https://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ring&feed=atom&action=historyIron Ring - Revision history2024-03-29T09:43:42ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.5https://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ring&diff=73541&oldid=prevFixerBot: clean up, replaced: medieval → mediæval (7)2021-01-30T11:03:09Z<p>clean up, replaced: medieval → mediæval (7)</p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L25" >Line 25:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fortifications played an important part in the conflicts over the coming centuries. They were involved in the Glyndŵr Rising of the early 15th century and the Wars of the Roses in the late 15th century. Despite declining in military significance following the succession of the Tudor dynasty to the throne in 1485, they were suddenly pressed back into service during the Civil War in the 17th century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fortifications played an important part in the conflicts over the coming centuries. They were involved in the Glyndŵr Rising of the early 15th century and the Wars of the Roses in the late 15th century. Despite declining in military significance following the succession of the Tudor dynasty to the throne in 1485, they were suddenly pressed back into service during the Civil War in the 17th century.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the Civil War, Parliament ordered the slighting, or deliberate destruction, of parts of Conway and Harlech, but the threat of a pro-Royalist invasion from Scotland ensured that Caernarfon and Beaumaris remained intact. By the end of the 17th century, however, the castles were ruinous. They became popular with visiting artists during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and visitor numbers increased as access to the region improved during the Victorian period. The British state invested heavily in the castles and town walls during the 20th century, restoring many of their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">medieval </del>features. In 1986 the sites were collectively declared to be a World Heritage Site, as outstanding examples of fortifications and military architecture built in the 13th century, and are now operated as tourist attractions by the Welsh heritage agency [[Cadw]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the Civil War, Parliament ordered the slighting, or deliberate destruction, of parts of Conway and Harlech, but the threat of a pro-Royalist invasion from Scotland ensured that Caernarfon and Beaumaris remained intact. By the end of the 17th century, however, the castles were ruinous. They became popular with visiting artists during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and visitor numbers increased as access to the region improved during the Victorian period. The British state invested heavily in the castles and town walls during the 20th century, restoring many of their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mediæval </ins>features. In 1986 the sites were collectively declared to be a World Heritage Site, as outstanding examples of fortifications and military architecture built in the 13th century, and are now operated as tourist attractions by the Welsh heritage agency [[Cadw]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The location of castles such as Caernarfon and Conwy were chosen for their political significance as well as military functions, being built on top of sites belonging to the Welsh princes. The castles incorporated luxury apartments and gardens, with the intention of supporting large royal courts in splendour. Caernarfon's castle and town walls incorporated expensive stonework, probably intended to evoke images of Arthurian or Roman imperial power in order to bolster Edward's personal prestige.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The location of castles such as Caernarfon and Conwy were chosen for their political significance as well as military functions, being built on top of sites belonging to the Welsh princes. The castles incorporated luxury apartments and gardens, with the intention of supporting large royal courts in splendour. Caernarfon's castle and town walls incorporated expensive stonework, probably intended to evoke images of Arthurian or Roman imperial power in order to bolster Edward's personal prestige.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1865 Conwy Castle passed to the civic leadership of Conwy town, which began restoration work on the ruins, including the reconstruction of the slighted Bakehouse tower.<ref name=a18/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1865 Conwy Castle passed to the civic leadership of Conwy town, which began restoration work on the ruins, including the reconstruction of the slighted Bakehouse tower.<ref name=a18/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the 1870s onwards, the government funded repairs to Caernarfon Castle. The deputy-constable, Llewellyn Turner, oversaw the work, controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework.<ref>{{harvnb|Avent|2010|pp=143–148}}</ref> Despite the protests of local residents, the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">medieval </del>buildings that were considered to spoil the view.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2008|p=18}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the 1870s onwards, the government funded repairs to Caernarfon Castle. The deputy-constable, Llewellyn Turner, oversaw the work, controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework.<ref>{{harvnb|Avent|2010|pp=143–148}}</ref> Despite the protests of local residents, the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mediæval </ins>buildings that were considered to spoil the view.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2008|p=18}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===State restoration===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===State restoration===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L146" >Line 146:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 146:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Conwy Castle hugs a rocky coastal ridge of grey sandstone and limestone, and much of the stone from the castle is largely taken from the ridge itself, probably when the site was first cleared.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Lott|2010|p=115}}</ref> The castle has a rectangular plan and is divided into an inner and outer ward, with four large towers on each side.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=21, 24}}; {{harvnb|Lepage|2012|p=210}}</ref> The main entrance to the castle is through the western barbican, an exterior defence in front of the main gate.<ref name=Ashbee2007PP24>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=24–25}}</ref> The barbican features the earliest surviving stone machicolations in Britain.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=25}}</ref> A postern gate originally led down to the river where a small dock was built, allowing key visitors to enter the castle in private and for the fortress to be resupplied by boat.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=43–44}}</ref> Conwy's outer ward was originally crowded with administrative and service buildings.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=26}}</ref> The inner ward was separated from the outer by a wall, a drawbridge and a gate, protected by a ditch cut into the rock.