Difference between revisions of "Hawkhurst"
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| − | '''Hawkhurst''' is an affluent village and parish in | + | '''Hawkhurst''' is an affluent village and parish in southern [[Kent]], adjacent to the border with [[Sussex]]. Indeed, a small part of the ancient parish extends into that county. The Kent part is divided between the hundreds of [[Great Barnfield Hundred|Great Barnfield]] to the west and [[Selbrittenden Hundred|Selbrittenden]] to the east. A small portion at the north-east falls under the hundred of [[Cranbrook Hundred|Cranbrook]]. The village itself is around 12 miles south-east of [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]], and within the [[High Weald]] Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. |
The Moor, to the south, consists mainly of cottages clustered around a large triangular green, while Highgate, to the north, features a colonnade of independent shops, two country pubs, hotels, a digital cinema in a converted lecture hall, and Waitrose and Tesco supermarkets. | The Moor, to the south, consists mainly of cottages clustered around a large triangular green, while Highgate, to the north, features a colonnade of independent shops, two country pubs, hotels, a digital cinema in a converted lecture hall, and Waitrose and Tesco supermarkets. | ||
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In the 14th century, Edward III, wanting to break the Flemish (Dutch) monopoly on weaving, encouraged Flemish weavers to come to England. Many chose to settle in the Weald, because it had all the elements needed for weaving – oak to make mills, streams to drive them and Fullers Earth to treat the cloth. | In the 14th century, Edward III, wanting to break the Flemish (Dutch) monopoly on weaving, encouraged Flemish weavers to come to England. Many chose to settle in the Weald, because it had all the elements needed for weaving – oak to make mills, streams to drive them and Fullers Earth to treat the cloth. | ||
| − | The Kentish domination of the hop industry was stimulated by that same influx of Flemish weavers, who brought a preference for beer, and beer making skills with them. Several wealthy Kentish farmers invested in this new opportunity and approach. Although not the centre of the industry, Hawkhurst Brewery and Malthouse was built in 1850, on the edge of The Moor (now a house). | + | The Kentish domination of the hop industry was stimulated by that same influx of Flemish weavers, who brought a preference for beer, and beer-making skills with them. Several wealthy Kentish farmers invested in this new opportunity and approach. Although not the centre of the industry, Hawkhurst Brewery and Malthouse was built in 1850, on the edge of The Moor (now a house). |
| − | Hop growing also gave the area its distinctive skyline of hop gardens and | + | Hop growing also gave the area its distinctive skyline of hop gardens and oast houses, which were used to dry the hops. Nowadays, most hops are imported. However, at its peak 35,000 acres of hop gardens existed in England, almost all of them in Kent, including much around Hawkhurst. Eventually mechanisation and cheap imports ended the industry, but the oast houses remain. |
=== The Hawkhurst Gang === | === The Hawkhurst Gang === | ||
| − | By 1745 it is estimated that 20,000 people were smuggling along the Kent and Sussex | + | By 1745 it is estimated that 20,000 people were smuggling along the Kent and Sussex coastline.<ref>Policing and War in Europe, Louis Knafla. Greenwood Publishing Group, p.179,{{cite web |url=http://www.kentresources.co.uk/gandh.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114627/http://www.kentresources.co.uk/gandh.htm |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An infamous group, the "Holkhourst Genge", terrorised the surrounding area between 1735 and 1749. They were the most notorious of the Kent gangs, and were feared all along the south coast. At [[Poole]] in [[Dorset]], where they had launched an armed attack on the customs house (to take back a consignment of tea that had been confiscated), several were hanged. A number of inns and local houses in Hawkhurst claim associations with the gang: high taxation on luxury goods in the early 18th century had led to an upsurge in smuggling, and the gang brought in brandy, silk and tobacco up from [[Rye]] and [[Hastings]] to be stowed away in hidden cellars and passages, before being sold off to the local gentry. It was reputed that when needed for a smuggling run, 500 mounted and armed men could be assembled within the hour. The Battle of [[Goudhurst]] eventually brought their career to an end.<ref>http://www.kent-life.co.uk/people/battle_of_goudhurst_1_2006855, {{cite web |url=http://www.kentresources.co.uk/goudhst1.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141016/http://www.kentresources.co.uk/goudhst1.htm |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
== Notable buildings== | == Notable buildings== | ||
Revision as of 09:07, 11 December 2018
| Hawkhurst | |
| Kent | |
|---|---|
 St Laurence's Church, The Moor | |
| Location | |
| Grid reference: | TQ765305 |
| Location: | 51°2’50"N, 0°31’2"E |
| Data | |
| Population: | 4,911 (2011[1]) |
| Post town: | Cranbrook |
| Postcode: | TN18 |
| Dialling code: | 01580 |
| Local Government | |
| Council: | Tunbridge Wells |
| Parliamentary constituency: |
Tunbridge Wells |
Hawkhurst is an affluent village and parish in southern Kent, adjacent to the border with Sussex. Indeed, a small part of the ancient parish extends into that county. The Kent part is divided between the hundreds of Great Barnfield to the west and Selbrittenden to the east. A small portion at the north-east falls under the hundred of Cranbrook. The village itself is around 12 miles south-east of Royal Tunbridge Wells, and within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The Moor, to the south, consists mainly of cottages clustered around a large triangular green, while Highgate, to the north, features a colonnade of independent shops, two country pubs, hotels, a digital cinema in a converted lecture hall, and Waitrose and Tesco supermarkets.
