref>

==Excavation==
[[File:Maes Howe 1861.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Maeshowe soon after opening in 1861]]
The "modern" opening of the tomb was by James Farrer, an antiquarian and the Member of Parliament for South Durham, in July 1861.<ref>Ritchie 1995, p. 9</ref> Farrer, like many antiquarians of the day, was not noted for his careful excavation of sites. John Hedges describes him as possessing "a rapacious appetite for excavation matched only by his crude techniques, lack of inspiration, and general inability to publish."<ref>Hedges 1984, p. 22</ref> Farrer and his workmen broke through the roof of the entrance passage and found it filled with debris. He then turned his attention to the top of the mound, broke through and, over a period of a few days, emptied the main chamber of material that had filled it completely. He and his workmen discovered the famous runic inscriptions carved on the walls, proof that Norsemen had broken into the tomb at least six centuries earlier.<ref>Ritchie 1995, p. 10</ref>

==The Norse period==
The Orkneyinga Saga tells that the famous Earl Harald Maddadarson, and Ragnvald, Earl of Møre sheltered in Maes Howe during a storm.<ref name=OJ>[http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/maeshowe/maeshrunes.htm "Maeshowe's runes - Viking graffiti"] Orkneyjar. Retrieved 30 October 2008.</ref> in about the 12th century.

{{quote|On the thirteenth day of Christmas they travelled on foot over to Firth. During a snowstorm they took shelter in Maeshowe and two of them (his men) went insane which slowed them down badly so that by the time they reached Firth it was night time.|Orkneyinga saga - Chapter 93}}

The Orkneymen of the Viking Age certainly entered the mound, and perhaps looted it if there was anything to loot.  More than thirty Norse runic inscriptions are found on the walls of the chamber, which represent the largest single collection of such carvings in the world.

Excavations have revealed that the external wall surrounding the ditch was rebuilt in the 9th century. Some archaeologists see this as evidence that the tomb may have been reused by the Norse people and that they were the source of the "treasure" referred to in one inscription (which was either looted, or was a metaphor).<ref name="Monuments">{{cite book|last=Wickham-Jones|first=Caroline|title=Monuments of Orkney|publisher=Historic Scotland|date=2012|isbn=978-1-84917-073-4}}</ref>{{rp|46}}

The inscriptions have been variously interpreted.  The solemn interpretations given to them may contrast with more light-heated reading, and which interpretation is to be taken may inform us how the mound was viewed by the Norse Orkneymen, and how used.

===Inscriptions===
The Maeshowe's runic inscriptions are occasionally obscure in meaning.  The appear though to be far from the solemn or mystic texts that modern romantics like to associate with runes, as for example the phrase "Ingigerth is the most beautiful of all women" is carved beside a drawing of a slavering dog.  Some appear to be showing off to companions.

As the have been translated, they include:

*"He is a viking...come here under the barrow"
*"Ingebjork the fair widow - many a woman has walked stooping in here a very showy person" - "Erlingr"
*"This is a high rune" (it is indeed – it is carved by the roof)
*"These runes were carved by the man most skilled in runes in the western ocean"
*"Ofram the son of Sigurd carved these runes"
*"Haermund Hardaxe carved these runes"

Tales of treasure were sparked by such inscriptions as:
*"It is surely true what I say that treasure was taken away. Treasure was carried off in three nights before those."

:(unless that is the reply to "Ingigerth is the most beautiful of all women"!)

==World Heritage status==
The "[[Heart of Neolithic Orkney]]" was inscribed as a World Heritage site in December 1999. In addition to Maeshowe, the site includes [[Skara Brae]], the [[Standing Stones of Stenness]], the [[Ring of Brodgar]] and other nearby sites. It is managed by [[Historic Scotland]], whose "Statement of Significance" for the site begins:
<blockquote>
The monuments at the heart of Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation&nbsp;... Maes Howe is a masterpiece of Neolithic engineering. It is an exceptionally early architectural accomplishment. With its almost classical strength and simplicity it is a unique survival from 5000 years ago. It is an expression of genius within a group of people whose other tombs were claustrophobic chambers in smaller mounds.<ref>[http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/policyandguidance/world_heritage_scotland/world_heritage_sites/world-heritage-neolithic-orkney.htm "The Heart of Neolithic Orkney"]. Historic Scotland. Retrieved on 5 September 2007</ref>
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Newgrange]], another winter-solstice-aligned passage tomb
*[[Ring of Brodgar]]
*[[Skara Brae]]
*[[Standing Stones of Stenness]]

==Outside links==
{{Commons|Maeshowe}}
*Location map: {{wmap|58.9966|-3.1882|zoom=14}}

*[http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyoverview.htm?PropID=PL_205&PropName=Maeshowe%20Chambered%20Cairn Maeshowe Chambered Cairn] - Historic Scotland
*[http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/maeshowe/index.html Orkneyjar]
*[http://www.maeshowe.co.uk/index.html Winter Solstice Webcam]
*[http://www.iol.ie/~geniet/maeshowe Research around the reappearance of the sun]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*{{cite book | last=Castleden | first=Rodney | authorlink=| title=The Stonehenge People | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. | date=1987 | location=London | pages=| isbn=0-7102-0968-1}}
*{{cite book | last=Childe | first=V. Gordon | authorlink=|author2=W. Douglas Simpson | title=Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland | publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office | date=1952 | location=Edinburgh | pages=| url=| doi=| id=| isbn=}}
*{{cite book | last=Dargie | first=Richard | authorlink=| title=A History of Britain: The Key Events That Have Shaped Britain from Neolithic Times to the 21st Century | publisher=Arcturus Foulsham | date=2007 | location=| pages=| url=| doi=| id=| isbn=0-572-03342-7}}
*{{cite book | last=Davidson | first=D.A.| authorlink=|author2=Jones, D.L.| title=The Environment of Orkney in The Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000-1000 AD (Colin Renfrew, editor)| publisher=Edinburgh University Press | date=1985 | location=Edinburgh| pages=| isbn=0-85224-456-8}}
*{{cite book | last=Hedges | first=John W. | authorlink=| title=Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe | publisher=New Amsterdam | date=1984 | location=New York | pages=| isbn=0-941533-05-0}}
*{{cite book | last=Laing | first=Lloyd | authorlink=| title=Orkney and Shetland: An Archaeological Guide | publisher=David and Charles Ltd. | date=1974 | location=Newton Abbott | pages=| isbn=0-7153-6305-0}}
*{{cite book | last=Piggott | first=Stuart | authorlink=| title=Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=1954 | location=| pages=| isbn=0-521-07781-8}}
*{{cite book | last=Renfrew | first=Colin | authorlink=| title=Investigations in Orkney | publisher=Rep. Research Comm. Soc. Antiq. London #38 | date=1979 | location=London| pages=| isbn=}}
*{{cite book | last=Renfrew | first=Colin (editor)| authorlink=| title=The Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000-1000 AD| publisher=Edinburgh University Press | date=1985 | location=Edinburgh| pages=| isbn=0-85224-456-8}}
*{{cite book | last=Ritchie | first=Graham & Anna | authorlink=| title=Scotland: Archaeology and Early History | publisher=Thames and Hudson | date=1981 | location=New York | pages=| isbn=0-500-27365-0}}
*{{cite book | last=Ritchie | first=Anna | authorlink=| title=Prehistoric Orkney | publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd.| date=1995 | location=London | pages=| isbn=0-7134-7593-5}}

{{Heart of Neolithic Orkney}}

[[Category:Heart of Neolithic Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]