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=32–33}}</ref> Inside, it contained the chambers for the royal household, their immediate staff and service facilities. On the east side of the inner ward is another barbican, enclosing the castle garden.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=43}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Conwy Castle hugs a rocky coastal ridge of grey sandstone and limestone, and much of the stone from the castle is largely taken from the ridge itself, probably when the site was first cleared.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Lott|2010|p=115}}</ref> The castle has a rectangular plan and is divided into an inner and outer ward, with four large towers on each side.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=21, 24}}; {{harvnb|Lepage|2012|p=210}}</ref> The main entrance to the castle is through the western barbican, an exterior defence in front of the main gate.<ref name=Ashbee2007PP24>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=24–25}}</ref> The barbican features the earliest surviving stone machicolations in Britain.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=25}}</ref> A postern gate originally led down to the river where a small dock was built, allowing key visitors to enter the castle in private and for the fortress to be resupplied by boat.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=43–44}}</ref> Conwy's outer ward was originally crowded with administrative and service buildings.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=26}}</ref> The inner ward was separated from the outer by a wall, a drawbridge and a gate, protected by a ditch cut into the rock.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=32–33}}</ref> Inside, it contained the chambers for the royal household, their immediate staff and service facilities. On the east side of the inner ward is another barbican, enclosing the castle garden.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=43}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Conwy town walls form a largely unbroken triangular circuit of almost a mile around the town, enclosing 25 acres.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=47, 55}}</ref> They are mostly built from the same local sand- and limestone used at the castle, but with additional rhyolite stone used along the upper parts of the eastern walls.<ref>{{harvnb|Lott|2010|p=115}}</ref> When first built, the walls were possibly whitewashed.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=136}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=50}}</ref> The 21 surviving towers are mostly "gap-backed", lacking walls on the inside of the towers, and originally included removable wooden bridges to allow sections of the walls to be sealed off from attackers.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=274}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=51}}</ref> The tops of the walls feature an unusual design that uses a sequence of corbels to provide a flat, relatively wide wall-walk.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=48}}; {{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=125}}</ref> A unique set of twelve <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">medieval </del>latrines is built into the southern town walls, first constructed for the use of royal staff working in adjacent buildings in the 13th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=62}}; {{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=147}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Conwy town walls form a largely unbroken triangular circuit of almost a mile around the town, enclosing 25 acres.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=47, 55}}</ref> They are mostly built from the same local sand- and limestone used at the castle, but with additional rhyolite stone used along the upper parts of the eastern walls.<ref>{{harvnb|Lott|2010|p=115}}</ref> When first built, the walls were possibly whitewashed.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=136}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=50}}</ref> The 21 surviving towers are mostly "gap-backed", lacking walls on the inside of the towers, and originally included removable wooden bridges to allow sections of the walls to be sealed off from attackers.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=274}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=51}}</ref> The tops of the walls feature an unusual design that uses a sequence of corbels to provide a flat, relatively wide wall-walk.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=48}}; {{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=125}}</ref> A unique set of twelve <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mediæval </ins>latrines is built into the southern town walls, first constructed for the use of royal staff working in adjacent buildings in the 13th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=62}}; {{harvnb|Creighton|Higham|2005|p=147}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Rhuddlan Castle===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Rhuddlan Castle===</div></td></tr>
</table>FixerBothttps://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ring&diff=48394&oldid=prevOwain: /* See also */2017-05-08T17:31:52Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">See also</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:31, 8 May 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L161" >Line 161:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Iron Ring}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Iron Ring}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Beaumaris town walls]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Beaumaris town walls]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{clear}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Outside links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Outside links==</div></td></tr>
</table>Owainhttps://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ring&diff=48393&oldid=prevRB at 17:26, 8 May 20172017-05-08T17:26:48Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L36" >Line 36:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 36:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edward I became the king of England in 1272, bringing extensive experience of warfare and sieges, having fought in Wales in 1257, led the six-month siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266 and joined the crusade to North Africa in 1270.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|pp=1–5}}</ref> He had seen numerous European fortifications, including the planned walled town and castle design at Aigues-Mortes.<ref name=Prestwich2010P4>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|p=4}}</ref> On assuming the throne, one of Edward's first actions was to renovate and extend the royal fortress of the [[Tower of London]].<ref name=Prestwich2010P4/> Edward was also responsible for building a sequence of planned, usually walled, towns called bastides across Gascony as part of his attempt to strengthen his authority in the region.<ref name=Prestwch2010P5>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|p=5}}</ref> Edward also authorised new planned towns to be built across England.<ref name=Prestwch2010P5/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edward I became the king of England in 1272, bringing extensive experience of warfare and sieges, having fought in Wales in 1257, led the six-month siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266 and joined the crusade to North Africa in 1270.