River Chelmer
The River Chelmer is a river forty miles long which flows entirely through Essex: it begins in the north-west of the county, by Debden, flows down through Chelmsford and eventually joins the River Blackwater, near Maldon.
Contents
Course
The source of the river is in the parish of Debden in north-western Essex.[1] The two primary source streams run to the north and to the west of the hamlet of Debden Green. The longer of the sources rises in Rowney Wood, on the hill to the west of Debden Green, only a few hundred yards to the south-east of the source of the River Cam, that heads in the opposite direction; west, then north to Cambridge, eventually emptying into The Wash.
The River Chelmer flows past Thaxted, southwards around the north-east of Great Dunmow. It continues flowing south-south-east into the city of Chelmsford where the River Can flows into it. It then runs eastwards until it meets the River Blackwater east of Maldon. Its waters discharge into the North Sea in the Blackwater Estuary.
History
Chelmer is not the original name of the river but rather a back-formation from the name of Chelmsford, under the assumption that the ford and town were named for the river they straddle (the actual namesake being a Saxon landholder, Ceolmær).[2] Earlier the river was known as the Baddow, which survives in the names of Great and Little Baddow.[2]
The Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation Company was found by act of parliament in 1793. Work then commenced on constructing the navigation from Chelmsford to Colliers Reach in the tidal estuary of the Blackwater. The work was completed in 1797.[3] The navigation mainly followed the course of the River Chelmer from Chelmsford to Beeleigh near Maldon. From there it continued through a short cut and then followed the course of the River Blackwater to Heybridge.
According to Edward Arthur Fitch, the Fullbridge (the Chelmer river crossing at the bottom of Market Hill, Maldon ) was a shallow ford. This was before the waters of the Blackwater were combined with the Chelmer at Beeleigh, resulting in a much greater flow of water past the Fullbridge.
In the spring of 1812, the Chelmer above the Fullbridge was straightened and many important changes were made to the bed of the river.[4] Some of these changes are clearly visible today. For example, an island that is shown on the 1777 Chapman and Andre map of Essex[5] was moved from the middle of the river to fill in a curve to the north near where Tesco is today. Further upstream, near the golf course, similar earthwork is visible and, from that point to Beeleigh weir the channel appears to be a cut bypassing the original course of the river.
At Beeleigh, there was a water mill on the original course of the Chelmer. This mill operated until 1875, when it was destroyed by fire. The mill had two bays inside, where lighters were loaded with flour to be taken to the port at Maldon, about a mile downstream. There it would be loaded onto Thames sailing barges and taken to London. Part of the mill still remains.
Pictures
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("Wikimedia Commons" has material about River Chelmer) |
River Chelmer at Howe Street
River Chelmer at Howe Street
River Chelmer at Little Waltham
River Chelmer near Little Baddow
River Chelmer near Little Baddow
River Chelmer near Papermill Lock, Little Baddow
River Chelmer near Papermill Lock, Little Baddow
Papermill Lock, Little Baddow
River Chelmer at Maldon
References
- ↑ UK Environment Agency. "Catchment Data Explorer - Chelmer - upstream of Great Easton". https://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB105037041220.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mills, David (2011). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford: the University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960908-6.
- ↑ "The Company of Proprietors of the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation Limited". http://www.cbn.co.uk.
- ↑ Fitch, Edward Arthur: Maldon and the River Blackwater. Gowers, 1895
- ↑ Chapman and Andre: Map of Essex. (Essex Record Office ref: D/DBy P9)