There are four designated conservation areas in Hawkhurst parish - one at Sawyers Green, two in Highgate (Highgate and All Saints Church) and one at The Moor. There are also over 200 listed buildings across the parish.
Contents
Transport
Roads
Hawkhurst lies at the intersection of the A229 and A268 roads. The village lies on the route of a Roman road which crossed the Weald here.
Railway
A railway station was built in Hawkhurst in 1892, to the west side of the Cranbrook Road, on the northern edge of the village. It was rarely busy except during hop picking time, when up to 26 special trains per day, each carrying up to 350 Londoners, would arrive at Hawkhurst – up to 10,000 people per day. As this declined, the station became uneconomic, and it was closed in 1961.
The station site is now an industrial area just off the Cranbrook Road, but some original buildings are still standing and in a good state of preservation. The nearest open station is now Etchingham.
History
Hawkhurst has over 1,000 years of recorded history. The oldest known settlement was the Saxon manor of Congehurst, which was burnt by the Danes in AD 893. There is still a lane of this name to the east of the village.
Etymology
The name Hawkhurst is derived from Old English heafoc hyrst, meaning a wooded hill frequented by hawks – 'Hawk Wood'. Hurst (Hyrst) in a place name refers to a wood or wooded area – there are several in western Kent and eastern Sussex. The 11th-century Domesday Monachorum refers to it as Hawkashyrst, belonging to Battle Abbey. In 1254, the name was recorded as Hauekehurst; in 1278, it is often shown as Haukhurst; by 1610, it had changed to Hawkherst, which then evolved into the current spelling.[2][3]
Iron industry
The village is located towards the Eastern end of the Weald, where iron has been produced from Roman times.[4][5] The Weald produced over a third of all iron in Britain, and over 180 sites have been found across the Weald. Ironstone was taken from clay beds, then heated with charcoal from the abundant woods in the area. The iron was used to make everything from Roman ships to medieval cannon, and many of the Roman roads in the area were built to transport the iron. William Penn, founder of the state of Pennsylvania, is erroneously claimed to have owned ironworks at Hawkhurst.[6] The industry eventually declined during the industrial revolution of the 18th Century, when coal became the preferred method of heating, and could not be found nearby.
Hop growing
In the 14th century, Edward III, wanting to break the Flemish (Dutch) monopoly on weaving, encouraged Flemish weavers to come to England. Many chose to settle in the Weald, because it had all the elements needed for weaving – oak to make mills, streams to drive them and Fullers Earth to treat the cloth.
The Kentish domination of the hop industry was stimulated by that same influx of Flemish weavers, who brought a preference for beer, and beer-making skills with them. Several wealthy Kentish farmers invested in this new opportunity and approach. Although not the centre of the industry, Hawkhurst Brewery and Malthouse was built in 1850, on the edge of The Moor (now a house).
Hop growing also gave the area its distinctive skyline of hop gardens and oast houses, which were used to dry the hops. Nowadays, most hops are imported. However, at its peak 35,000 acres of hop gardens existed in England, almost all of them in Kent, including much around Hawkhurst. Eventually mechanisation and cheap imports ended the industry, but the oast houses remain.
The Hawkhurst Gang
By 1745 it is estimated that 20,000 people were smuggling along the Kent and Sussex coastline.[7] An infamous group, the "Holkhourst Genge", terrorised the surrounding area between 1735 and 1749. They were the most notorious of the Kent gangs, and were feared all along the south coast. At Poole in Dorset, where they had launched an armed attack on the customs house (to take back a consignment of tea that had been confiscated), several were hanged. A number of inns and local houses in Hawkhurst claim associations with the gang: high taxation on luxury goods in the early 18th century had led to an upsurge in smuggling, and the gang brought in brandy, silk and tobacco up from Rye and Hastings to be stowed away in hidden cellars and passages, before being sold off to the local gentry. It was reputed that when needed for a smuggling run, 500 mounted and armed men could be assembled within the hour. The Battle of Goudhurst eventually brought their career to an end.[8]
Notable buildings
In 1886, the largest Barnardo's home for orphans under six years old was built in Hawkhurst, caring for hundreds of babies. It was known as Babies' Castle. Unfortunately the building stood neglected for many years and was finally demolished in early 2015.