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|pp=1–5}}</ref> He had seen numerous European fortifications, including the planned walled town and castle design at Aigues-Mortes.<ref name=Prestwich2010P4>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|p=4}}</ref> On assuming the throne, one of Edward's first actions was to renovate and extend the royal fortress of the [[Tower of London]].<ref name=Prestwich2010P4/> Edward was also responsible for building a sequence of planned, usually walled, towns called bastides across Gascony as part of his attempt to strengthen his authority in the region.<ref name=Prestwch2010P5>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|p=5}}</ref> Edward also authorised new planned towns to be built across England.<ref name=Prestwch2010P5/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relations between Edward and Llywelyn rapidly collapsed as Llywelyn withheld the customary homage to the king and consorted with his enemies.  Initial conflict ended with Llywelyn losing much of his land in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Treaty of Aberconwy<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>of 1277.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|pp=1–2}}</ref>  Then a rebellion by Llywelyn's brother Dafydd in 1282 brought about the final war.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relations between Edward and Llywelyn rapidly collapsed as Llywelyn withheld the customary homage to the king and consorted with his enemies.  Initial conflict ended with Llywelyn losing much of his land in the Treaty of Aberconwy of 1277.<ref>{{harvnb|Prestwich|2010|pp=1–2}}</ref>  Then a rebellion by Llywelyn's brother Dafydd in 1282 brought about the final war.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===War of 1282–83===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===War of 1282–83===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L74" >Line 74:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 74:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Beaumaris, 1610.jpg|left|thumb|300px|John Speed's ''Beaumaris'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Beaumaris, 1610.jpg|left|thumb|300px|John Speed's ''Beaumaris'']]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The deposed king Richard II had been popular amongst the Welsh nobility, who were thus reluctant to accept the usurpation by Henry Bolingbroke, the new King Henry IV.  In 1400, Owain Glyndŵr rebelled over a lost inheritance claim and a personal feud with the King's adviser, Lord Grey:  Glyndŵr invaded Grey's lands, and the action turned into a general revolt, drawing many discontented Welsh lords to his side in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Glyndŵr Rising<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|pp=68–69}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The deposed king Richard II had been popular amongst the Welsh nobility, who were thus reluctant to accept the usurpation by Henry Bolingbroke, the new King Henry IV.  In 1400, Owain Glyndŵr rebelled over a lost inheritance claim and a personal feud with the King's adviser, Lord Grey:  Glyndŵr invaded Grey's lands, and the action turned into a general revolt, drawing many discontented Welsh lords to his side in the Glyndŵr Rising.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|pp=68–69}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the start of the conflict, Harlech's garrison was badly equipped, and Conwy had fallen into disrepair.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2007|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Liddiard|2005|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=12}}</ref> Conwy Castle was taken at the start of the conflict by two Welsh brothers, who took control of the fortress in a sneak attack, enabling Welsh rebels to attack and capture the rest of the walled town.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=12–13}}</ref> Caernarfon was besieged in 1401, and that November the Battle of Tuthill took place nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|p=105}}</ref> In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged again by Welsh troops with support from French forces, but withstood the attacks.<ref name=t16>{{harvnb|Taylor|2008|p=16}}</ref> Beaumaris fared less well. It was placed under siege and captured by the rebels in 1403, only being retaken by royal forces in 1405.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2004|p=14}}</ref> Harlech was attacked and taken at the end of 1404, becoming Glyndŵr's military headquarters until English forces under the command of the future King Henry V retook the castle in a siege over the winter of 1408–09.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|p=115f}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2007|p=10}};{{harvnb|Gravett|2007|p=56}}</ref> By 1415 the uprising had been completely crushed, but the performance of the great castles and town walls is assessed by historian Michael Prestwich to have been "no more than partially successful".<ref name=p7/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the start of the conflict, Harlech's garrison was badly equipped, and Conwy had fallen into disrepair.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2007|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Liddiard|2005|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|p=12}}</ref> Conwy Castle was taken at the start of the conflict by two Welsh brothers, who took control of the fortress in a sneak attack, enabling Welsh rebels to attack and capture the rest of the walled town.<ref>{{harvnb|Ashbee|2007|pp=12–13}}</ref> Caernarfon was besieged in 1401, and that November the Battle of Tuthill took place nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|p=105}}</ref> In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged again by Welsh troops with support from French forces, but withstood the attacks.<ref name=t16>{{harvnb|Taylor|2008|p=16}}</ref> Beaumaris fared less well. It was placed under siege and captured by the rebels in 1403, only being retaken by royal forces in 1405.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|2004|p=14}}</ref> Harlech was attacked and taken at the end of 1404, becoming Glyndŵr's military headquarters until English forces under the command of the future King Henry V retook the castle in a siege over the winter of 1408–09.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1995|p=115f}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2007|p=10}};{{harvnb|Gravett|2007|p=56}}</ref> By 1415 the uprising had been completely crushed, but the performance of the great castles and town walls is assessed by historian Michael Prestwich to have been "no more than partially successful".<ref name=p7/></div></td></tr>
</table>RBhttps://wikishire.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Iron_Ring&diff=48392&oldid=prevRB: Created page with "Harlech Castle Caernarfon Castle {{county|Caernarfonshire..."2017-05-08T17:25:02Z<p>Created page with "<a href="/wiki/File:Harlech_Castle_-_Cadw_photograph.jpg" title="File:Harlech Castle - Cadw photograph.jpg">Harlech Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Caernarfon_Castle_1994.jpg" title="File:Caernarfon Castle 1994.jpg">Caernarfon Castle</a> {{county|Caernarfonshire..."</p>
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