In 1903 Gunther and his wife Leonie bought the Tongswood Estate. When he died in 1935, the house, dating from the 1860s, was sold and became St Ronan's School. Earlier owners of Tongswood were the Dunks family, who lived there from about 1500–1750. Sir Thomas Dunk, a wealthy clothier, who died in 1718, bequeathed enough money to build almshouses for six 'decayed housekeepers' (three men and three women) and a village school, plus enough money to buy lands to generate a steady income.
In 1875, the Victoria Lecture Hall was built by Henry Maynard "for the good of the village". It now houses Kino, a digital cinema.
Churches
Hawkhurst has several churches. The parish church of St Laurence stands at the south end of the village known as The Moor, which is the older part of Hawkhurst. It falls within the Diocese of Canterbury, and has as patron the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford. It is likely that a church has stood on this site since 1100, or even earlier. After the Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror gave the Manor of Wye, with rights over a large part of the parish, to the Abbot of Battle. The first mention of the church is in the charter of 1285, and its first rector was Richard de Clyne in 1291. The Chancel and North Chapel are the oldest parts of the church. The Great East Window was built about 1350 and has been described as one of the finest pieces of architecture in the country. Most of the rest of the church dates from around 1450, when the nave was lengthened and raised, the aisles, porches and tower added, and it took on its present appearance. The room over the North porch was used by Battle Abbey officials for rent collecting, and used to be called "The Treasury". In 1574, communion rails were introduced at a cost of 53 shillings, to keep communicants from the altar, the first parish church in England to have done so.
In 1944 a German flying bomb fell in the churchyard, causing considerable damage, and the church was put out of action until 1957. Part of the flying bomb can be seen on the south side at the back of the church.
There is a Roman Catholic church (now disused), dedicated to St Barnabas, in the High Street, and an active Baptist Church in Cranbrook Road built partly on the site of the original Rootes cycle factory. A Methodist church on Highgate Hill is now being converted to a domestic dwelling. The congregation holds services in All Saints Lodge, a Church centre at Highgate bought by St Laurence Church out of the proceeds of sale of All Saints Church. This latter church was a former chapel of ease at Highgate and now stands abandoned pending planning permission for a future use.
Hospital
Hawkhurst Community Hospital (formerly the Cottage Hospital) provides 22 beds for patients who do not need to be in an acute hospital.[9]
Education
Hawkhurst is home to three schools, one local authority primary and two independent preparatory schools.
- Hawkhurst CofE Primary School
- Marlborough House School
- St Ronan's School
Notable residents
The 19th-century astronomer Sir John Herschel (1792–1871) lived in Hawkhurst for thirty years. It was he who named Uranus, which had been discovered by his father, Sir William Herschel. He was also a mentor and inspiration to a young Charles Darwin. Herschel lived at Collingwood House in Hawkhurst.
Richard Kilburne, born in London to a Kentish family, was a lawyer and historian. Richard Kilburne died at Hawkhurst on 16 November 1678, at age 74. Kilburne is buried in the chancel of the church at Hawkhurst under a flat stone inscribed with Latin declaring him "an ornament and an honor to his country."
Hawkhurst lays claim to being the birthplace of the Rootes car empire;[10] William Rootes set up shop in the village as a cycle trader before moving into the production of cars, including Singer, Hillman, Humber and Sunbeam, eventually becoming Chrysler Europe.
Philip Langridge, the 20th-century operatic tenor, was born in Hawkhurst.
Mouse Hall and Toad Hall, Highgate
Oast
Cottages at The Moor
References
- ↑ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124354&c=Hawkhurst&d=16&e=62&g=6439800&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1474797832140&enc=1. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ↑ The Place Names of Kent, Judith Glover ISBN 0-905270-61-4
- ↑ The Origin of English Place Names, P.H.Reaney ISBN 0-7100-2010-4
- ↑ Delany, M.C.; Mary Cecilia Delany (1921). "Internet Archive". The historical geography of the Wealden iron industry. Benn Brothers Ltd, London. pp. 25. https://archive.org/stream/historicalgeogra00delarich/historicalgeogra00delarich_djvu.txt. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ↑ "Open Plaques". Hawkhurst. pp. Note #1470. http://www.openplaques.org/places/gb/areas/hawkhurst. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ↑ The Gombach Group (1997–2007). "Living Places". Pennsylvania Forges and Furnaces. Julia Gombach. http://www.livingplaces.com/PA/Pennsylvania_Forges_and_Furnaces.html. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ↑ Policing and War in Europe, Louis Knafla. Greenwood Publishing Group, p.179,"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114627/http://www.kentresources.co.uk/gandh.htm. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
- ↑ http://www.kent-life.co.uk/people/battle_of_goudhurst_1_2006855, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141016/http://www.kentresources.co.uk/goudhst1.htm. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
- ↑ https://www.nhs.uk/Services/hospitals/Overview/DefaultView.aspx?id=46263 "NHS Hawkhurst Hospital"
- ↑ Plaque #1475 on Open Plaques.
Outside links
 |
("Wikimedia Commons" has material about Hawkhurst) |
- Includes list of Hawkurst Gang members
- Hawkhurst Fish Farm
- Wealden Iron
-
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